Friendship graph - Revision history

en>Monkbot: /* Friendship theorem */Task 3: Fix CS1 deprecated coauthor parameter errors

2014-05-08T03:44:19Z

Friendship theorem: Task 3: Fix CS1 deprecated coauthor parameter errors

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:44, 8 May 2014
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	~~{{refimprove\|date=February 2011}}~~		Have you sustained an individual trauma plus it wasn't your mistake? You may have to talk to a legal professional. There are several elements that you should be aware, such as how long you must data file your suit. Read the report listed below for ideas to help you deal with your predicament.<br><br>
	~~In [[ecology]] and [[biology]], the '''Bray–Curtis dissimilarity''~~', ~~named after J~~. ~~Roger Bray and John T~~. ~~Curtis,~~<~~ref~~>~~Bray, J. R. and J. T. Curtis. 1957. An ordination of upland forest communities of southern Wisconsin. Ecological Monographs 27:325-349.~~<~~/ref~~> ~~is a statistic used to quantify the compositional dissimilarity between two different sites, based on counts at each site. As defined by Bray and Curtis, the index of similarity is:~~

	:<~~math~~> ~~BC_{ij} = \frac{2C_{ij}}{S_i + S_j}~~ <~~/math~~>		The moment the crash takes place, jot down every little thing you can think of. This is the particulars which ensure your circumstance is tried fairly, and others specifics can become foggy after a while. Specially in which fault isn't apparent, realizing all the specifics can affect the view of the individual presiding around your scenario.<br><br>In case you have medical expenses as a result of your damage, be sure you maintain duplicates of the expenses. Bear in mind, you will be reimbursed for longer than just your out-of-pocked expenses. You will be entitled to the actual cost of the remedy you acquired or the medication that you simply got. Be sure to data file all of your invoices so you have the confirmation that you need to give the legal court.<br><br>Look into the American citizen Nightclub Organization. You will probably need a great attorney as it pertains a chance to document your scenario. 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The info during these tips, coupled with the aid of your lawyer, should last effectively. You need the truth to go easily, and you would like to obtain the reimbursement you are worthy of.

	~~Where~~ <~~math~~> ~~C_{ij}~~ <~~/math~~> is ~~the sum of the lesser value for only those species in common between both sites~~. <~~math~~> ~~S_i~~ <~~/math~~> and <~~math~~> ~~S_j~~ <~~/math~~> ~~are~~ the ~~total number of specimens counted at both sites~~. The ~~index reduces~~ to ~~2C/2 = C where abundances~~ at ~~each site~~ are ~~expressed as~~ a ~~percentage~~. ~~Further treatment~~ can ~~be found in Legendre & Legendre~~<~~ref~~>~~Pierre Legendre & Louis Legendre~~. ~~1998~~. [http://~~books~~.~~google~~.com~~.au~~/~~books~~?id=KBoHuoNRO5MC&pg=PA265&lpg=PA265&dq=bray+curtis+numerical+ecology&source=bl&ots=9t31R6hx8u&sig=xc3nrPzviWIaEi0YfQCF5Lk1xD4&hl=en&ei=9m_4TKj7KcHzceWFqL8D&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CEsQ6AEwBw#v=~~onepage&q~~=~~2%20W~~&f=~~false Numerical ecology~~]. ~~2nd English edition. Elsevier Science BV~~, ~~Amsterdam~~.~~</ref>~~

	~~The Bray–Curtis dissimilarity~~ is ~~directly related to~~ the ~~[[Sørensen similarity index]]~~ <~~math~~> ~~QS_{ij}~~<~~/math~~> ~~between~~ the ~~same sites:~~

	:<~~math~~> ~~\overline{BC}_{ij} = 1 - QS_{ij}~~ <~~/math~~>.

