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	'~~''Samarium-neodymium dating'''~~ is ~~useful for determining the age relationships of rocks~~ and ~~meteorites, based on decay of a long-lived [[samarium]] (Sm) isotope to a [[radiogenic]] [[neodymium]] (Nd) isotope. Nd isotope ratios are used to provide information on~~ the ~~source of [[igneous]] melts as well as to provide age data~~. ~~The various reservoirs within the solid earth will have different values of initial <sup>143</sup>Nd/<sup>144</sup>Nd ratios, especially with reference to the [[mantle (geology)\|mantle]].~~		Greetings. The author's title is Phebe and she feels comfortable when individuals use the complete title. Hiring is my profession. North Dakota is her beginning place but she will have to move one working day or an additional. Body developing is 1 of the things I adore most.<br><br>My web-site - [http://3bbc.com/index.php?do=/profile-548128/info/ 3bbc.com]

	~~The usefulness of Sm-Nd dating~~ is the fact that these two elements are [[Rare earth element\|rare earths]]. They are thus, theoretically, not particularly susceptible to partitioning during melting of [[silicate minerals\|silicate rocks]]. The [[Fractional crystallization (geology)\|fractionation]] effects of crystallisation of [[felsic]] minerals (see above) changes the Sm/Nd ratio of the resultant materials. This, in turn, influences the <sup>143</sup>Nd/<sup>144</sup>Nd ratios with ingrowth of radiogenic <sup>143</sup>Nd.

	~~The mantle~~ is ~~assumed to~~ have ~~undergone [[chondritic evolution]], and thus deviations in initial <sup>143</sup>Nd/<sup>144</sup>Nd ratios can provide information as~~ to ~~when a particular rock~~ or ~~reservoir was separated from the mantle within the Earth's past.~~

	~~In many cases, Sm-Nd and [[rubidium-strontium dating\|Rb-Sr]] isotope data are used together.~~

	~~==Sm-Nd radiometric dating==~~

	~~Samarium has five naturally occurring isotopes and neodymium has seven.<br>~~
	~~The two elements are joined in a parent-daughter relationship by the [[alpha-decay]] of <sup>147</sup>Sm to <sup>143</sup>Nd with a [[half life]] of 1.06{{e\|11}} years.~~

	~~<sup>146</sup>Sm is~~ an ~~almost-extinct nuclide which decays via alpha emission to produce <sup>142</sup>Nd, with a half-life of 1~~.~~08{{e\|8}} years.~~

	~~<sup>146</sup>Sm~~ is ~~itself produced by the decay of <sup>150</sup>[[Gadolinium\|Gd]] via alpha-decay with a half-life of~~ 1~~.79{{e\|6}} years.~~

	An [[isochron dating\|isochron]] is calculated normally. As with Rb-Sr and Pb-Pb [[isotope geochemistry]], the initial <sup>143</sup>Nd/<sup>144</sup>Nd ratio of the isotope system provides important information on [[Crust (geology)\|crustal]] formation and the isotopic evolution of the solar system.

	~~==Sm and Nd geochemistry==~~

	The concentration of Sm and Nd in [[silicate]] minerals increase with the order in which they crystallise from a magma according to [[Bowen's reaction series]]. Samarium is accommodated more easily into [[mafic]] minerals, so a mafic rock which crystallises mafic minerals will concentrate neodymium in the melt phase faster relative to samarium. Thus, as a melt undergoes fractional crystallization from a mafic to a more felsic composition, the abundance of Sm and Nd changes, as does the ratio between Sm and Nd.

	Thus, [[ultramafic]] rocks have low Sm and Nd and ''high'' Sm/Nd ratios. [[Felsic]] rocks have high concentrations of Sm and Nd but ''low'' Sm/Nd ratios ([[komatiite]] has 1.14 parts per million (ppm) Sm and 3.59 ppm Nd versus 4.65 ppm Sm and 21.6 ppm Nd in [[rhyolite]]).

	~~The importance of this process is apparent in modeling the age of [[continental crust]] formation.~~

	~~==The CHUR model==~~
	Through the analysis of isotopic compositions of neodymium, DePaolo and [[Gerald J. Wasserburg\|Wasserburg]] <ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Depaolo\|first1=D. J.\|last2=Wasserburg\|first2=G. J.\|title=Nd isotopic variations and petrogenetic models\|journal=Geophysical Research Letters\|volume=3\|pages=249\|year=1976\|doi=10.1029/GL003i005p00249\|bibcode=1976GeoRL...3..249D\|issue=5}}</ref> discovered that terrestrial igneous rocks closely followed the [[Chondritic unfractionated reservoir\|Chondritic Uniform Reservoir]] (CHUR) line.

