Afocal system - Revision history

en>ClueBot NG: Reverting possible vandalism by Rajneesh mahar to version by Addbot. False positive? Report it. Thanks, ClueBot NG. (1916798) (Bot)

2014-08-08T10:19:21Z

Reverting possible vandalism by Rajneesh mahar to version by Addbot. False positive? Report it. Thanks, ClueBot NG. (1916798) (Bot)

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:19, 8 August 2014
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	~~A '''threaded rod''', also known as a '''stud''',~~ is a relatively long rod that is [[screw thread\|threaded]] on both ends; the thread may extend along the complete length of the rod.<ref>{{Citation \| last = Soled \| first = Julius \| title = Fasteners handbook \| page = 90 \| publisher = Reinhold Publishing \| year = 1957 \| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=8OdSAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA347 \| postscript =.}}</ref> They are designed to be used in [[tension (physics)\|tension]].<ref>{{Citation \| last = Speck \| first = James A. \| title = Mechanical fastening, joining, and assembly \| page = 54 \| publisher = CRC Press \| year = 1997 \| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=6KhAbKYFbH4C&pg=PA54 \| isbn = 978-0-8247-9835-2 \| postscript =.}}</ref> Threaded rod in [[bar stock]] form is often called '''all-thread'''.		My name is Isabella and I am studying Philosophy and Earth Sciences at Liebnitz / Austria.<br><br>Feel free to surf to my webpage [http://www.meltzertaylor.com/motorcycle-accident-lawyer-west-palm/ West Palm]

	~~== Studs ==~~
	~~[[File:Motore Balilla PSF.jpg\|thumb\|[[Fiat Balilla\|Balilla]] engine with cylinder head removed, showing the studs that normally hold it in place.]]~~

	~~Studs may have a [[screw drive\|drive]] slot in one end to facilitate installing the stud.~~

	~~=== Types ===~~
	~~[[File:Судовой дизель SKL 6 DV 224, шильда, остров Тузла, август 2007 г.jpg\|thumb\|'Waisted' or 'undercut' studs, as engine [[cylinder head]] retainers]]~~
	~~For studs that are not completely threaded, there are two types of studs: ''full-bodied'' studs,~~ and ''undercut'' studs. Full-bodied studs have a shank equal to the [[major diameter]] of the thread. [[Undercut (manufacturing)\|Undercut]] studs have a shank equal to the [[pitch diameter]] of the screw thread. Undercut studs are designed to better distribute axial [[stress (mechanics)\|stresses]]. In a full-bodied stud the stresses are greater in the threads than in the shank.<ref>{{Citation \| last = Mavrigian \| first = Mike \| title = High Performance Fasteners & Plumbing \| page = 49 \| publisher = Penguin Group \| year = 2008 \| url = http:/~~/books.google.com/books?id=3weCjR8nrJ0C&pg=PT56 \| isbn = 978-1-55788-523-4 \| postscript =.}}</ref>~~

	Undercut studs (rolled thread) are also stronger because the metal is "rolled" up to the major diameter, not removed. This preserves the grain of the steel, and in some cases even enhances it. Full bodied studs (cut thread) are weaker because metal is removed to create the thread, disturbing the grain of the steel.<~~ref name="Green1996p1828-1830"~~>~~{{Harvnb\|Green\|1996\|pp=1828–1830}}.~~<~~/ref><ref name="Green1996p1842">{{Harvnb\|Green\|1996\|p=1842}}</ref~~>

	~~Undercut studs are only required in applications where the stud is exposed~~ to fatigue. Cut threads are entirely suitable for many applications, even when rolled threads might be slightly stronger. Mass-produced fasteners (standard bolts and studs) are usually rolled, but [[job production\|jobbed]] parts with custom features and small lot sizes are likely to ~~be cut.~~

	~~== Strength ==~~
	~~The allowable tensile force for a non-undercut threaded rod is defined by the [~~[American Institute of Steel Construction]] (AISC) as:<ref name="williams">{{Citation \| last = Williams \| first = Alan \| title = Structural Steel Design \| page = 151 \| publisher = Kaplan AEC Engineering \| year = 2001 \| volume = 1 \| url = http://~~books~~.~~google~~.com/~~books?id=vQ2ZqdhR3hUC&pg=PA151 \| isbn = 978~~-1-~~58001~~-~~055~~-~~9 \| postscript =.}}</ref>~~
	~~:<math>P = \frac{0.33 F_u \pi d^2}{4}</math>~~
	where ''d'' is the nominal diameter and ''F<sub>u</sub>'' is the [[ultimate tensile strength]] of the material. For undercut threaded rods the allowable tensile stress is defined as:<ref name="williams"/>
	~~:<math>P = \frac{0.6 F_y \pi d_s^2}{4}</math>~~
	~~where d<sub>s</sub> is the diameter of the shank and ''F<sub>y</sub>'' is the [[yield strength]] of the material.~~

