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		<title>134.34.139.56 at 18:04, 12 November 2014</title>
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		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 20:04, 12 November 2014&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l1&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;! Quantity&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;! Expression&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;|- align=&quot;left&quot;&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;| [[Length]] (R)&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;| &lt;/del&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;math&lt;/del&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;\frac{1}{R} = \frac{2}{M^2} \sum_{i,j \ne i}^{N} \frac{m_i m_j}{\left| \vec{r_j}-\vec{r_i} \right| }&lt;/del&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;/math&lt;/del&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;|&lt;/del&gt;-&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;| [[Mass]] (M)&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;| &lt;/del&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;math&lt;/del&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;M = \sum_{i=1}^{N} m_i&lt;/del&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;/math&lt;/del&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;|}&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;!--&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;:&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt; M &lt;/del&gt;= &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; G =  R = 1 \ &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;--&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;N-body units&#039;&#039;&#039; are &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;completely self-contained &lt;/del&gt;[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;[Systems of measurement|system of units&lt;/del&gt;]&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;] used for [[N-body simulation]]s of self gravitating systems &lt;/del&gt;in &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;astrophysics&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In this system, the base physical units are chosen so that the total mass, &#039;&#039;M&#039;&#039;, &lt;/del&gt;the [&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;[gravitational constant&lt;/del&gt;]&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;], &#039;&#039;G&#039;&#039;&lt;/del&gt;, and &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;the [[Virial theorem#Virial radius|virial radius]]&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&#039;&#039;R&#039;&#039;&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;are normalised&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The underlying assumption is &lt;/del&gt;that the &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;system of N objects (stars) satisfies the [[virial theorem]]&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The consequence of standard N-body units is that the velocity dispersion of the system is &lt;/del&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;math&lt;/del&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;\scriptstyle v = 1/\sqrt{2} &lt;/del&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;/math&lt;/del&gt;&amp;gt; and &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;that &lt;/del&gt;the &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dynamical -crossing- time scales as  &lt;/del&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;math&lt;/del&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;\scriptstyle t = 2\sqrt{2} &lt;/del&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;/math&lt;/del&gt;&amp;gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The first mention &lt;/del&gt;of &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;standard N-body units was by Michel Hénon (1971).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&lt;/del&gt;http://&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;adsabs&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;harvard&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;edu&lt;/del&gt;/&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cgi-bin&lt;/del&gt;/&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;nph-bib_query?bibcode=1971Ap%26SS&lt;/del&gt;..&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;14&lt;/del&gt;..&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;151H&amp;amp;amp;db_key=AST&amp;amp;amp;data_type=HTML&amp;amp;amp;format=&amp;amp;amp;high=45c123dad007642&lt;/del&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;/ref&lt;/del&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;They were taken up by Haldan Cohn (1979)&lt;/del&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ref&lt;/del&gt;&amp;gt;http://&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;adsabs&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;harvard&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query&lt;/del&gt;?&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;bibcode=1979ApJ&lt;/del&gt;...&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;234&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;1036C&amp;amp;amp;db_key=AST&amp;amp;amp;data_type=HTML&amp;amp;amp;format=&amp;amp;amp;high=439859188922689&lt;/del&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;/ref&lt;/del&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and later widely advertised and generalized by Douglas Heggie and Robert Mathieu (1986)&lt;/del&gt;.&amp;lt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ref&lt;/del&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;http://adsabs&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;harvard&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1986LNP&lt;/del&gt;...&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;267&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;.233H&amp;amp;amp;db_key=AST&amp;amp;amp;data_type=HTML&amp;amp;amp;format=&amp;amp;amp;high=439859188922689&lt;/del&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;/ref&lt;/del&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;==References==&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;{{Reflist}}&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;{{systems &lt;/del&gt;of &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;measurement}}&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;[[Category:Physical cosmology]]&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>134.34.139.56</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://en.formulasearchengine.com/index.php?title=Group_delay_dispersion&amp;diff=25048&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>en&gt;Steve Quinn: Fixing links to disambiguation pages,  using AWB</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.formulasearchengine.com/index.php?title=Group_delay_dispersion&amp;diff=25048&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2010-02-11T03:53:07Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Fixing &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disambiguation_pages_with_links&quot; class=&quot;extiw&quot; title=&quot;wikipedia:Disambiguation pages with links&quot;&gt;links to disambiguation pages&lt;/a&gt;,  using &lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Testwiki:AWB&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1&quot; class=&quot;new&quot; title=&quot;Testwiki:AWB (page does not exist)&quot;&gt;AWB&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;New page&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;margin-left: 1em; background-color: #ffffff&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! Quantity&lt;br /&gt;
! Expression&lt;br /&gt;
|- align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Length]] (R)&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\frac{1}{R} = \frac{2}{M^2} \sum_{i,j \ne i}^{N} \frac{m_i m_j}{\left| \vec{r_j}-\vec{r_i} \right| }&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Mass]] (M)&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;M = \sum_{i=1}^{N} m_i&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!--&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt; M =  G =  R = 1 \ &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;N-body units&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; are a completely self-contained [[Systems of measurement|system of units]] used for [[N-body simulation]]s of self gravitating systems in astrophysics. In this system, the base physical units are chosen so that the total mass, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;M&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, the [[gravitational constant]], &amp;#039;&amp;#039;G&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, and the [[Virial theorem#Virial radius|virial radius]], &amp;#039;&amp;#039;R&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, are normalised. The underlying assumption is that the system of N objects (stars) satisfies the [[virial theorem]]. The consequence of standard N-body units is that the velocity dispersion of the system is &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\scriptstyle v = 1/\sqrt{2} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; and that the dynamical -crossing- time scales as  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\scriptstyle t = 2\sqrt{2} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
The first mention of standard N-body units was by Michel Hénon (1971).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1971Ap%26SS..14..151H&amp;amp;amp;db_key=AST&amp;amp;amp;data_type=HTML&amp;amp;amp;format=&amp;amp;amp;high=45c123dad007642&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
They were taken up by Haldan Cohn (1979)&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1979ApJ...234.1036C&amp;amp;amp;db_key=AST&amp;amp;amp;data_type=HTML&amp;amp;amp;format=&amp;amp;amp;high=439859188922689&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
and later widely advertised and generalized by Douglas Heggie and Robert Mathieu (1986).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1986LNP...267..233H&amp;amp;amp;db_key=AST&amp;amp;amp;data_type=HTML&amp;amp;amp;format=&amp;amp;amp;high=439859188922689&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{systems of measurement}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Physical cosmology]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>en&gt;Steve Quinn</name></author>
	</entry>
</feed>