	Chondritic meteorites are thought to represent the earliest (unsorted) material that formed in the solar system before planets formed. They have relatively homogeneous trace element signatures and therefore their isotopic evolution can model the evolution of the ~~whole solar system and of the ‘Bulk Earth’~~.

	~~After plotting the ages and initial~~ <~~sup~~>~~143~~<~~/sup~~>Nd/<sup>144</sup>Nd ratios of terrestrial igneous rocks on a Nd evolution vs. time diagram, DePaolo and Wasserburg determined that Archean rocks had initial Nd isotope ratios very similar to that defined by the CHUR evolution line.

	~~===Epsilon notation===~~
	Since <sup>143</sup>Nd/<sup>144</sup>Nd departures from the CHUR evolution line are very small, DePaolo and Wasserburg argued that it would be useful to create a form of notation that described <sup>143</sup>Nd/<sup>144</sup>Nd in terms of their deviations from the CHUR evolution line. This is called the epsilon notation whereby one epsilon unit represents a one part per 10,000 deviation from the CHUR composition.<ref name=Dickin>Dickin, A.P., 2005. [http://~~books.google~~.com/~~books~~?id=~~z8ZCg2HRvWsC&pg=PA76 Radiogenic Isotope Geology], 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-82316-1 pp. 76–77<~~/~~ref> Algebraically, epsilon units can be defined by the equation:~~
	~~<br>~~
	~~::<math> \varepsilon_{Nd(t)} = \left[\frac{\left(\frac{^{143}Nd}{^{144}Nd}\right)_{sample(t)}}{\left(\frac{^{143}Nd}{^{144}Nd}\right)_{CHUR(t)}}~~-~~1\right]* 10000 <~~/~~math>~~

	Since epsilon units are larger and therefore a more tangible representation of the initial Nd isotope ratio, by using these instead of the initial isotopic ratios, it is easier to comprehend and therefore compare initial ratios of crust with different ages. In addition, epsilon units will normalize the initial ratios to CHUR, thus eliminating any effects caused by various analytical mass fractionation correction methods applied.<ref name=Dickin/>

	~~===Nd Model Ages===~~
	~~Since CHUR defines initial ratios of continental rocks through time, it was deduced that measurements of <sup>143</sup>Nd~~/~~<sup>144</sup>Nd and <sup>147</sup>Sm/<sup>144</sup>Nd, with the use of CHUR, could produce model ages for the segregation from the mantle of the melt which formed any crustal rock~~. This has been termed ‘t-CHUR’.<ref>{{cite journal\|last1=McCulloch\|first1=M. T.\|last2=Wasserburg\|first2=G. J.\|title=Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr Chronology of Continental Crust Formation\|journal=Science\|volume=200\|pages=1003–11\|year=1978\|doi=10.1126/science.200.4345.1003\|issue=4345\|pmid=17740673\|bibcode = 1978Sci...200.1003M }}</ref>
	In order for a T<sub>CHUR</sub> age to be calculated, fractionation between Nd/Sm would have to have occurred during magma extraction from the mantle to produce a continental rock. This fractionation would then cause a deviation between the crustal and mantle isotopic evolution lines. The intersection between these two evolution lines then indicates the crustal formation age. The T<sub>CHUR</sub> age is defined by the following equation:
	~~<br>~~
	::<math> T_{CHUR}=(\frac{1}{\lambda})ln \left[1+ \frac{\left(\frac{^{143}Nd}{^{144}Nd}\right)_{sample}-\left(\frac{^{143}Nd}{^{144}Nd}\right)_{CHUR}}{\left(\frac{^{147}Sm}{^{144}Nd}\right)_{sample}-\left(\frac{^{147}Sm}{^{144}Nd}\right)_{CHUR}}\right]</math>
	~~<br>~~
	The T<sub>CHUR</sub> age of a rock, can yield a formation age for the crust as a whole if the sample has not suffered disturbance after its formation. Since Sm/Nd are rare-earth elements (REE), their characteristic immobility enables their ratios to resist partitioning during metamorphism and melting of silicate rocks. This therefore allows for crustal formation ages to be calculated, despite any metamorphism the sample has undergone.

