Electric clock - Revision history

68.42.195.205: /* Types */

2014-08-01T12:12:12Z

Types

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:12, 1 August 2014
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	~~Alyson~~ is the ~~title individuals use~~ to ~~call me~~ and ~~I think it sounds fairly great when you say~~ it. ~~To climb~~ is ~~something~~ I ~~really appreciate performing~~. ~~My spouse~~ and ~~I live in Kentucky. I am an invoicing officer and I'll be promoted~~ quickly.<br><br>~~Feel free to visit~~ my page; ~~psychic readings (~~[http://~~help.ksu.edu~~.sa/~~node~~/~~65129 click the following internet page~~])		Nice to satisfy you, my title is Figures Held though I don't really like being called like that. One of the things she loves most is to do aerobics and now she is trying to make money with it. South Dakota is exactly where I've always been living. Hiring is her day occupation now and she will not alter it whenever quickly.<br><br>Stop by my page; [http://flashtrue.com/stay-yeast-infection-free-using-these-useful-tips/ home std test]

98.194.173.200: Fixed dead link

2014-02-18T03:12:24Z

Fixed dead link

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:12, 18 February 2014
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	~~{{thermodynamics\|cTopic=Processes and Cycles}}~~		Alyson is the title individuals use to call me and I think it sounds fairly great when you say it. To climb is something I really appreciate performing. My spouse and I live in Kentucky. I am an invoicing officer and I'll be promoted quickly.<br><br>Feel free to visit my page; psychic readings ([http://help.ksu.edu.sa/node/65129 click the following internet page])
	~~[[File:Lenoir gas engine 1860.jpg\|thumb\|235px\|Lenoir [[gas engine]] 1860]]~~

	~~The '''Lenoir cycle''' is an idealized [[thermodynamic cycle]] often used to model a [[pulse jet engine]]. It~~ is ~~based on~~ the operation of an engine patented by [[Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir]] in 1860. This engine is often thought of as the first commercially produced [[internal combustion engine]]. The absence of any compression process in the design leads to ~~lower [[thermal efficiency]] than the more well known [[Otto cycle]]~~ and ~~[[Diesel cycle]].~~

	~~==The cycle==~~
	In the cycle, an [[ideal gas]] undergoes<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WLdcxNvWB2wC&pg=PA93&lpg=PA93&dq=lenoir+cycle&source=bl&ots=HThE5gCr4F&sig=BNhcHOwCShVa2uvJYGdbX0ghtrc&hl=en&sa=X&ei=8addUf2cHMi_0QX8r4CgDg&sqi=2&ved=0CF8Q6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=lenoir%20cycle&f=false \|title=Ic Engines - V. Ganesan - Google Books \|publisher=Books.google.co.uk \|date= \|accessdate=2013-04-04}}</ref>
	~~:1-2: Constant volume ([[isochoric]]) heat addition;~~
	~~:2-3: [[Isentropic process\|Isentropic]] expansion;~~
	~~:3-1: Constant pressure ([[isobaric process\|isobaric]]) heat rejection—compression to the volume at the start of the cycle~~.

	~~The expansion process~~ is ~~[[isentropic process\|isentropic]] and hence involves no heat interaction~~. ~~Energy is absorbed as heat during the isochoric heating~~ and ~~rejected as work during the isentropic expansion.~~
	~~Waste heat is rejected during the isobaric cooling which consumes some work.~~

	~~===Constant volume heat addition (1-2)===~~
	~~In the ideal gas version of the traditional Lenoir cycle, the first stage (1-2) involves the addition of heat~~ in ~~a constant volume manner~~. ~~This results in the following for the first law of thermodynamics:~~
	~~<math>{}_1Q_2 = mc_v \left( {T_2 - T_1 } \right)</math>~~

	~~There is no work during the process because the volume is held constant:~~
	~~<math>{}_1W_2 = \int\limits_1^2 {pdV} = 0</math>~~

	~~and from the definition of constant volume specific heats for~~ an ~~ideal gas:~~
	~~<math>c_v = \frac{R}{{\gamma - 1}}</math>~~

	~~Where ''R'' is the ideal gas constant~~ and '~~'γ'' is the ratio of specific heats (approximately 287 J/(kg·K) and 1.4 for air respectively)~~. ~~The pressure after the heat addition can be calculated from the ideal gas law:~~ <~~math~~>~~p_2 V_2 = RT_2~~ <~~/math~~>

