Generalized multivariate log-gamma distribution - Revision history

en>Monkbot: Task 3: Fix CS1 deprecated coauthor parameter errors

2014-05-08T05:04:52Z

Task 3: Fix CS1 deprecated coauthor parameter errors

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	~~'''Gauge theory gravity (GTG)''' is~~ a ~~theory of [[gravitation]] cast in~~ the ~~mathematical language of [[geometric algebra]]~~. ~~To those familiar with [[general relativity]]~~, ~~it is highly reminiscent~~ of ~~the [[tetrad formalism]] although there are significant conceptual differences. Most notably~~, ~~the background in GTG is flat~~, ~~[[Minkowski spacetime]]. The [[equivalence principle]] is not assumed, but instead follows from~~ the ~~fact that the [[gauge covariant derivative]] is [[minimal coupling\|minimally coupled]]. As in general relativity~~, ~~equations structurally identical~~ to ~~the [[Einstein field equations]] are derivable from~~ a ~~[[variational principle]]. A [[spin tensor]] can also be supported~~ in ~~a manner similar to [[Einstein–Cartan–Sciama–Kibble theory]]. GTG was first proposed by Lasenby~~, ~~[[Chris J~~. ~~L. Doran\|Doran]], and Gull in 1998~~<~~ref~~>{{Citation\|last=Lasenby\|first=Anthony\|coauthors=Chris Doran, Stephen Gull\|title=Gravity, gauge theories and geometric algebra\|journal= [[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A]]\|volume=356\|pages=487–582\|year=1998\|doi=10.1098/~~rsta~~.~~1998~~.~~0178\|arxiv = gr-qc~~/~~0405033 }}<~~/~~ref> as a fulfillment of partial results presented in 1993.<ref>{{Citation\|last~~=Doran\|first=Chris\|coauthors=Anthony Lasenby, Stephen Gull\|title=Gravity as a gauge theory in the spacetime algebra\|journal= Third International Conference on Clifford Algebras and their Applications in Mathematical Physics\|editors=F. Brackx, R. Delanghe, H. Serras\|year=1993}}</~~ref~~> ~~The theory has not been widely adopted by the rest of the physics community, who have mostly opted for [[differential geometry]] approaches like that of the related [[gauge gravitation theory]].~~		Surprisingly refreshing and well balanced, it goes equally well with your dinner as it does with a nice day enjoyed from the restaurant's patio.<br>Explaining how they manage to curb costs, head of marketing for Solo Luxury, "We don't have a retail space and any major overheads, so we pass on these benefits to the customers, if you were to buy a good leather bag in India, it would be about Rs.<br>http://www.shlgrouptr.com/warm/?p=251 <br /> http://www.shlgrouptr.com/warm/?p=223 <br /> http://www.shlgrouptr.com/warm/?p=398 <br /> http://www.shlgrouptr.com/warm/?p=27 <br /> http://www.shlgrouptr.com/warm/?p=126 <br /> <br>https://cronosproject.org/index.php?page=User&userID=18867<br>http://wiki.acceed.de/index.php/Bags_Outlet_Adventures<br><br>If you loved this article and you would like to receive more info about [http://www.restaurantcalcuta.com/outlet/ugg.asp Cheap Uggs For Sale] nicely visit the internet site.

	~~==Mathematical foundation==~~

	~~The foundation of GTG comes from two principles~~. ~~First, ''position-gauge invariance'' demands that arbitrary local displacements of fields not affect the physical content of the field equations~~. Second, ''rotation-gauge invariance'' demands that arbitrary local rotations of fields not affect the physical content of the field equations. These principles lead to the introduction of a new pair of linear functions, the position-gauge field and the rotation-gauge field. A displacement by some arbitrary function ''f''
	~~:<math>x \mapsto x'~~=~~f(x)~~</~~math~~>
	~~gives rise to the position-gauge field defined by the mapping on its adjoint,~~
	:~~<math>\bar{\mathsf{h}}(a,x) \mapsto \bar{\mathsf{h}}'(a,x)=\bar{\mathsf{h}}(f^{-1}(a),f(x)),<~~/~~math>~~
	~~which is linear in its first argument and ''a'' is a constant vector~~. ~~Similarly, a rotation by some arbitrary rotor ''R'' gives rise to the rotation-gauge field~~
	~~:<math>\bar{\mathsf{\Omega}}(a,x) \mapsto \bar{\mathsf{\Omega}}'(a,x)=R\bar{\mathsf{\Omega}}(a,x)R^{\dagger}-2a\cdot\nabla RR^{\dagger}~~.</~~math>~~