	~~==References==~~
	~~{{reflist}}~~

	~~{{Chronology}}~~

	~~[[Category:Radiometric dating]~~]

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	~~Irwin Butts~~ is ~~what my spouse loves~~ to ~~call me though I don't truly like becoming called like~~ that. ~~Puerto Rico~~ is ~~exactly where he~~'s ~~been residing for~~ many years and he will ~~never move~~. ~~Body developing~~ is ~~what my family~~ and ~~I enjoy~~. ~~I am~~ a ~~meter reader but I strategy on altering~~ it.<br><br>~~Check out my site~~ :: ~~over the counter std test~~ ([~~http:~~//~~chatbook~~.~~biz~~/~~blogs~~/~~post~~/~~922 navigate here~~])		'''Samarium-neodymium dating''' is useful for determining the age relationships of rocks and meteorites, based on decay of a long-lived [[samarium]] (Sm) isotope to a [[radiogenic]] [[neodymium]] (Nd) isotope. Nd isotope ratios are used to provide information on the source of [[igneous]] melts as well as to provide age data. The various reservoirs within the solid earth will have different values of initial <sup>143</sup>Nd/<sup>144</sup>Nd ratios, especially with reference to the [[mantle (geology)\|mantle]].

			The usefulness of Sm-Nd dating is the fact that these two elements are [[Rare earth element\|rare earths]]. They are thus, theoretically, not particularly susceptible to partitioning during melting of [[silicate minerals\|silicate rocks]]. The [[Fractional crystallization (geology)\|fractionation]] effects of crystallisation of [[felsic]] minerals (see above) changes the Sm/Nd ratio of the resultant materials. This, in turn, influences the <sup>143</sup>Nd/<sup>144</sup>Nd ratios with ingrowth of radiogenic <sup>143</sup>Nd.

			The mantle is assumed to have undergone [[chondritic evolution]], and thus deviations in initial <sup>143</sup>Nd/<sup>144</sup>Nd ratios can provide information as to when a particular rock or reservoir was separated from the mantle within the Earth's past.

			In many cases, Sm-Nd and [[rubidium-strontium dating\|Rb-Sr]] isotope data are used together.

			==Sm-Nd radiometric dating==

			Samarium has five naturally occurring isotopes and neodymium has seven.<br>
			The two elements are joined in a parent-daughter relationship by the [[alpha-decay]] of <sup>147</sup>Sm to <sup>143</sup>Nd with a [[half life]] of 1.06{{e\|11}} years.

			<sup>146</sup>Sm is an almost-extinct nuclide which decays via alpha emission to produce <sup>142</sup>Nd, with a half-life of 1.08{{e\|8}} years.

			<sup>146</sup>Sm is itself produced by the decay of <sup>150</sup>[[Gadolinium\|Gd]] via alpha-decay with a half-life of 1.79{{e\|6}} years.

			An [[isochron dating\|isochron]] is calculated normally. As with Rb-Sr and Pb-Pb [[isotope geochemistry]], the initial <sup>143</sup>Nd/<sup>144</sup>Nd ratio of the isotope system provides important information on [[Crust (geology)\|crustal]] formation and the isotopic evolution of the solar system.

			==Sm and Nd geochemistry==

			The concentration of Sm and Nd in [[silicate]] minerals increase with the order in which they crystallise from a magma according to [[Bowen's reaction series]]. Samarium is accommodated more easily into [[mafic]] minerals, so a mafic rock which crystallises mafic minerals will concentrate neodymium in the melt phase faster relative to samarium. Thus, as a melt undergoes fractional crystallization from a mafic to a more felsic composition, the abundance of Sm and Nd changes, as does the ratio between Sm and Nd.

			Thus, [[ultramafic]] rocks have low Sm and Nd and ''high'' Sm/Nd ratios. [[Felsic]] rocks have high concentrations of Sm and Nd but ''low'' Sm/Nd ratios ([[komatiite]] has 1.14 parts per million (ppm) Sm and 3.59 ppm Nd versus 4.65 ppm Sm and 21.6 ppm Nd in [[rhyolite]]).

			The importance of this process is apparent in modeling the age of [[continental crust]] formation.

