en>Stemonitis: Restore Commonwealth English spelling per WP:ENGVAR

2013-05-03T06:09:02Z

Restore Commonwealth English spelling per WP:ENGVAR

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:09, 3 May 2013
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	~~Hi there~~. ~~Allow me start by introducing~~ the ~~author~~, ~~her name~~ is ~~Sophia Boon but~~ she by ~~no means really liked~~ that ~~title. Alaska~~ is ~~where I've usually been living~~. ~~Office supervising~~ ~~free tarot readings ([http~~:~~//netwk.hannam.Ac.kr/xe/data_2/85669 http~~:~~//netwk~~.~~hannam~~.~~Ac.kr/xe/data_2/85669])~~ is where ~~my primary earnings comes~~ from [~~http://jplusfn~~.~~gaplus~~.kr/xe/~~qna/78647 online psychic reading] but I've always wanted my personal business~~. ~~Playing badminton is~~ a ~~factor~~ that ~~he is completely addicted to~~.<br><br>~~My site :: email psychic readings~~, [~~http:~~//~~www~~.~~prayerarmor~~.~~com/uncategorized/dont-know-which-kind-~~of~~-hobby-to-take-up-read-the-following-tips/ Suggested Studying~~],		{{multiple issues\|
			{{Unreferenced\|date=December 2012}}
			{{confusing\|date=May 2009}}
			{{expert-subject\|date=February 2011}}
			}}
			An '''opaque context''' or '''referentially opaque context''' is a [[context (language use)\|linguistic context]] in which it is not always possible to substitute "co-referential" expressions (expressions referring to the same object) without altering the truth of sentences. The expressions involved are usually grammatically singular terms. So, substitution of co-referential expressions into an opaque context does not always preserve truth. For example, "Louis believes x is a hero" is an opaque context because "Louis believes Superman is a hero" is true while "Louis believes Clark Kent is a hero" is false, even though 'Superman' and 'Clark Kent' are co-referential expressions.

			==Usage==
			The term is used in [[Philosophy\|philosophical]] [[Sense and reference\|theories of reference]], and is to be contrasted with "referentially transparent context". In rough outline:

			*Opacity: "Mary believes that [[Cicero]] is a great orator" gives rise to an opaque context; although Cicero was also called 'Tully', we can't simply substitute 'Tully' for 'Cicero' in this context ("Mary believes that Tully is a great orator") and guarantee the same truth value, for Mary might not know that the names 'Tully' and 'Cicero' refer to one and the same thing. Of course, if Mary does believe that Cicero is a great orator, then there is a sense in which Mary believes that Tully is a great orator, even if she does not know that 'Tully' and 'Cicero' ''corefer''. It is the sense forced on us by "direct reference" theories of proper names, i.e. those that maintain that the meaning of a proper name just is its referent.

			*Transparency: "Cicero was a Roman orator" gives rise to a transparent context; there is no problem substituting 'Tully' for 'Cicero' here: "Tully was a Roman orator". Both sentences necessarily express the same thing if 'Cicero' and 'Tully' refer to the same person. Note that this element is missing in the opaque contexts, where a shift in the name can result in a sentence that expresses something different from the original.

			Similar usage of the term applies for [[artificial language]]s such as [[programming language]]s and [[logic]]s. The Cicero-Tully example above can be easily adapted. Use the notation <math>[t]</math> as a quotation that mentions a term <math>t</math>. Define a predicate <math>L</math> to the effect that the letters making up a term number six. Then <math>[x]</math> induces an opaque context, or is '''referentially opaque''', because <math>L([Cicero])</math> is true while <math>L([Tully])</math> is false. Programming languages often have richer semantics than logics' semantics of truth and falsity, and so an [[Operator (programming)\|operator]] such as <math>[x]</math> may fail to be referentially transparent for other reasons as well.

			==See also==
			*[[Masked man fallacy]]
			*[[Transitivity of identity]]
			*[[W.V.O. Quine]]
			*[[Pure function]]s
			*[[Fuzzy concept]]
			*[[Saul Kripke]]

			==References==
			{{reflist}}

			[[Category:Philosophy of language]]

212.201.71.203: /* General case */

2011-04-15T19:44:25Z

General case

New page

Hi there. Allow me start by introducing the author, her name is Sophia Boon but she by no means really liked that title. Alaska is where I've usually been living. Office supervising free tarot readings ([http://netwk.hannam.Ac.kr/xe/data_2/85669 http://netwk.hannam.Ac.kr/xe/data_2/85669]) is where my primary earnings comes from [http://jplusfn.gaplus.kr/xe/qna/78647 online psychic reading] but I've always wanted my personal business. Playing badminton is a factor that he is completely addicted to.<br><br>My site :: email psychic readings, [http://www.prayerarmor.com/uncategorized/dont-know-which-kind-of-hobby-to-take-up-read-the-following-tips/ Suggested Studying],

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en>Stemonitis: Restore Commonwealth English spelling per WP:ENGVAR

212.201.71.203: /* General case */