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In '''[[linear elasticity]]''', the equations describing the deformation of an elastic body subject only to surface forces on the boundary are (using [[index notation]]) the equilibrium equation:

:<math>\sigma_{ij,j}=0\,</math>

where <math>\sigma</math> is the [[stress (physics)|stress tensor]], and the Beltrami-Michell compatibility equations:

:<math>\sigma_{ij,kk}+\frac{1}{1+\nu}\sigma_{kk,ij}=0</math>

A general solution of these equations may be expressed in terms the '''Beltrami stress tensor'''. '''Stress functions''' are derived as special cases of this Beltrami stress tensor which, although less general, sometimes will yield a more tractable method of solution for the elastic equations.

== Beltrami stress functions ==

It can be shown <ref name=Sadd05_363>{{cite book | last = Sadd  | first = Martin H.  | title = Elasticity: Theory, Applications, and Numerics   | publisher = Elsevier Science & Technology Books  | page = 363    | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780126058116  | isbn =978-0-12-605811-6 }}</ref> that a complete solution to the equilibrium equations may be written as

:<math>\sigma=\nabla \times \nabla \times \Phi </math>

Using index notation:

:<math>\sigma_{ij}=\varepsilon_{ikm}\varepsilon_{jln}\Phi_{kl,mn}</math>

:{| class="collapsible collapsed" width="30%" style="text-align:left"
!Engineering notation
|-
|<math>\sigma_x
= \frac{\partial^2\Phi_{yy}}{\partial z \partial z}
+ \frac{\partial^2\Phi_{zz}}{\partial y \partial y}
-2\frac{\partial^2\Phi_{yz}}{\partial y \partial z}</math>
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
|<math>\sigma_{xy}
=-\frac{\partial^2\Phi_{xy}}{\partial z \partial z}
 -\frac{\partial^2\Phi_{zz}}{\partial x \partial y}
 +\frac{\partial^2\Phi_{yz}}{\partial x \partial z}
 +\frac{\partial^2\Phi_{zx}}{\partial y \partial z}</math>
|-
|<math>\sigma_y
= \frac{\partial^2\Phi_{xx}}{\partial z \partial z}
 +\frac{\partial^2\Phi_{zz}}{\partial x \partial x}
-2\frac{\partial^2\Phi_{zx}}{\partial z \partial x}</math>
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
|<math>\sigma_{yz}
=-\frac{\partial^2\Phi_{yz}}{\partial x \partial x}
 -\frac{\partial^2\Phi_{xx}}{\partial y \partial z}
 +\frac{\partial^2\Phi_{zx}}{\partial y \partial x}
 +\frac{\partial^2\Phi_{xy}}{\partial z \partial x}</math>
|-
|<math>\sigma_z
= \frac{\partial^2\Phi_{yy}}{\partial x \partial x}
 +\frac{\partial^2\Phi_{xx}}{\partial y \partial y}
-2\frac{\partial^2\Phi_{xy}}{\partial x \partial y}</math>
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
|<math>\sigma_{zx}
=-\frac{\partial^2\Phi_{zx}}{\partial y \partial y}
 -\frac{\partial^2\Phi_{yy}}{\partial z \partial x}
 +\frac{\partial^2\Phi_{xy}}{\partial z \partial y}
 +\frac{\partial^2\Phi_{yz}}{\partial x \partial y}</math>
|}

where <math>\Phi_{mn}</math> is an arbitrary second-rank tensor field that is continuously differentiable at least four times, and is known as the ''Beltrami stress tensor''.<ref name=Sadd05_363 /> Its components are known as '''Beltrami stress functions'''. <math>\varepsilon</math> is the [[Levi-Civita symbol|Levi-Civita pseudotensor]], with all values equal to zero except those in which the indices are not repeated. For a set of non-repeating indices the component value will be +1 for even permutations of the indices, and -1 for odd permutations. And <math>\nabla </math> is the [[Del|Nabla operator]]

== Maxwell stress functions ==

The '''Maxwell stress functions''' are defined by assuming that the Beltrami stress tensor <math>\Phi_{mn}</math> tensor is restricted to be of the form.<ref name=Sadd05_364>Sadd, M. H. (2005) ''Elasticity: Theory, Applications, and Numerics'', Elsevier, p. 364</ref>