	Both equations give you units of force for the result, i.e. pounds force or newtons. The second equation state that it will deliver the allowable tensile "stress". The definition of stress is a force per unit area, i.e. [[pounds per square inch]] or [[Pascal (unit)\|Pascals]] which is a [[Newton (unit)\|newton]] per [[Square metre\|square meter]].

	~~== Class ==~~
	Metric threaded rods are marked on the end with a color code to define the [[International Organization for Standardization\|ISO]] strength class. The color codes are:<ref>[http://www.bomet.com/en/quality bomet.com]</ref>
	*Unmarked — 4.6 class ([[tensile strength]] = 400 N/mm<sup>2</sup>, [[yield strength]] 240 N/mm2</sup>)
	*Yellow — 8.8 class (800 N/mm<sup>2</sup>, 640 N/mm<sup>2</sup>)
	*Green — A2 stainless steel (304)
	*Red — A4 stainless steel (316)
	*White — 10.9 class (1000 N/~~mm<sup>2</sup>, 900 N/mm<sup>2</sup>)~~

	~~== References ==~~
	~~{{Reflist}}~~

	~~== Bibliography ==~~
	~~{{Commons category\|Studs (fastener)\|Studs}}~~
	* {{MachinerysHandbook25e}}

	~~[[Category:Threaded fasteners]]~~

	~~[[nl:Draadeind]~~]

en>Addbot: Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by Wikidata on d:q383372

2013-03-21T02:13:58Z

Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by Wikidata on d:q383372

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:13, 21 March 2013
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~Making sure you have the correct size~~ is ~~very important~~; ~~a poor fitting helmet can be uncomfortable and unsafe. Therefore, you ought to verify~~ the ~~fork,~~ the ~~wheels and~~ the ~~suspensions together with two or three particulars~~. ~~Understanding your strengths, and the strengths of your team or business partner can be your best competitive edge this~~ year. ~~There should not~~ be ~~a strain and similarly you shouldn't find yourself catching your breath~~. ~~However~~, ~~due to its high price tag and light weight~~, ~~it is seldom used for jumping~~ and ~~downhill races~~. <~~br><br~~>		A '''threaded rod''', also known as a '''stud''', is a relatively long rod that is [[screw thread\|threaded]] on both ends; the thread may extend along the complete length of the rod.<ref>{{Citation \| last = Soled \| first = Julius \| title = Fasteners handbook \| page = 90 \| publisher = Reinhold Publishing \| year = 1957 \| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=8OdSAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA347 \| postscript =.}}</ref> They are designed to be used in [[tension (physics)\|tension]].<ref>{{Citation \| last = Speck \| first = James A. \| title = Mechanical fastening, joining, and assembly \| page = 54 \| publisher = CRC Press \| year = 1997 \| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=6KhAbKYFbH4C&pg=PA54 \| isbn = 978-0-8247-9835-2 \| postscript =.}}</ref> Threaded rod in [[bar stock]] form is often called '''all-thread'''.