	~~We can define two different covariant directional derivatives~~
	~~:<math>a \cdot D = a \cdot \bar{\mathsf{h}}(\nabla)+\frac{1}{2}\mathsf{\Omega}(\mathsf{h}(a))<~~/~~math>~~
	~~:<math>a \cdot \mathcal{D}~~ = ~~a \cdot \bar{\mathsf{h}}(\nabla)+\mathsf{\Omega}(\mathsf{h}(a))~~</~~math~~>
	~~or with the specification of a coordinate system~~
	:~~<math>D_{\mu} = \partial_{\mu}+\frac{1}{2}\Omega_{\mu}<~~/~~math>~~
	~~:<math>\mathcal{D}_{\mu} = \partial_{\mu}+\Omega_{\mu} \times ,<~~/~~math>~~
	~~where × denotes the commutator product~~.

	~~The first of these derivatives is better suited for dealing directly with [[spinor]]s whereas the second is better suited for [[observable]]s~~. ~~The GTG analog of the [[Riemann tensor]] is built from the commutation rules of these derivatives.~~
	~~:<math>[D_{\mu},D_{\nu}]\psi~~=~~\frac{1}{2}\mathsf{R}_{\mu\nu}\psi~~</~~math~~>
	:~~<math>\mathcal{R}(a \wedge b)=\mathsf{R}(\mathsf{h}(a \wedge b))<~~/~~math>~~

	~~==Field equations==~~
	~~The field equations are derived by postulating the [[Einstein–Hilbert action]] governs the evolution of the gauge fields, i~~.e.
	~~:<math>S = \int \left[ {1 \over 2\kappa} \left( \mathcal{R} - 2 \Lambda \right) + \mathcal{L}_\mathrm{M} \right] (\det\mathsf{h})^{-1} \, \mathrm{d}^4 x.<~~/~~math>~~
	~~Minimizing variation of the action with respect to the two gauge fields results in the field equations~~
	~~:<math>\mathcal{G}(a)-\Lambda a=\kappa \mathcal{T}(a)<~~/~~math>~~
	~~:<math>\mathcal{D} \wedge \bar{\mathsf{h}}(a)~~ = ~~\kappa \mathcal{S} \cdot \bar{\mathsf{h}}(a),~~</~~math~~>
	~~where~~ <~~math~~>~~\mathcal{T}<~~/~~math> is the covariant [[energy–momentum tensor]] and <math>\mathcal{S}<~~/~~math> is the covariant [[spin tensor]]~~. ~~Importantly, these equations do not give an evolving curvature of spacetime but rather merely give the evolution of the gauge fields within the flat spacetime~~. ~~Moreover, the existence of the spin tensor does ''not'' endow spacetime with [[torsion tensor\|torsion]].~~

	==~~Relation to general relativity==~~
	For those more familiar with general relativity, it is possible to define a [[metric tensor (general relativity)\|metric tensor]] from the position-gauge field in a manner similar to tetrads. In the tetrad formalism, a set of four vectors <~~math~~>~~\{{e_{(a)}}^{\mu}\}<~~/~~math> are introduced~~. ~~The Greek index ''μ'' is [[raising and lowering indices\|raised or lowered]] by multiplying and contracting with the spacetime's metric tensor~~. ~~The parenthetical Latin~~ index ''(a)'' is a label for each of the four tetrads, which is raised and lowered as if it were multiplied and contracted with a separate Minkowski metric tensor. GTG, roughly, reverses the roles of these indices. The metric is implicitly assumed to be Minkowski in the selection of the [[spacetime algebra]]. The information contained in the other set of indices gets subsumed by the behavior of the gauge fields.