:<math>\Phi_{ij}=
\begin{bmatrix}
A&0&0\\
0&B&0\\
0&0&C
\end{bmatrix}
</math>

The stress tensor which automatically obeys the equilibrium equation may now be written as:<ref name=Sadd05_364/>

:{| 
|-
|<math>\sigma_x
= \frac{\partial^2B}{\partial z^2}
+ \frac{\partial^2C}{\partial y^2}</math>
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
|<math>\sigma_{yz}
=-\frac{\partial^2A}{\partial y \partial z}</math>
|-
|<math>\sigma_y
= \frac{\partial^2C}{\partial x^2}
+ \frac{\partial^2A}{\partial z^2}</math>
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
|<math>\sigma_{zx}
= -\frac{\partial^2B}{\partial z \partial x}</math>
|-
|<math>\sigma_z
= \frac{\partial^2A}{\partial y^2}
+ \frac{\partial^2B}{\partial x^2}</math>
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
|<math>\sigma_{xy}
=-\frac{\partial^2C}{\partial x \partial y}</math>
|}

The solution to the elastostatic problem now consists of finding the three stress functions which give a stress tensor which obeys the [[Beltrami–Michell compatibility equations]] for stress. Substituting the expressions for the stress into the Beltrami-Michell equations yields the expression of the elastostatic problem in terms of the stress functions:<ref>Knops (1958) p327</ref>
{{Expert-subject|equation|date=June 2010}}
:<math>\nabla^4 A+\nabla^4 B+\nabla^4 C=3\left(
\frac{\partial^2 A}{\partial x^2}+
\frac{\partial^2 B}{\partial y^2}+
\frac{\partial^2 C}{\partial z^2}\right)/(2-\nu),</math>

These must also yield a stress tensor which obeys the specified boundary conditions.

== Airy stress function ==

The '''Airy stress function''' is a special case of the Maxwell stress functions, in which it is assumed that A=B=0 and C is a function of x and y only.<ref name=Sadd05_364/>  This stress function can therefore be used only for two-dimensional problems.  In the elasticity literature, the stress function <math>C</math> is usually represented by <math>\varphi</math> and the stresses are expressed as
:<math>
  \sigma_x = \frac{\partial^2\varphi}{\partial y^2} ~;~~
  \sigma_y = \frac{\partial^2\varphi}{\partial x^2} ~;~~
  \sigma_{xy} = -\frac{\partial^2\varphi}{\partial x \partial y}-(f_{x}y+f_{y}x)
 </math>
Where <math>f_{x}</math> and <math>f_{y}</math> are values of of body forces in relevant direction.

In polar coordinates the expressions are:
:<math>
\sigma_{rr} = \frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial \varphi}{\partial r} + \frac{1}{r^2}\frac{\partial^2\varphi}{\partial \theta^2} ~;~~
\sigma_{\theta\theta} = \frac{\partial^2\varphi}{\partial r^2} ~;~~
\sigma_{r\theta}=\sigma_{\theta r} = - \frac{\partial}{\partial r}\left( \frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial \varphi}{\partial\theta} \right)
</math>

== Morera stress functions ==

The '''Morera stress functions''' are defined by assuming that the Beltrami stress tensor <math>\Phi_{mn}</math> tensor is restricted to be of the form <ref name=Sadd05_364 />

:<math>\Phi_{ij}=
\begin{bmatrix}
0&C&B\\
C&0&A\\
B&A&0
\end{bmatrix}
</math>

The solution to the elastostatic problem now consists of finding the three stress functions which give a stress tensor which obeys the Beltrami-Michell compatibility equations. Substituting the expressions for the stress into the Beltrami-Michell equations yields the expression of the elastostatic problem in terms of the stress functions:<ref name=Sadd05_365>Sadd, M. H. (2005) ''Elasticity: Theory, Applications, and Numerics'', Elsevier, p. 365</ref>