	~~===Isentropic expansion (2-3)===~~
	~~The second stage (2-3) involves a reversible adiabatic expansion of the fluid back~~ to ~~its original pressure. It can be determined for an isentropic process that the second law of thermodynamics results in the following:~~
	~~<math>\frac{{T_2 }}{{T_3 }} = \left~~( ~~{\frac{{p_2 }}{{p_3 }}} \right)^{{\textstyle{{\gamma - 1} \over \gamma }}} = \left( {\frac{{V_3 }}{{V_2 }}} \right)^{\gamma - 1} </math>~~

	~~Where <math>p_3 = p_1</math> for this specific cycle. The first law of thermodynamics results in the following for this expansion process~~: ~~<math> {}_2W_3 = mc_v \left( {T_2 - T_3 } \right)<~~/~~math> because for an adiabatic process:~~
	~~<math>{}_2 Q_3 = 0~~
	</~~math>~~

	~~===Constant pressure heat rejection (3-1)===~~
	~~The final stage (3-1) involves a constant pressure heat rejection back to the original state~~. ~~From the first law of thermodynamics we find: <math>{}_3Q_1 - _3 W_1 = U_1 - U_3 </math>~~.

	From the definition of work: <math>{}_3W_1 = \int\limits_3^1 {pdV} = p_1 \left( {V_1 - V_3 } \right)</math>, we recover the following for the heat rejected during this process: <math>{}_3Q_1 = \left( {U_1 + p_1 V_1 } \right) - \left( {U_3 + p_3 V_3 } \right) = H_1 - H_3 </math>.

	~~As a result, we can determine the heat rejected as follows: <math>~~
	~~{}_3Q_1 = mc_p \left( {T_1 - T_3 } \right)~~
	</~~math>~~
	~~from the definition of constant pressure specific heats for an ideal gas: <math>c_p = \frac{{\gamma R}}~~
	~~{{\gamma - 1}}<~~/~~math>.~~

	~~The overall efficiency of~~ the ~~cycle is determined by the total work over the heat input, which for a Lenoir cycle equals <math>\eta _{th} = \frac{{{}_2W_3 + {}_3W_1 }}~~
	~~{{{}_1Q_2 }}</math>. Note that we gain work during the expansion process but lose some during the heat rejection process.~~

	~~==Cycle diagrams==~~
	{\|
	~~\|- valign=bottom~~
	~~\|[[Image:lenoir pv.jpg\|400px\|thumb\|[[PV diagram]] of the Lenoir cycle]]~~
	~~\|[[Image:lenoir Ts.jpg\|400px\|thumb\|[[TS diagram]] of the Lenoir cycle]]~~
	\|}

	~~==References==~~
	~~<references />~~

	~~{{Thermodynamic cycles\|state=uncollapsed}}~~

	~~[[Category:Thermodynamic cycles]]~~
	~~[[Category:Belgian inventions]~~]

en>Anonimski: /* Types */

2013-11-29T18:50:21Z

Types

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:50, 29 November 2013
Line 1:		Line 1:
	The title of the ~~writer~~ is ~~Numbers but it's not~~ the ~~most masucline name out there~~. ~~My family members lives~~ in ~~Minnesota~~ and ~~my family members enjoys it~~. ~~What I love doing is~~ to ~~collect badges but I've been taking on new issues recently~~. ~~I am~~ a ~~meter reader but I strategy on altering it~~.<br><br>~~My web blog [http~~://~~www~~.~~alemcheap~~.fi/~~people~~/~~anhipkiss std testing at home~~]		{{thermodynamics\|cTopic=Processes and Cycles}}
			[[File:Lenoir gas engine 1860.jpg\|thumb\|235px\|Lenoir [[gas engine]] 1860]]

			The '''Lenoir cycle''' is an idealized [[thermodynamic cycle]] often used to model a [[pulse jet engine]]. It is based on the operation of an engine patented by [[Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir]] in 1860. This engine is often thought of as the first commercially produced [[internal combustion engine]]. The absence of any compression process in the design leads to lower [[thermal efficiency]] than the more well known [[Otto cycle]] and [[Diesel cycle]].

			==The cycle==
			In the cycle, an [[ideal gas]] undergoes<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WLdcxNvWB2wC&pg=PA93&lpg=PA93&dq=lenoir+cycle&source=bl&ots=HThE5gCr4F&sig=BNhcHOwCShVa2uvJYGdbX0ghtrc&hl=en&sa=X&ei=8addUf2cHMi_0QX8r4CgDg&sqi=2&ved=0CF8Q6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=lenoir%20cycle&f=false \|title=Ic Engines - V. Ganesan - Google Books \|publisher=Books.google.co.uk \|date= \|accessdate=2013-04-04}}</ref>
			:1-2: Constant volume ([[isochoric]]) heat addition;
			:2-3: [[Isentropic process\|Isentropic]] expansion;
			:3-1: Constant pressure ([[isobaric process\|isobaric]]) heat rejection—compression to the volume at the start of the cycle.