	~~The Bray–Curtis dissimilarity is bound between 0 and 1,~~ where ~~0 means~~ the ~~two sites have the same composition (that is~~ they ~~share all~~ the ~~species)~~, and ~~1 means~~ the ~~two sites do not share any species~~. ~~At sites with where BC is intermediate (e.g. BC = 0.5) this index differs from other commonly used indices~~.<~~ref~~>~~Bloom~~, S.A. ~~1981. Similarity indices in community studies: Potential Pitfalls. Marine Ecology--Progress Series 5: 125-128~~.<~~/ref~~>

	~~The Bray–Curtis dissimilarity is often erroneously called a distance~~. ~~The Bray–Curtis dissimilarity~~ is not a ~~distance since it does not satisfy [[triangle inequality]]~~, and ~~should always be called a dissimilarity~~ to ~~avoid confusion~~.

	~~==References==~~
	~~{{Reflist}}~~

	4. ~~Czekanowski J (1909) Zur differential Diagnose der Neandertalgruppe~~. ~~Korrespbl dt Ges Anthrop 40~~:~~44–47~~

	~~5. Somerfield, PJ (2008) Identification~~ of ~~Bray~~-~~Curtis similarity index: comment on Yoshioka (2008)~~. ~~Mar Ecol Prog Ser 372:303–306~~

	6. ~~Yoshioka PM (2008) Misidentification~~ of the ~~Bray-Curtis similarity index~~. ~~Mar Ecol Prog Ser 368:309–310~~

	~~{{DEFAULTSORT:Bray-Curtis Dissimilarity}}~~
	~~[[Category:Measurement of biodiversity]]~~

en>David Eppstein: Undid good faith revision 556183120 by Des04 (talk) seems to miss the point of the theorem — where is the windmill structure?

2013-05-21T23:52:39Z

Undid good faith revision 556183120 by Des04 (talk) seems to miss the point of the theorem — where is the windmill structure?

