https://en.formulasearchengine.com/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=129.67.109.47formulasearchengine - User contributions [en]2026-05-25T01:10:37ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.0-wmf.28https://en.formulasearchengine.com/index.php?title=Savilian_Professor_of_Geometry&diff=25314Savilian Professor of Geometry2014-01-22T16:44:25Z<p>129.67.109.47: </p>
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<div>[[File:Caterpillar track shingle.JPG|thumb|Grousers on a [[bulldozer]] track.]]<br />
[[File:Farmall regular web.JPG|thumb|Cleats on the drive wheel of a [[Farmall]] tractor.]]<br />
[[File:Old Farmall.jpg|thumb|Another Farmall, wearing road bands to facilitate driving on paved roads.]]<br />
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A '''grouser''' or '''cleat''' is a protrusion on the surface of a [[wheel]] or [[continuous track]] segment, intended to increase [[Traction (engineering)|traction]] in [[soil]], [[snow]], or other loose material, in the same manner as [[Cleat (shoe)|cleated shoes]] provide traction to athletes. Track segments which incorporate grouser bars are known as '''grouser shoes''', and typically include one to three grousers.<ref name="berco">{{Cite web | title = Track Shoes | publisher = Berco of America, Inc. | url = http://www.bercoamerica.com/t-trackshoes.aspx | accessdate = 2010-02-27}}</ref> Grousers are commonly used on construction vehicles such as [[bulldozer]]s, [[Loader (equipment)|loader]]s, and [[excavator]]s, as well as [[tank]]s, [[tractor]]s, and [[snowmobile]]s. They have also found use in such extreme environments as the [[deep sea]] [[seabed|floor]], and the surfaces of the [[Moon]] and [[Mars]].<ref name="Hong">{{Cite conference | first = Sup | last = Hong | coauthors = Jong-Su Choi | title = Experimental Study on Grouser Shape Effects on Trafficability of Extremely Soft Seabed | booktitle = Proceedings of the Fourth Ocean Mining Symposium | pages = 115– | publisher = The International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers | year = 2001 | location = [[Szczecin]], [[Poland]] | url = http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE_OMS/OMS%202001/Abstract%20pages/M01p115Hong.pdf | accessdate = 2010-02-28}}</ref><br />
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Grousers may take the form of flat plates or bars, or may have more complex shapes, including spikes and [[involute]] curves, depending on the type of terrain and the performance requirements of the vehicle.<ref name="Hong" /><ref name="ritchie">{{Cite web | title = Grouser Shoes | work = RitchieWiki | date = 13 October 2009 | url = http://www.ritchiewiki.com/wiki/index.php/Grouser_Shoes | accessdate = 2010-02-27}}</ref> Cleats for round wheels are sometimes also called '''lugs''', as are the protrusions molded into rubber tractor tire [[tread]]s, which perform a similar function. But unlike rubber tire treads or crawler track shoe pads, grousers are typically made of metal, such as [[forging|forged]] [[steel]], and are not designed for use on [[Road surface|paved]] roads.<ref name="ritchie" /><br />
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Grousers may be permanently attached to, or formed as a single piece with, the track shoe, or they may be bolted onto the track shoe for ease of replacement as they become worn.<br />
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Various devices, with names such as '''road bands''', have been developed to temporarily cover the grousers/cleats in order to allow the vehicle to drive on paved roads.<br />
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==Terramechanics==<br />
Grousers function by trapping soil against the contact area of the track. It is the [[Shear strength (soil)|shearing]] of the soil against itself that generates tractive force. The gross tractive effort, or soil thrust, of a vehicle may be calculated from the equation:<ref name="gerhart">{{Cite journal | last = Gerhart | first = Grant | coauthors = Sean Laughery, Richard Goetz | title = Off-Road Vehicle Locomotion Using Bekker's Model | pages = 9 | publisher = [[United States Army Tank Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center]] | location = [[Warren, Michigan|Warren, MI]] | year = 2006 | url = https://www.msu.edu/~laughery/SPIE%202000%20paper%20rev3.doc | accessdate = 2010-02-28}}</ref><br />
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:<math>H = blc \left ( 1 + \frac{2h}{b} \right ) + W \tan \phi \left ( 1 + 0.64 \left [ \left ( \frac{h}{b} \right ) \cot^{-1} \left ( \frac{h}{b} \right ) \right ] \right )</math><br />
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where:<br />
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:<math>H = </math> soil thrust<br />
:<math>b = </math> track width<br />
:<math>l = </math> contact length<br />
:<math>c = </math> coefficient of [[cohesion (geology)|cohesion]] (a soil property)<br />
:<math>h = </math> grouser height<br />
:<math>W = </math> gross vehicle weight<br />
:<math>\phi \ </math><math>=</math> [[angle of repose]] (a soil property)<br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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==See also==<br />
* [[Heavy equipment (construction)]]<br />
* [[Soil mechanics]]<br />
* [[Terramechanics]]<br />
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[[Category:Vehicle parts]]<br />
[[Category:Tracked vehicles]]<br />
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{{automotive-tech-stub}}</div>129.67.109.47