	On the ~~road~~ to the ~~airport find your way to Lake Caburgua~~ and ~~then Trancura River~~. ~~It has monocoque carbon fiber frame and it is~~ a ~~sensation in terms~~ of ~~performance~~. ~~David Moffat founded Winter Park as~~ a ~~workers camp during construction~~ of the ~~Moffat Tunnel while building the transcontinental railroad from Denver~~ to ~~the Pacific~~. ~~Cost shouldn't be a factor as~~ a ~~good helmet can be acquired for around $25~~-~~$45. Full suspensions~~ are ~~of course~~ the ~~most comfortable~~. <br><br>~~Technological know-how~~ is ~~advancing very rapidly and manufactures have observed ways~~ to ~~make batteries much more efficient and Eco-pleasant at~~ the ~~very same time along with photo voltaic PV cells getting additional~~ and ~~a lot more effortless and economical to make~~. ~~Here~~ are ~~some~~ of the ~~more popular mountain bike wheels now available [*CO]~~. ~~People~~ are ~~buying bicycles~~ to ~~take care of their fitness as~~ many ~~go riding every morning or on weekends instead of jogging~~. ~~If you adored this post along~~ with ~~you would want~~ to ~~acquire more details concerning~~ [http://~~www~~.~~wallpaperhdquality~~.com/~~profile~~/~~toliddell Info size bike mountain bike sizing~~.~~] kindly stop by~~ the ~~page. Follow these simple tips~~ and ~~maximize your riding time while you wait for the snow to fall again. However, be careful that any loose ends (from straps or laces) and buckles don~~'~~t have over, as they can pose a safety hazard if you elect to use toe clips.~~ <br><br>~~Decide how and where you want to ride, then choose a mountain bike that fits your personal style, rather than that~~ of the ~~sales staff~~. ~~In between,~~ the ~~biker can perform whatever new trick he or she has learnt up and this trick~~ is ~~known~~ as ~~the gap jump~~. ~~As the tracks are very rough it~~ is ~~far more difficult on a hardtail bike. People like to ride~~ the ~~mountain bike to those terrains because they enjoy~~ the ~~thrill~~ and the ~~adventure~~. ~~You should be selective in choosing mountain bike tires since mountain bike is already made heavy and if~~ you ~~choose heavy tires you should consider yourself about how you will handle~~ the ~~bike and the terrain at the same time~~. ~~<br><br>Looked like one~~ or ~~two other people beat me to~~ the ~~punch~~. The ~~circumstances will dictate~~ which ~~method to use~~. ~~If riding~~ on ~~public roads in Australia, then the maximum motor wattage is 250W and~~ the ~~bike also then becomes speed limited. Calipers can be actuated~~ with a ~~side pull or center pull. Also make sure you use a high quality grease~~ to ~~keep your chain moving over~~ the ~~teeth of the chainring~~ for ~~a smooth ride~~.		== Studs ==
			[[File:Motore Balilla PSF.jpg\|thumb\|[[Fiat Balilla\|Balilla]] engine with cylinder head removed, showing the studs that normally hold it in place.]]

			Studs may have a [[screw drive\|drive]] slot in one end to facilitate installing the stud.

			=== Types ===
			[[File:Судовой дизель SKL 6 DV 224, шильда, остров Тузла, август 2007 г.jpg\|thumb\|'Waisted' or 'undercut' studs, as engine [[cylinder head]] retainers]]
			For studs that are not completely threaded, there are two types of studs: ''full-bodied'' studs, and ''undercut'' studs. Full-bodied studs have a shank equal to the [[major diameter]] of the thread. [[Undercut (manufacturing)\|Undercut]] studs have a shank equal to the [[pitch diameter]] of the screw thread. Undercut studs are designed to better distribute axial [[stress (mechanics)\|stresses]]. In a full-bodied stud the stresses are greater in the threads than in the shank.<ref>{{Citation \| last = Mavrigian \| first = Mike \| title = High Performance Fasteners & Plumbing \| page = 49 \| publisher = Penguin Group \| year = 2008 \| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=3weCjR8nrJ0C&pg=PT56 \| isbn = 978-1-55788-523-4 \| postscript =.}}</ref>

			Undercut studs (rolled thread) are also stronger because the metal is "rolled" up to the major diameter, not removed. This preserves the grain of the steel, and in some cases even enhances it. Full bodied studs (cut thread) are weaker because metal is removed to create the thread, disturbing the grain of the steel.<ref name="Green1996p1828-1830">{{Harvnb\|Green\|1996\|pp=1828–1830}}.</ref><ref name="Green1996p1842">{{Harvnb\|Green\|1996\|p=1842}}</ref>

			Undercut studs are only required in applications where the stud is exposed to fatigue. Cut threads are entirely suitable for many applications, even when rolled threads might be slightly stronger. Mass-produced fasteners (standard bolts and studs) are usually rolled, but [[job production\|jobbed]] parts with custom features and small lot sizes are likely to be cut.