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:52, 22 May 2013
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~Even now~~, ~~several years after~~ the ~~big breakdown of the financial industry~~, ~~lending is close to a standstill~~.<br>~~For businesses~~, ~~especially small businesses, the atmosphere is even more stagnant~~. ~~Lenders are being extremely aggressive in their selection~~.<br>It isn't hard to understand why when looking back at the large numbers of bad loans that caused much of the catastrophe, but it makes getting needed cash flow that small businesses depend upon to stay afloat more difficult. ~~Because of the tighter restrictions, small business owners are turning to credit cards more than ever to find the credit line they used to look to their banker for~~.~~<br><br>Record High Rates for Business Credit Lending<br>The SBA Office of Advocacy issued a report showing how the lending atmosphere has affected small business owners~~. ~~That report showed how small businesses took the largest hit following the lending crisis, and that lending tightened appreciably following 2008~~.~~<br>Part~~ of ~~the reason those banks that offered small business loans turned away from further lending, or closed altogether is that many~~ of ~~the banks that provided help for small businesses did not come under the TARP protection that bailed out the bigger banks~~.<br>~~<br>While business credit cards are easier~~ to ~~obtain than a typical small business bank loan~~, ~~the interest rates~~ on ~~them now reflect the difficulties the banks are struggling with~~. ~~Small businesses are risky to start with~~, ~~but~~ the ~~fact that so many business owners are looking to credit cards has increased the amount~~ of ~~risk the banks that sponsor them are taking on.~~<br>Even a business owner with reasonably good credit may be facing a standard interest rate of as much as 15%. If a small business owner has to rely on personal credit ratings to obtain a line of credit and they have a poor credit score, that rate can soar to as much as 23.4%.<br><br>~~What makes credit interest rates so high? The higher~~ the ~~risk~~ the ~~more interest~~ in ~~needed to cover potential losses~~.<br>~~Watch Out for that Hike~~<br>~~Beware of deals on business credit cards that offer 0% financing, or low interest rates. While they can be a good deal, it is important to read the terms of the card~~ and ~~understand them completely. Many of those attractive rates disappear after a short introductory period, and the rates skyrocket to the top of the charts compared with the average business credit card.~~<br><br>~~When considering one~~ of ~~the appealing low interest/no interest offers, weigh the pros and cons~~. ~~If you can pay back the amount you use on a business credit card on a monthly basis, those attractive rates aren't helping you any more than a more traditional~~ ~~[http:~~/~~/tinyurl.com/ku6vjks ugg boots sale] business credit card~~.<br>~~Both would accumulate 0% interest when paid off within the~~ [http://~~tinyurl~~.com~~/ku6vjks http://tinyurl~~.~~com~~/~~ku6vjks~~] ~~initial cycle~~.<br>~~However, if extra cash~~ is ~~needed for larger purchases~~ to ~~get a business on track, but~~ the total amount can be paid off during the full run of the low interest period those attractive rates can pay off. A business owner can save a lot of money in interest while getting the needed supplies or [~~http://tinyurl.com/ku6vjks uggs on sale~~] ~~equipment to get started.~~<br><br>~~Paying off a credit card debt for longer than~~ the low interest rate period will get expensive, however. If a longer term credit period is necessary, it may be smarter to look at a flat rate card that has a slightly higher rate that will stay consistent.<br>~~Obtaining a Business Credit Card Account~~<br>~~Build~~ and ~~create a credit history~~ and ~~identity for your business. Keep your business credit score clean. Whenever possible a [http://businessowner.org/ business owner] should get credit of any type in~~ the ~~company's name,~~ not ~~their own~~. ~~This~~ is ~~an insurance against losing personal credit if the business fails, but it is even more important than that~~.~~<br><br>When using personal credit to obtain a business credit card, funding may [http://tinyurl~~.~~com/ku6vjks ugg boots usa] not be available when you need to make purchases necessary for providing things for the family in an emergency~~.~~<br>Get an EIN~~ from the IRS. The Internal Revenue Service offers Employer Identification Numbers on their website. It is a free service and takes just minutes to complete. This number will take the place of your personal social security number when filling out applications for business credit cards and even loans and other ~~forms of lending~~.<br>~~<br>Have a mailing address or P~~.O. ~~Box dedicated to your business~~. ~~Have the address and your business phone number listed~~ in ~~the 411 Assistance and directory listings~~. ~~This keeps your personal residence separate from the business~~.<br>~~Make sure your business name~~ is ~~consistent~~. You may be surprised to find you have listed the name of your company differently on various forms, or in the directories. Make sure to look online at how your company appears in search engine listings as well. It is not ~~uncommon for new business owners to make~~ [~~http://tinyurl.com/ku6vjks ugg boots sale~~] ~~the mistake of labeling their business as "ABC Services" on one source~~ and ~~on another, having it show up as "ABC Services, Inc." or some other variation of the same name.<br><br>Address listings~~ should always ~~appear the same as well. If your business address is 123 Broad Street, unit 1 it should appear that way at all times. Never substitute "suite" or "#" for the "unit" sign, or vice versa.<br>Obtain~~ a ~~DUNS number from Dun & Bradstreet~~. ~~You can get this number on their website for free~~. ~~The free service can take several weeks, or even months, to complete before you receive the number~~. ~~Be prepared and apply for the DUNS number in advance of any credit applications~~.~~<br><br>If you find yourself in a pinch~~, ~~and need the number immediately, you can pay a fee for same day service.<br>Protect Your Business Identity<br>Almost everyone has heard~~ of ~~identity theft~~. ~~Business owners have to be aware that even a business identity can be at risk~~. ~~A good way to protect your business identity is to make use~~ of ~~a credit score management system~~. ~~These services are offered by all~~ of ~~the major business credit monitors such as Dun & Bradstreet, Equifax and Experian.~~		{{refimprove\|date=February 2011}}
			In [[ecology]] and [[biology]], the '''Bray–Curtis dissimilarity''', named after J. Roger Bray and John T. Curtis,<ref>Bray, J. R. and J. T. Curtis. 1957. An ordination of upland forest communities of southern Wisconsin. Ecological Monographs 27:325-349.</ref> is a statistic used to quantify the compositional dissimilarity between two different sites, based on counts at each site. As defined by Bray and Curtis, the index of similarity is:

