Anthropometry of the upper arm - Revision history

173.61.57.37 at 04:57, 9 January 2015

2015-01-09T04:57:13Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:57, 9 January 2015
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	~~[[Image:Polychromatic erythrocyte.png\|thumb\|120px\|[[Reticulocyte]]]]~~		Jayson Berryhill is how I'm known as and my spouse doesn't like it at all. My working day occupation is a travel agent. My spouse and I reside in Kentucky. One of the things she enjoys most is canoeing and she's been performing it for quite a whilst.<br><br>Take a look at my blog post - [http://kard.dk/?p=24252 free psychic reading]
	~~[[Image:Erythrocyte.png\|thumb\|120px\|[[Erythrocyte]]]]~~
	The '''Reticulocyte production index''' (RPI, also called a ''corrected reticulocyte count'') is a calculated value used in the diagnosis of [[anemia]]. This calculation is necessary because the raw [[reticulocyte count]] is misleading in anemic patients. The problem arises because the reticulocyte count is ~~not really a~~ ''~~count'' but rather a ''percentage'':~~ it ~~reports the number of reticulocytes as a percentage of the number of red blood cells~~. ~~In anemia, the patient's red blood cells are depleted, creating an erroneously elevated reticulocyte count.~~

	~~<ref>{{cite journal\|last=Callaway\|title=Racing Just To Keep Up\|journal=Nature\|year=2011\|volume=475\|pages=283\|doi=10.1038/475283a}}</ref>~~

	~~==Physiology==~~
	[[Reticulocyte]]s are newly produced red blood cells. They are slightly larger than totally mature red blood cells, and have some residual ribosomal [[RNA]]. The presence of RNA allows a visible blue stain to bind or, in the case of fluorescent dye, result in a ~~different brightness. This allows them to be detected and counted as a distinct population.<ref name="Adamson">Adamson JW, Longo DL~~. ~~Anemia~~ and ~~polycythemia. ''~~in~~:'' Braunwald E, et al. ''Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine''~~. ~~(15th Edition). McGraw Hill (New York), 2001.</ref>~~

	~~The idea~~ of the ~~RPI is to assess whether the [[bone marrow]]~~ is producing an appropriate response to an anemic state. Reticulocyte production should increase in response to any loss of red blood cells. It should increase within 2–3 days of a major acute [[hemorrhage]], for instance, and ~~reach its peak in 6–10 days.<ref>Hoffbrand AV, et al.~~ ''Essential Haematology.'' (Fourth Edition) Blackwell Science (Oxford), 2001.</ref> If reticulocyte production is not raised in response to anemia, then the anemia may be due to an acute cause with insufficient time to compensate, or there is a defect with red blood cell production in the bone marrow. Marrow defects include nutritional deficiencies (i.e. iron, folate, or B12) or insufficient [[erythropoietin]], the stimulus for red blood cell production. [[Reticulocytopenia]], or "aplastic crisis", is the medical term for ~~an abnormal decrease of reticulocytes in the body~~

	~~The reticulocyte percentage index may find new use as a more reliable detector of erythropoietin-doping in athletes. The use of this method is referred to as "biological passport."~~

	~~==Calculation of RPI==~~
	~~Reticulocyte Production Index is calculated as follows:~~

	~~'''1.'''<math>Retic Index = Retic Count * {Hematocrit \over Normal Hematocrit}</math>~~

	~~A value of 45 is usually used as~~ a ~~normal hematocrit~~.<~~ref name="urlUAB Hematopathology"~~>~~{{cite web \|url=http://peir.path.uab.edu/heme/messages/637/648.html \|title=UAB Hematopathology \|work= \|accessdate=2009-02-07}}~~<~~/ref~~>

	~~'''2.'''The next step is to correct for the longer life span of prematurely released reticulocytes in the blood—a phenomenon of increased red blood cell production. This relies on~~ a ~~table:~~

	~~{\| class="wikitable"~~
	\|-
	~~! Hematocrit (%)~~
	~~! Retic survival (days) = maturation correction~~
	\|-
	~~\| 36-45~~
	~~\| 1.0~~
	\|-
	~~\| 26-35~~
	~~\| 1.5~~
	\|-
	~~\| 16-25~~
	~~\| 2.0~~
	\|-
	~~\| 15 and below~~
	~~\| 2.5~~
	\|}

	~~'''So,''' in a person whose reticulocyte count is 5%, hemoglobin 7.5 g/dL, hematocrit 25%, the RPI would be:~~

	~~<math>RPI = {Retic Index \over Maturation Correction}</math> '''→ RPI ''' <math>= {{5 * {25 \over 45}} \over 2} = </math>'''1.4'''~~

	~~Alternatively some books provide the following formula:~~

	~~<math>RPI = Retic Count * {Hemoglobin(observed) \over Normal Hemoglobin}*0.5</math>~~

	~~==Interpretation==~~
	*The reticulocyte index (RI) should be between 1.0% and 2.0% for a healthy individual.
	*RI < 2% with anemia indicates loss of red blood cells, but decreased production of reticulocytes (ie, an inadequate response to correct the anemia) and therefore red blood cells.<ref name="Adamson"/>
	*RI > 3% with anemia indicates loss of red blood cells (from causes such as destruction, bleeding, etc.), with an increased compensatory production of reticulocytes to replace the lost red blood cells.<ref name="Adamson"/>

	~~Interpretation of these values are not standard and vary based on specific laboratory values and clinical context. </ref~~ http://~~www.sysmex~~.~~ru/files/articles~~/~~Xtra_online_reticulocytes.pdf>~~