			== Strength ==
			The allowable tensile force for a non-undercut threaded rod is defined by the [[American Institute of Steel Construction]] (AISC) as:<ref name="williams">{{Citation \| last = Williams \| first = Alan \| title = Structural Steel Design \| page = 151 \| publisher = Kaplan AEC Engineering \| year = 2001 \| volume = 1 \| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=vQ2ZqdhR3hUC&pg=PA151 \| isbn = 978-1-58001-055-9 \| postscript =.}}</ref>
			:<math>P = \frac{0.33 F_u \pi d^2}{4}</math>
			where ''d'' is the nominal diameter and ''F<sub>u</sub>'' is the [[ultimate tensile strength]] of the material. For undercut threaded rods the allowable tensile stress is defined as:<ref name="williams"/>
			:<math>P = \frac{0.6 F_y \pi d_s^2}{4}</math>
			where d<sub>s</sub> is the diameter of the shank and ''F<sub>y</sub>'' is the [[yield strength]] of the material.

			Both equations give you units of force for the result, i.e. pounds force or newtons. The second equation state that it will deliver the allowable tensile "stress". The definition of stress is a force per unit area, i.e. [[pounds per square inch]] or [[Pascal (unit)\|Pascals]] which is a [[Newton (unit)\|newton]] per [[Square metre\|square meter]].

			== Class ==
			Metric threaded rods are marked on the end with a color code to define the [[International Organization for Standardization\|ISO]] strength class. The color codes are:<ref>[http://www.bomet.com/en/quality bomet.com]</ref>
			*Unmarked — 4.6 class ([[tensile strength]] = 400 N/mm<sup>2</sup>, [[yield strength]] 240 N/mm2</sup>)
			*Yellow — 8.8 class (800 N/mm<sup>2</sup>, 640 N/mm<sup>2</sup>)
			*Green — A2 stainless steel (304)
			*Red — A4 stainless steel (316)
			*White — 10.9 class (1000 N/mm<sup>2</sup>, 900 N/mm<sup>2</sup>)

			== References ==
			{{Reflist}}

			== Bibliography ==
			{{Commons category\|Studs (fastener)\|Studs}}
			* {{MachinerysHandbook25e}}

			[[Category:Threaded fasteners]]

			[[nl:Draadeind]]

en>Mets501: /* References */clean up using AWB

2012-07-21T02:05:46Z

References: clean up using AWB

New page

Making sure you have the correct size is very important; a poor fitting helmet can be uncomfortable and unsafe. Therefore, you ought to verify the fork, the wheels and the suspensions together with two or three particulars. Understanding your strengths, and the strengths of your team or business partner can be your best competitive edge this year. There should not be a strain and similarly you shouldn't find yourself catching your breath. However, due to its high price tag and light weight, it is seldom used for jumping and downhill races. 

On the road to the airport find your way to Lake Caburgua and then Trancura River. It has monocoque carbon fiber frame and it is a sensation in terms of performance. David Moffat founded Winter Park as a workers camp during construction of the Moffat Tunnel while building the transcontinental railroad from Denver to the Pacific. Cost shouldn't be a factor as a good helmet can be acquired for around $25-$45. Full suspensions are of course the most comfortable. Technological know-how is advancing very rapidly and manufactures have observed ways to make batteries much more efficient and Eco-pleasant at the very same time along with photo voltaic PV cells getting additional and a lot more effortless and economical to make. Here are some of the more popular mountain bike wheels now available [*CO]. People are buying bicycles to take care of their fitness as many go riding every morning or on weekends instead of jogging. If you adored this post along with you would want to acquire more details concerning [http://www.wallpaperhdquality.com/profile/toliddell Info size bike mountain bike sizing.] kindly stop by the page. Follow these simple tips and maximize your riding time while you wait for the snow to fall again. However, be careful that any loose ends (from straps or laces) and buckles don't have over, as they can pose a safety hazard if you elect to use toe clips. Decide how and where you want to ride, then choose a mountain bike that fits your personal style, rather than that of the sales staff. In between, the biker can perform whatever new trick he or she has learnt up and this trick is known as the gap jump. As the tracks are very rough it is far more difficult on a hardtail bike. People like to ride the mountain bike to those terrains because they enjoy the thrill and the adventure. You should be selective in choosing mountain bike tires since mountain bike is already made heavy and if you choose heavy tires you should consider yourself about how you will handle the bike and the terrain at the same time. Looked like one or two other people beat me to the punch. The circumstances will dictate which method to use. If riding on public roads in Australia, then the maximum motor wattage is 250W and the bike also then becomes speed limited. Calipers can be actuated with a side pull or center pull. Also make sure you use a high quality grease to keep your chain moving over the teeth of the chainring for a smooth ride.