			:<math> BC_{ij} = \frac{2C_{ij}}{S_i + S_j} </math>

			Where <math> C_{ij} </math> is the sum of the lesser value for only those species in common between both sites. <math> S_i </math> and <math> S_j </math> are the total number of specimens counted at both sites. The index reduces to 2C/2 = C where abundances at each site are expressed as a percentage. Further treatment can be found in Legendre & Legendre<ref>Pierre Legendre & Louis Legendre. 1998. [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=KBoHuoNRO5MC&pg=PA265&lpg=PA265&dq=bray+curtis+numerical+ecology&source=bl&ots=9t31R6hx8u&sig=xc3nrPzviWIaEi0YfQCF5Lk1xD4&hl=en&ei=9m_4TKj7KcHzceWFqL8D&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CEsQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=2%20W&f=false Numerical ecology]. 2nd English edition. Elsevier Science BV, Amsterdam.</ref>

			The Bray–Curtis dissimilarity is directly related to the [[Sørensen similarity index]] <math> QS_{ij}</math> between the same sites:

			:<math> \overline{BC}_{ij} = 1 - QS_{ij} </math>.

			The Bray–Curtis dissimilarity is bound between 0 and 1, where 0 means the two sites have the same composition (that is they share all the species), and 1 means the two sites do not share any species. At sites with where BC is intermediate (e.g. BC = 0.5) this index differs from other commonly used indices.<ref>Bloom, S.A. 1981. Similarity indices in community studies: Potential Pitfalls. Marine Ecology--Progress Series 5: 125-128.</ref>

			The Bray–Curtis dissimilarity is often erroneously called a distance. The Bray–Curtis dissimilarity is not a distance since it does not satisfy [[triangle inequality]], and should always be called a dissimilarity to avoid confusion.

			==References==
			{{Reflist}}

			4. Czekanowski J (1909) Zur differential Diagnose der Neandertalgruppe. Korrespbl dt Ges Anthrop 40:44–47

			5. Somerfield, PJ (2008) Identification of Bray-Curtis similarity index: comment on Yoshioka (2008). Mar Ecol Prog Ser 372:303–306

			6. Yoshioka PM (2008) Misidentification of the Bray-Curtis similarity index. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 368:309–310

			{{DEFAULTSORT:Bray-Curtis Dissimilarity}}
			[[Category:Measurement of biodiversity]]

en>ChrisGualtieri: Typo fixing, typos fixed: dutch → Dutch using AWB

2012-08-07T03:02:08Z

Typo fixing, typos fixed: dutch → Dutch using AWB

New page

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Part of the reason those banks that offered small business loans turned away from further lending, or closed altogether is that many of the banks that provided help for small businesses did not come under the TARP protection that bailed out the bigger banks. While business credit cards are easier to obtain than a typical small business bank loan, the interest rates on them now reflect the difficulties the banks are struggling with. Small businesses are risky to start with, but the fact that so many business owners are looking to credit cards has increased the amount of risk the banks that sponsor them are taking on. Even a business owner with reasonably good credit may be facing a standard interest rate of as much as 15%. If a small business owner has to rely on personal credit ratings to obtain a line of credit and they have a poor credit score, that rate can soar to as much as 23.4%. What makes credit interest rates so high? The higher the risk the more interest in needed to cover potential losses. Watch Out for that Hike Beware of deals on business credit cards that offer 0% financing, or low interest rates. While they can be a good deal, it is important to read the terms of the card and understand them completely. Many of those attractive rates disappear after a short introductory period, and the rates skyrocket to the top of the charts compared with the average business credit card. When considering one of the appealing low interest/no interest offers, weigh the pros and cons. If you can pay back the amount you use on a business credit card on a monthly basis, those attractive rates aren't helping you any more than a more traditional [http://tinyurl.com/ku6vjks ugg boots sale] business credit card. Both would accumulate 0% interest when paid off within the [http://tinyurl.com/ku6vjks http://tinyurl.com/ku6vjks] initial cycle. 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If you find yourself in a pinch, and need the number immediately, you can pay a fee for same day service. Protect Your Business Identity Almost everyone has heard of identity theft. Business owners have to be aware that even a business identity can be at risk. A good way to protect your business identity is to make use of a credit score management system. These services are offered by all of the major business credit monitors such as Dun & Bradstreet, Equifax and Experian.