:{| 
|-
|<math>\sigma_x
= -2\frac{\partial^2 A}{\partial y \partial z}</math>
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
|<math>\sigma_{yz}
=-\frac{\partial^2 A}{\partial x^2}
 +\frac{\partial^2 B}{\partial y \partial x}
 +\frac{\partial^2 C}{\partial z \partial x}</math>
|-
|<math>\sigma_y
= -2\frac{\partial^2 B}{\partial z \partial x}</math>
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
|<math>\sigma_{zx}
=-\frac{\partial^2 B}{\partial y^2}
 +\frac{\partial^2 C}{\partial z \partial y}
 +\frac{\partial^2 A}{\partial x \partial y}</math>
|-
|<math>\sigma_z
= -2\frac{\partial^2 C}{\partial x \partial y}</math>
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
|<math>\sigma_{xy}
=-\frac{\partial^2 C}{\partial z^2}
 +\frac{\partial^2 A}{\partial x \partial z}
 +\frac{\partial^2 B}{\partial y \partial z}</math>
|}

== Prandtl stress function ==

The '''Prandtl stress function''' is a special case of the Morera stress functions, in which it is assumed that A=B=0 and C is a function of x and y only.<ref name=Sadd05_365 />In Saint Venant’s theory of torsion for non-circular sections, the displacements are given
by
uz = yφ(x)
uy = −zφ (x)
ux = dφ
dx
ψ (y,z)
(1)
If dφ / dx =φ ′ is a constant, then the only non-zero stresses are
σ xz = G ∂ux
∂z
+ ∂uz
∂x
⎛
⎝
⎜ ⎞
⎠
⎟ = G ∂ux
∂z
+φ ′y ⎛
⎝
⎜ ⎞
⎠
⎟
σ xy = G
∂ux
∂y
+
∂uy
∂x
⎛
⎝
⎜
⎞
⎠
⎟ = G
∂ux
∂y
−φ ′z
⎛
⎝
⎜
⎞
⎠
⎟
(2)
and all the equilibrium equations are satisfied if
∂σ xy
∂y
+
∂σ xz
∂z
= 0 (3)
This equation can be satisfied automatically by writing the stresses in terms of a function,
Φ , called the Prandtl stress function, where
σ xy =
∂Φ
∂z
, σ xz = −
∂Φ
∂y
(4)
However, from Eq. (2), we have
G ∂ux
∂z
= − ∂Φ
∂y
− Gφ ′ y
G
∂ux
∂y
=
∂Φ
∂z
+ Gφ ′ z
which also implies
EM 424: Prandtl Stress Function 16
G ∂2ux
∂z∂y
= − ∂2Φ
∂y2 − Gφ ′
G
∂2ux
∂y∂z
=
∂2Φ
∂z2 + Gφ ′
However, these mixed derivatives of the displacement ux must be equal, if we are to be
able to integrate the strains to find this displacement, and this compatibility condition
requires that the stress function satisfy
∂2Φ
∂y2 +
∂2Φ
∂z 2 = −2Gφ ′ (5)
or, equivalently,
∇2Φ = −2Gφ ′ (6)
which is called Poisson’s equation. We know that on the outer boundary of the bar we
have no applied tractions so that
Tx
(n) =σ xyny +σ xznz = 0 (7)
and y and z components of the traction vector are identically zero, so that in terms of the
Prandtl stress function we have
∂Φ
∂z
ny −
∂Φ
∂z
nz = 0 (8)
But by examining a small element near the surface (Fig.1), we see that Eq. (8) also
implies that
∂Φ
∂z
dz
ds
+
∂Φ
∂y
dy
ds
= 0 (9)

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==

* {{cite book |title=Elasticity - Theory, applications and numerics. |last=Sadd |first=Martin H. |year=2005 |publisher=Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann |location=New York |isbn=0-12-605811-3 |oclc=162576656}}
* {{cite journal |last=Knops |first=R. J. |year=1958|title=On the Variation of Poisson's Ratio in the Solution of Elastic Problems |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=326–350 |doi=10.1093/qjmam/11.3.326 |url=http://qjmam.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/11/3/326|publisher=Oxford University Press }}

==See also==
* [[Elasticity (physics)]]
* [[Elastic modulus]]
* [[Infinitesimal strain theory]]
* [[Linear elasticity]]
* [[Solid mechanics]]
* [[Stress (mechanics)]]

[[Category:Elasticity (physics)]]
[[Category:Solid mechanics]]