	=~~=References==~~
	~~{{reflist}}~~

	~~{{Myeloid blood tests}}~~

	~~[[Category:Blood tests]~~]

en>BattyBot: fixed CS1 errors: dates & General fixes using AWB (9832)

2014-01-04T22:50:12Z

fixed CS1 errors: dates & General fixes using AWB (9832)

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:50, 5 January 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	The ~~writer~~ is ~~known as Irwin~~. ~~She~~ is a ~~librarian~~ but ~~she~~'s ~~always wanted her own company~~. ~~One~~ of the ~~things he enjoys most~~ is ~~ice skating but he~~ is ~~struggling~~ to ~~find~~ time for it. ~~North Dakota~~ is ~~her beginning location but she will have~~ to ~~transfer~~ 1 ~~day or an additional~~.<br><br>~~my page~~ ... ~~home std test~~ ([http://www.~~dhspoteh~~.~~co.kr~~/xe/~~index~~.~~php?document_srl~~=~~331302&mid~~=~~Sports click through the up coming website page~~])		[[Image:Polychromatic erythrocyte.png\|thumb\|120px\|[[Reticulocyte]]]]
			[[Image:Erythrocyte.png\|thumb\|120px\|[[Erythrocyte]]]]
			The '''Reticulocyte production index''' (RPI, also called a ''corrected reticulocyte count'') is a calculated value used in the diagnosis of [[anemia]]. This calculation is necessary because the raw [[reticulocyte count]] is misleading in anemic patients. The problem arises because the reticulocyte count is not really a ''count'' but rather a ''percentage'': it reports the number of reticulocytes as a percentage of the number of red blood cells. In anemia, the patient's red blood cells are depleted, creating an erroneously elevated reticulocyte count.

			<ref>{{cite journal\|last=Callaway\|title=Racing Just To Keep Up\|journal=Nature\|year=2011\|volume=475\|pages=283\|doi=10.1038/475283a}}</ref>

			==Physiology==
			[[Reticulocyte]]s are newly produced red blood cells. They are slightly larger than totally mature red blood cells, and have some residual ribosomal [[RNA]]. The presence of RNA allows a visible blue stain to bind or, in the case of fluorescent dye, result in a different brightness. This allows them to be detected and counted as a distinct population.<ref name="Adamson">Adamson JW, Longo DL. Anemia and polycythemia. ''in:'' Braunwald E, et al. ''Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine''. (15th Edition). McGraw Hill (New York), 2001.</ref>

			The idea of the RPI is to assess whether the [[bone marrow]] is producing an appropriate response to an anemic state. Reticulocyte production should increase in response to any loss of red blood cells. It should increase within 2–3 days of a major acute [[hemorrhage]], for instance, and reach its peak in 6–10 days.<ref>Hoffbrand AV, et al. ''Essential Haematology.'' (Fourth Edition) Blackwell Science (Oxford), 2001.</ref> If reticulocyte production is not raised in response to anemia, then the anemia may be due to an acute cause with insufficient time to compensate, or there is a defect with red blood cell production in the bone marrow. Marrow defects include nutritional deficiencies (i.e. iron, folate, or B12) or insufficient [[erythropoietin]], the stimulus for red blood cell production. [[Reticulocytopenia]], or "aplastic crisis", is the medical term for an abnormal decrease of reticulocytes in the body

			The reticulocyte percentage index may find new use as a more reliable detector of erythropoietin-doping in athletes. The use of this method is referred to as "biological passport."

			==Calculation of RPI==
			Reticulocyte Production Index is calculated as follows:

			'''1.'''<math>Retic Index = Retic Count * {Hematocrit \over Normal Hematocrit}</math>

			A value of 45 is usually used as a normal hematocrit.<ref name="urlUAB Hematopathology">{{cite web \|url=http://peir.path.uab.edu/heme/messages/637/648.html \|title=UAB Hematopathology \|work= \|accessdate=2009-02-07}}</ref>

			'''2.'''The next step is to correct for the longer life span of prematurely released reticulocytes in the blood—a phenomenon of increased red blood cell production. This relies on a table:

			{\| class="wikitable"
			\|-
			! Hematocrit (%)
			! Retic survival (days) = maturation correction
			\|-
			\| 36-45
			\| 1.0
			\|-
			\| 26-35
			\| 1.5
			\|-
			\| 16-25
			\| 2.0
			\|-
			\| 15 and below
			\| 2.5
			\|}

			'''So,''' in a person whose reticulocyte count is 5%, hemoglobin 7.5 g/dL, hematocrit 25%, the RPI would be:

			<math>RPI = {Retic Index \over Maturation Correction}</math> '''→ RPI ''' <math>= {{5 * {25 \over 45}} \over 2} = </math>'''1.4'''

			Alternatively some books provide the following formula:

			<math>RPI = Retic Count * {Hemoglobin(observed) \over Normal Hemoglobin}*0.5</math>

			==Interpretation==
			*The reticulocyte index (RI) should be between 1.0% and 2.0% for a healthy individual.
			*RI < 2% with anemia indicates loss of red blood cells, but decreased production of reticulocytes (ie, an inadequate response to correct the anemia) and therefore red blood cells.<ref name="Adamson"/>
			*RI > 3% with anemia indicates loss of red blood cells (from causes such as destruction, bleeding, etc.), with an increased compensatory production of reticulocytes to replace the lost red blood cells.<ref name="Adamson"/>

			Interpretation of these values are not standard and vary based on specific laboratory values and clinical context. </ref http://www.sysmex.ru/files/articles/Xtra_online_reticulocytes.pdf>

			==References==
			{{reflist}}

			{{Myeloid blood tests}}

			[[Category:Blood tests]]

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2012-09-01T02:48:15Z

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