	~~We can make the associations~~
	~~:<math>g_{\mu}=\mathsf{h}^{-1}(e_{\mu})<~~/~~math>~~
	~~:<math>g^{\mu}=\bar{\mathsf{h}}(e^{\mu})</math>~~
	~~for a covariant vector and contravariant vector in a curved spacetime, where now the unit vectors~~ <~~math~~>~~\{e_{\mu}\}~~<~~/math~~> ~~are the chosen coordinate basis. These can define the metric using the rule~~
	~~:<math>g_{\mu \nu}=g_{\mu} \cdot g_{\nu}.</math>~~

	~~Following~~ this ~~procedure, it is possible to show that for the most part the observable predictions of GTG agree with Einstein–Cartan–Sciama–Kibble theory for non-vanishing spin~~ and ~~reduce~~ to ~~general relativity for vanishing spin. GTG does, however, make different predictions~~ about global solutions. For example, in the study of a point mass, the choice of a "Newtonian gauge" yields a solution similar to the [[Schwarzschild metric]] in [[Gullstrand–Painlevé coordinates]]. General relativity permits an extension known as the [[Kruskal–Szekeres coordinates]]. GTG, on the other hand, forbids any such extension.

	~~==References==~~
	~~<references />~~

	~~==External links==~~
	*David Hestenes: [http://~~geocalc~~.~~clas~~.~~asu.edu~~/~~pdf~~/~~NEW_GRAVITY~~.~~pdf Spacetime calculus for gravitation theory~~] ~~– an account of~~ the ~~mathematical formalism explicitly directed to GTG~~

	~~{{theories of gravitation}}~~

	~~[[Category:Gauge theories]]~~
	~~[[Category:Geometric algebra]]~~
	~~[[Category:Theories of gravitation]]~~