			==The CHUR model==
			Through the analysis of isotopic compositions of neodymium, DePaolo and [[Gerald J. Wasserburg\|Wasserburg]] <ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Depaolo\|first1=D. J.\|last2=Wasserburg\|first2=G. J.\|title=Nd isotopic variations and petrogenetic models\|journal=Geophysical Research Letters\|volume=3\|pages=249\|year=1976\|doi=10.1029/GL003i005p00249\|bibcode=1976GeoRL...3..249D\|issue=5}}</ref> discovered that terrestrial igneous rocks closely followed the [[Chondritic unfractionated reservoir\|Chondritic Uniform Reservoir]] (CHUR) line.

			Chondritic meteorites are thought to represent the earliest (unsorted) material that formed in the solar system before planets formed. They have relatively homogeneous trace element signatures and therefore their isotopic evolution can model the evolution of the whole solar system and of the ‘Bulk Earth’.

			After plotting the ages and initial <sup>143</sup>Nd/<sup>144</sup>Nd ratios of terrestrial igneous rocks on a Nd evolution vs. time diagram, DePaolo and Wasserburg determined that Archean rocks had initial Nd isotope ratios very similar to that defined by the CHUR evolution line.

			===Epsilon notation===
			Since <sup>143</sup>Nd/<sup>144</sup>Nd departures from the CHUR evolution line are very small, DePaolo and Wasserburg argued that it would be useful to create a form of notation that described <sup>143</sup>Nd/<sup>144</sup>Nd in terms of their deviations from the CHUR evolution line. This is called the epsilon notation whereby one epsilon unit represents a one part per 10,000 deviation from the CHUR composition.<ref name=Dickin>Dickin, A.P., 2005. [http://books.google.com/books?id=z8ZCg2HRvWsC&pg=PA76 Radiogenic Isotope Geology], 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-82316-1 pp. 76–77</ref> Algebraically, epsilon units can be defined by the equation:
			<br>
			::<math> \varepsilon_{Nd(t)} = \left[\frac{\left(\frac{^{143}Nd}{^{144}Nd}\right)_{sample(t)}}{\left(\frac{^{143}Nd}{^{144}Nd}\right)_{CHUR(t)}}-1\right]* 10000 </math>

			Since epsilon units are larger and therefore a more tangible representation of the initial Nd isotope ratio, by using these instead of the initial isotopic ratios, it is easier to comprehend and therefore compare initial ratios of crust with different ages. In addition, epsilon units will normalize the initial ratios to CHUR, thus eliminating any effects caused by various analytical mass fractionation correction methods applied.<ref name=Dickin/>

			===Nd Model Ages===
			Since CHUR defines initial ratios of continental rocks through time, it was deduced that measurements of <sup>143</sup>Nd/<sup>144</sup>Nd and <sup>147</sup>Sm/<sup>144</sup>Nd, with the use of CHUR, could produce model ages for the segregation from the mantle of the melt which formed any crustal rock. This has been termed ‘t-CHUR’.<ref>{{cite journal\|last1=McCulloch\|first1=M. T.\|last2=Wasserburg\|first2=G. J.\|title=Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr Chronology of Continental Crust Formation\|journal=Science\|volume=200\|pages=1003–11\|year=1978\|doi=10.1126/science.200.4345.1003\|issue=4345\|pmid=17740673\|bibcode = 1978Sci...200.1003M }}</ref>
			In order for a T<sub>CHUR</sub> age to be calculated, fractionation between Nd/Sm would have to have occurred during magma extraction from the mantle to produce a continental rock. This fractionation would then cause a deviation between the crustal and mantle isotopic evolution lines. The intersection between these two evolution lines then indicates the crustal formation age. The T<sub>CHUR</sub> age is defined by the following equation:
			<br>
			::<math> T_{CHUR}=(\frac{1}{\lambda})ln \left[1+ \frac{\left(\frac{^{143}Nd}{^{144}Nd}\right)_{sample}-\left(\frac{^{143}Nd}{^{144}Nd}\right)_{CHUR}}{\left(\frac{^{147}Sm}{^{144}Nd}\right)_{sample}-\left(\frac{^{147}Sm}{^{144}Nd}\right)_{CHUR}}\right]</math>
			<br>
			The T<sub>CHUR</sub> age of a rock, can yield a formation age for the crust as a whole if the sample has not suffered disturbance after its formation. Since Sm/Nd are rare-earth elements (REE), their characteristic immobility enables their ratios to resist partitioning during metamorphism and melting of silicate rocks. This therefore allows for crustal formation ages to be calculated, despite any metamorphism the sample has undergone.

			==References==
			{{reflist}}

			{{Chronology}}

			[[Category:Radiometric dating]]

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