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'''Direct Simulation Monte Carlo''' ('''DSMC''') method uses probabilistic ([[Monte Carlo method|Monte Carlo]]) [[simulation]] to solve the [[Boltzmann equation]] for finite [[Knudsen number]]  [[fluid]] flows.

The DSMC method was proposed by Prof. Graeme Bird,<ref>G. A. Bird, 'Approach to translational equilbrium in a rigid sphere gas', ''Phys. Fluids'', '''6''', p1518 (1963).</ref><ref>G. A. Bird, ''Molecular Gas Dynamics'', Clarendon, Oxford (1976)</ref><ref>G. A. Bird, ''Molecular Gas Dynamics and the Direct Simulation of Gas Flows'', Claredon, Oxford (1994)</ref> Emeritus Professor of Aeronautics, University of Sydney. DSMC is a numerical method for modeling rarefied gas flows, in which the [[mean free path]] of a molecule is of the same order (or greater) than a representative physical length scale (i.e. the [[Knudsen number]] Kn is greater than 1).  In supersonic and hypersonic flows rarefaction is characterized by Tsein's parameter, which is equivalent to the product of Knudsen number and Mach number (KnM) or M<math>^2</math>/Re, where Re is the Reynolds number.<ref>H. S. Tsein, 1948 ‘Superaerodynamics, mechanics of rarefied gases’ ''J. Aerospace Sci'', '''13''', p342, 1946.</ref><ref>M. N. Macrossan, 
[http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view.php?pid=UQ:7959 'Scaling Parameters for Hypersonic Flow: Correlation of Sphere Drag Data']. In: M. S. Ivanov and A. K. Rebrov,  ''25th International Symposium on Rarefied Gas Dynamics'', Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, p.759 (2007).</ref> In these rarefied flows, the [[Navier-Stokes equations]] can be inaccurate. The DSMC method has been extended to model continuum flows (Kn < 1) and the results can be compared with Navier stokes solutions.  

The DSMC method models fluid flows using simulation [[molecule]]s which represent a large number of real molecules in a probabilistic simulation to solve the [[Boltzmann equation]].  Molecules are moved through a simulation of physical space in a realistic manner that is directly coupled to physical time such that unsteady flow characteristics can be modeled.  Intermolecular collisions and molecule-surface collisions are calculated using probabilistic, [[Phenomenology (science)|phenomenological]] models.  Common collision models include the Hard Sphere model, the Variable Hard Sphere (VHS) model, and the Variable Soft Sphere (VSS) model.  The fundamental assumption of the DSMC method is that the molecular movement and collision phases can be decoupled over time periods that are smaller than the mean collision time. 

Currently the DSMC method has been applied to the solution of flows ranging from estimation of the [[Space Shuttle]] re-entry aerodynamics, to the modeling micro-electro-mechanical systems ([[Microelectromechanical systems|MEMS]]).

==DSMC Software==
Multiple implementations of the DSMC method exist:
* '''DS1V''', '''DS2V''' and '''DS3V''' are the original DSMC programs written by Prof. Bird. These programs have a visual user interface that can be used for configuration and post processing.
* '''dsmcFoam''' is a DSMC solver for 2D and 3D flows. dsmcFoam is part of the open source CFD package [[OpenFOAM]].
* '''MONACO''' is a DSMC solver developed by Prof. Iain Boyd's group at the [[University of Michigan]].
* '''PI-DSMC''' is a commercial DSMC software package for 2D and 3D flows.
* '''SMILE''' ('''S'''tatistical '''M'''odeling '''i'''n '''L'''ow-density '''E'''nvironment) is a general purpose 2D/3D parallel DSMC software system developed since 1998 by Computational Aerodynamics Laboratory (L7) at the  Khristianovich Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences. SMILE has been the principle aerodynamic analysis tool for high-altitude stages of reentry of the [[Mir Space Station]] as well as many other Russian and European space vehicle projects.
* '''DAC''' is a general purpose DSMC code developed by NASA at the Johnson Space and Langley Research Centers. It employs a two level mesh using Cartesian volumes and employs the cut cell algorithm developed by Prof. Tom Schwartzentruber's group at the [[University of Minnesota]]. Both scalar and parallel versions exist with the parallel version using the Message Passing Interface (MPI) and domain decomposition. DAC was designed to handle difficult problems such as complex geometries (for example, the International Space Station) and the plume impingement which may occur during the rendezvous of two spacecraft. DAC is classified as ITAR and distribution is restricted to United States users. Requests for DAC should be directed to the Technology Transfer Office at the NASA Johnson Space Center.
* '''MGDS''' is a fully 3D DSMC solver incorporating three level adaptive mesh refinement and a cut cell algorithm developed by Prof. Tom Schwartzentruber's group at the [[University of Minnesota]].
* '''Molflow''' is a 3D DSMC simulator currently developed at [[CERN]] for the simulation of free molecular flow (vacuum) systems.
* '''SAMADII/SCiV''' ('''S'''tatistical '''C'''ontact '''i'''n '''V'''acuum) is general purpose 3D DSMC software system based on '''multi-GPUs'''.
* '''HAP''' ('''H'''ypersonic '''A'''erothermodynamics '''P'''article code) is a DSMC code developed at the U.S. [[Air Force Research Laboratory]] for high speed flight and space applications.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links ==
* [http://gab.com.au/ Direct Simulation Monte Carlo Method: Visual Simulation Programs created by GA Bird].
* [http://www.simba.us/misc/dsmc/dsmca.html DSMC Demo Applet]
* [http://homepage.univie.ac.at/franz.vesely/cp_tut/nol2h/new/c8hd_s4dsm.html Course material on DSMC] (part of Computational Physics tutorial by Franz J. Vesely, University of Vienna)
* [https://www.ipam.ucla.edu/schedule.aspx?pc=kttut Course material on DSMC and recent developments] (given at IPAM UCLA by Lorenzo Pareschi, University of Ferrara)
* [http://www.pi-dsmc.com PI-DSMC homepage]
* [http://cern.ch/test-molflow Molflow homepage]
* [http://metariver.kr SAMADII/SCiV homepage]

[[Category:Monte Carlo methods]]
[[Category:Statistical mechanics]]