			The expansion process is [[isentropic process\|isentropic]] and hence involves no heat interaction. Energy is absorbed as heat during the isochoric heating and rejected as work during the isentropic expansion.
			Waste heat is rejected during the isobaric cooling which consumes some work.

			===Constant volume heat addition (1-2)===
			In the ideal gas version of the traditional Lenoir cycle, the first stage (1-2) involves the addition of heat in a constant volume manner. This results in the following for the first law of thermodynamics:
			<math>{}_1Q_2 = mc_v \left( {T_2 - T_1 } \right)</math>

			There is no work during the process because the volume is held constant:
			<math>{}_1W_2 = \int\limits_1^2 {pdV} = 0</math>

			and from the definition of constant volume specific heats for an ideal gas:
			<math>c_v = \frac{R}{{\gamma - 1}}</math>

			Where ''R'' is the ideal gas constant and ''γ'' is the ratio of specific heats (approximately 287 J/(kg·K) and 1.4 for air respectively). The pressure after the heat addition can be calculated from the ideal gas law: <math>p_2 V_2 = RT_2 </math>

			===Isentropic expansion (2-3)===
			The second stage (2-3) involves a reversible adiabatic expansion of the fluid back to its original pressure. It can be determined for an isentropic process that the second law of thermodynamics results in the following:
			<math>\frac{{T_2 }}{{T_3 }} = \left( {\frac{{p_2 }}{{p_3 }}} \right)^{{\textstyle{{\gamma - 1} \over \gamma }}} = \left( {\frac{{V_3 }}{{V_2 }}} \right)^{\gamma - 1} </math>

			Where <math>p_3 = p_1</math> for this specific cycle. The first law of thermodynamics results in the following for this expansion process: <math> {}_2W_3 = mc_v \left( {T_2 - T_3 } \right)</math> because for an adiabatic process:
			<math>{}_2 Q_3 = 0
			</math>

			===Constant pressure heat rejection (3-1)===
			The final stage (3-1) involves a constant pressure heat rejection back to the original state. From the first law of thermodynamics we find: <math>{}_3Q_1 - _3 W_1 = U_1 - U_3 </math>.

			From the definition of work: <math>{}_3W_1 = \int\limits_3^1 {pdV} = p_1 \left( {V_1 - V_3 } \right)</math>, we recover the following for the heat rejected during this process: <math>{}_3Q_1 = \left( {U_1 + p_1 V_1 } \right) - \left( {U_3 + p_3 V_3 } \right) = H_1 - H_3 </math>.

			As a result, we can determine the heat rejected as follows: <math>
			{}_3Q_1 = mc_p \left( {T_1 - T_3 } \right)
			</math>
			from the definition of constant pressure specific heats for an ideal gas: <math>c_p = \frac{{\gamma R}}
			{{\gamma - 1}}</math>.

			The overall efficiency of the cycle is determined by the total work over the heat input, which for a Lenoir cycle equals <math>\eta _{th} = \frac{{{}_2W_3 + {}_3W_1 }}
			{{{}_1Q_2 }}</math>. Note that we gain work during the expansion process but lose some during the heat rejection process.

			==Cycle diagrams==
			{\|
			\|- valign=bottom
			\|[[Image:lenoir pv.jpg\|400px\|thumb\|[[PV diagram]] of the Lenoir cycle]]
			\|[[Image:lenoir Ts.jpg\|400px\|thumb\|[[TS diagram]] of the Lenoir cycle]]
			\|}

			==References==
			<references />

			{{Thermodynamic cycles\|state=uncollapsed}}

			[[Category:Thermodynamic cycles]]
			[[Category:Belgian inventions]]

en>Zorrobot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding nn:Elektrisk ur

2012-08-25T18:42:59Z

r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding nn:Elektrisk ur

New page

The title of the writer is Numbers but it's not the most masucline name out there. My family members lives in Minnesota and my family members enjoys it. What I love doing is to collect badges but I've been taking on new issues recently. I am a meter reader but I strategy on altering it.<br><br>My web blog [http://www.alemcheap.fi/people/anhipkiss std testing at home]