	~~[[ru:Релятивистская теория гравитации]]~~

en>BeyondNormality: /* References */

2013-12-10T22:43:35Z

References

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:43, 11 December 2013
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~Cash transactions at this property cannot exceed EUR 999~~.~~<br>Student slammed by coach loses scholarship Car hits woman~~, driver takes off Two arrests made on school property Fired UC football staffer plans appeal Man charged in ATM repairman murder Medical Edge: Petting therapy Ebola patient told hospital he was from Liberia City leaders speak on killing of ~~ATM technician Texas girl~~, ~~found alive Sandy Hook Elementary School evacuated after threat Health Alert: Women who worry Two dead~~ in ~~mobile home fire in Greendale Missing Pendleton mom and son found~~ in ~~wrecked Trailblazer ATM repair person shot to death in Roselawn UPDATE: Joseph~~, ~~abused German Shepherd's year long recovery 8th graders put Newton's Law~~ to the ~~test for life lesson Cincinnati makes effort~~ to ~~become more welcoming Could the tri state handle an Ebola case~~.<br>~~http:~~/~~/peterlongogolfshow~~.~~com~~/~~coach~~/~~?key~~=~~coach-online-factory-store-sale-36~~ <br /> ~~http://peterlongogolfshow~~.~~com/coach/?key~~=~~coach~~-~~factory~~-~~online~~-~~sale~~-~~sign~~-in-29 <br /> ~~http~~://~~peterlongogolfshow.com~~/~~coach~~/~~?key~~=~~coach-factory-on-sale-31~~ <br /> ~~http~~://~~peterlongogolfshow~~.~~com/coach/?key~~=~~official~~-~~coach~~-~~factory~~-~~online-sale-26~~ <br /> ~~http~~://~~peterlongogolfshow~~.~~com~~/~~coach~~/~~?key~~=~~coach-factory-clearance-sale-19~~ <br /><br><br>~~If you loved~~ this ~~post~~ and ~~you would like~~ to ~~receive extra information relating~~ to [http://~~www~~.~~restaurantcalcuta~~.~~com~~/~~outlet~~/~~ugg~~.~~asp Uggs Outlet Online~~] ~~kindly take a look at our internet site.~~		'''Gauge theory gravity (GTG)''' is a theory of [[gravitation]] cast in the mathematical language of [[geometric algebra]]. To those familiar with [[general relativity]], it is highly reminiscent of the [[tetrad formalism]] although there are significant conceptual differences. Most notably, the background in GTG is flat, [[Minkowski spacetime]]. The [[equivalence principle]] is not assumed, but instead follows from the fact that the [[gauge covariant derivative]] is [[minimal coupling\|minimally coupled]]. As in general relativity, equations structurally identical to the [[Einstein field equations]] are derivable from a [[variational principle]]. A [[spin tensor]] can also be supported in a manner similar to [[Einstein–Cartan–Sciama–Kibble theory]]. GTG was first proposed by Lasenby, [[Chris J. L. Doran\|Doran]], and Gull in 1998<ref>{{Citation\|last=Lasenby\|first=Anthony\|coauthors=Chris Doran, Stephen Gull\|title=Gravity, gauge theories and geometric algebra\|journal= [[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A]]\|volume=356\|pages=487–582\|year=1998\|doi=10.1098/rsta.1998.0178\|arxiv = gr-qc/0405033 }}</ref> as a fulfillment of partial results presented in 1993.<ref>{{Citation\|last=Doran\|first=Chris\|coauthors=Anthony Lasenby, Stephen Gull\|title=Gravity as a gauge theory in the spacetime algebra\|journal= Third International Conference on Clifford Algebras and their Applications in Mathematical Physics\|editors=F. Brackx, R. Delanghe, H. Serras\|year=1993}}</ref> The theory has not been widely adopted by the rest of the physics community, who have mostly opted for [[differential geometry]] approaches like that of the related [[gauge gravitation theory]].

			==Mathematical foundation==

			The foundation of GTG comes from two principles. First, ''position-gauge invariance'' demands that arbitrary local displacements of fields not affect the physical content of the field equations. Second, ''rotation-gauge invariance'' demands that arbitrary local rotations of fields not affect the physical content of the field equations. These principles lead to the introduction of a new pair of linear functions, the position-gauge field and the rotation-gauge field. A displacement by some arbitrary function ''f''
			:<math>x \mapsto x'=f(x)</math>
			gives rise to the position-gauge field defined by the mapping on its adjoint,
			:<math>\bar{\mathsf{h}}(a,x) \mapsto \bar{\mathsf{h}}'(a,x)=\bar{\mathsf{h}}(f^{-1}(a),f(x)),</math>
			which is linear in its first argument and ''a'' is a constant vector. Similarly, a rotation by some arbitrary rotor ''R'' gives rise to the rotation-gauge field
			:<math>\bar{\mathsf{\Omega}}(a,x) \mapsto \bar{\mathsf{\Omega}}'(a,x)=R\bar{\mathsf{\Omega}}(a,x)R^{\dagger}-2a\cdot\nabla RR^{\dagger}.</math>

			We can define two different covariant directional derivatives
			:<math>a \cdot D = a \cdot \bar{\mathsf{h}}(\nabla)+\frac{1}{2}\mathsf{\Omega}(\mathsf{h}(a))</math>
			:<math>a \cdot \mathcal{D} = a \cdot \bar{\mathsf{h}}(\nabla)+\mathsf{\Omega}(\mathsf{h}(a))</math>
			or with the specification of a coordinate system
			:<math>D_{\mu} = \partial_{\mu}+\frac{1}{2}\Omega_{\mu}</math>
			:<math>\mathcal{D}_{\mu} = \partial_{\mu}+\Omega_{\mu} \times ,</math>
			where × denotes the commutator product.

			The first of these derivatives is better suited for dealing directly with [[spinor]]s whereas the second is better suited for [[observable]]s. The GTG analog of the [[Riemann tensor]] is built from the commutation rules of these derivatives.
			:<math>[D_{\mu},D_{\nu}]\psi=\frac{1}{2}\mathsf{R}_{\mu\nu}\psi</math>
			:<math>\mathcal{R}(a \wedge b)=\mathsf{R}(\mathsf{h}(a \wedge b))</math>

			==Field equations==
			The field equations are derived by postulating the [[Einstein–Hilbert action]] governs the evolution of the gauge fields, i.e.
			:<math>S = \int \left[ {1 \over 2\kappa} \left( \mathcal{R} - 2 \Lambda \right) + \mathcal{L}_\mathrm{M} \right] (\det\mathsf{h})^{-1} \, \mathrm{d}^4 x.</math>
			Minimizing variation of the action with respect to the two gauge fields results in the field equations
			:<math>\mathcal{G}(a)-\Lambda a=\kappa \mathcal{T}(a)</math>
			:<math>\mathcal{D} \wedge \bar{\mathsf{h}}(a) = \kappa \mathcal{S} \cdot \bar{\mathsf{h}}(a),</math>
			where <math>\mathcal{T}</math> is the covariant [[energy–momentum tensor]] and <math>\mathcal{S}</math> is the covariant [[spin tensor]]. Importantly, these equations do not give an evolving curvature of spacetime but rather merely give the evolution of the gauge fields within the flat spacetime. Moreover, the existence of the spin tensor does ''not'' endow spacetime with [[torsion tensor\|torsion]].

			==Relation to general relativity==
			For those more familiar with general relativity, it is possible to define a [[metric tensor (general relativity)\|metric tensor]] from the position-gauge field in a manner similar to tetrads. In the tetrad formalism, a set of four vectors <math>\{{e_{(a)}}^{\mu}\}</math> are introduced. The Greek index ''μ'' is [[raising and lowering indices\|raised or lowered]] by multiplying and contracting with the spacetime's metric tensor. The parenthetical Latin index ''(a)'' is a label for each of the four tetrads, which is raised and lowered as if it were multiplied and contracted with a separate Minkowski metric tensor. GTG, roughly, reverses the roles of these indices. The metric is implicitly assumed to be Minkowski in the selection of the [[spacetime algebra]]. The information contained in the other set of indices gets subsumed by the behavior of the gauge fields.

			We can make the associations
			:<math>g_{\mu}=\mathsf{h}^{-1}(e_{\mu})</math>
			:<math>g^{\mu}=\bar{\mathsf{h}}(e^{\mu})</math>
			for a covariant vector and contravariant vector in a curved spacetime, where now the unit vectors <math>\{e_{\mu}\}</math> are the chosen coordinate basis. These can define the metric using the rule
			:<math>g_{\mu \nu}=g_{\mu} \cdot g_{\nu}.</math>

			Following this procedure, it is possible to show that for the most part the observable predictions of GTG agree with Einstein–Cartan–Sciama–Kibble theory for non-vanishing spin and reduce to general relativity for vanishing spin. GTG does, however, make different predictions about global solutions. For example, in the study of a point mass, the choice of a "Newtonian gauge" yields a solution similar to the [[Schwarzschild metric]] in [[Gullstrand–Painlevé coordinates]]. General relativity permits an extension known as the [[Kruskal–Szekeres coordinates]]. GTG, on the other hand, forbids any such extension.

			==References==
			<references />

			==External links==
			*David Hestenes: [http://geocalc.clas.asu.edu/pdf/NEW_GRAVITY.pdf Spacetime calculus for gravitation theory] – an account of the mathematical formalism explicitly directed to GTG

			{{theories of gravitation}}

			[[Category:Gauge theories]]
			[[Category:Geometric algebra]]
			[[Category:Theories of gravitation]]

			[[ru:Релятивистская теория гравитации]]

en>Michael Hardy at 16:42, 2 September 2012

2012-09-02T16:42:29Z

New page

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