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	~~[[Image:indirect DNA damage.png\|thumb\|right\|500px\| Indirect DNA damage: The chromophore absorbs UV-light ( * denotes an excited state)~~, and ~~the energy of the excited state is creating singlet oxygen (<sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub>) or a hydroxyl radical (•OH)~~, ~~which then damages DNA through oxidation~~.<~~ref name="DNAoxidation"~~>~~[http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1751-1097.1992.tb04207.x singlet oxygen induced DNA damage]~~<~~/ref~~>]]		Nouгishment is very ѕubjective individually for eacҺ person, and alѕo then, your nourishment can differ daily. This information will give you some basic ideɑs thаt work for everybody.<br><br>

	~~'''Indirect [[DNA]] damage''' occurs when~~ a ~~[[ultraviolet\|UV~~-~~photon]]~~ is ~~absorbed~~ in the ~~human skin by~~ a ~~[[chromophore]] that does not have~~ the ~~ability~~ to ~~convert the energy into harmless heat very quickly~~.<~~ref name="Cantrell"/~~> ~~Molecules~~ that ~~do not have this ability have a long~~-~~lived [[excited state]]~~. ~~This long [[Fluorescence#Lifetime\|lifetime]] leads to a high probability for reactions~~ with other ~~molecules - so-called bimolecular reactions~~.<~~ref name="Cantrell"/~~> ~~[[Melanin]] and DNA have~~ extremely ~~short excited state lifetimes~~ in the ~~range~~ of a ~~few femtoseconds (10~~<~~sup~~>~~−15~~<~~/sup~~>s).~~<ref name=DNA_IC>{{cite web \|url=~~ http://~~www~~.~~chemistry~~.~~ohio-state.edu~~/~~~kohler~~/~~dna~~.~~html \|title=Ultrafast internal conversion of DNA \|accessdate=2008-02-13 \|work= }}</ref> The excited state lifetime of these substances is 1~~,~~000 to 1,000,000 times longer~~ than ~~the lifetime of melanin,~~<~~ref name=Cantrell~~>{{cite journal \|author=Cantrell, Ann; McGarvey, David J; \|year=2001 \|month= \|title= 3(Sun Protection in Man) \|journal= Comprehensive Series in Photosciences \|volume= 495 \|issue= \|pages=497–519 \|id= CAN 137:43484 \|url= }}<~~/ref~~> ~~and therefore they may cause damage~~ to ~~living cells that come in contact with~~ them.~~<ref name=Damiani2004>{{cite journal \|author=Armeni, Tatiana; Damiani, Elisabetta; et al~~. ~~\|title= Lack of in vitro protection by a common sunscreen ingredient on UVA-induced cytotoxicity in keratinocytes~~. ~~\| journal~~= ~~Toxicology \|volume~~= ~~203 \|pages~~=~~165–178 \|year=2004 \|doi= 10~~.~~1016/j~~.~~tox.2004.06.008 \|pmid=15363592 \|issue=1–3 }}~~<~~/ref~~><~~ref name=Knowland1993~~>~~{{cite journal \|author=Knowland~~, ~~John; McKenzie, Edward A~~.~~; McHugh, Peter J~~.~~; Cridland~~, ~~Nigel A. \|title= Sunlight-induced mutagenicity~~ of ~~a common sunscreen ingredient \| journal= FEBS Letters \|volume= 324 \|pages=309–313 \|year=1993 \|pmid=8405372 \|doi= 10~~.~~1016/0014-5793(93)80141-G \| issue=3}}~~<~~/ref~~><~~ref name=Mosley2007~~>~~{{cite journal \|author=Mosley~~, ~~C N; Wang, L; Gilley, S; Wang, S; Yu,H \|year= 2007 \|month= \|title= Light-Induced Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of~~ a Sunscreen Agent, 2-Phenylbenzimidazol in Salmonella typhimurium TA 102 and HaCaT Keratinocytes \|journal= International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health \|volume= 4 \|pmid=17617675 \|issue= 2 \|pages=126–131 \|id= \|url= \|doi=10.~~3390/ijerph2007040006}}~~<~~/ref~~><~~ref name=Parsons~~>~~{{cite journal \|author=Xu, C~~.~~; Green, Adele; Parisi, Alfio; Parsons, Peter G \|year~~= ~~2001 \|month~~= ~~\|title~~= ~~Photosensitization of~~ the ~~Sunscreen Octyl p-Dimethylaminobenzoate b UVA in Human Melanocytes but not in Keratinocytes \|journal= Photochemistry~~ and ~~Photobiology \|volume= 73 \|issue= 6 \|pages=600–604 \|id= \|url=\|doi= 10~~.~~1562/0031-8655(2001)073~~<~~0600:POTSOP~~>~~2.0.CO;2 \|pmid=11421064 \|issn=0031-8655}}~~<~~/ref~~>		Quinoɑ could be a healthier replaсement for steaκ. 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	~~The molecule that originally absorbs the UV-photon is called~~ a ~~"chromophore". Bimolecular reactions~~ can ~~occur either between~~ the ~~excited chromophore~~ and ~~DNA or between the excited chromophore~~ and ~~another species,~~ to ~~produce [[free radical]]s and [[Reactive Oxygen Species]]. These reactive chemical species~~ can ~~reach DNA by diffusion and~~ the ~~bimolecular reaction damages the DNA ([[oxidative stress]])~~. ~~It is important to note that indirect DNA damage does not result in any warning signal or pain in~~ the ~~human body~~.

	~~The bimolecular reactions that cause the indirect DNA damage are illustrated in the figure:~~

	:<~~math~~>~~\mathrm{(Chromophore)^* + {}^3O_2 \ \xrightarrow{} \ Chromophore + {}^1O_2}~~<~~/math~~>
	~~<sup>1<~~/~~sup>O<sub>2<~~/~~sub> is reactive harmful [[singlet oxygen]]:~~
	~~:<math>\mathrm{{}^1O_2 + intact\ DNA \ \xrightarrow{} \ {}^3O_2 + damaged\ DNA}<~~/~~math><ref name="DNAoxidation"~~/>

	~~==Location of the damage==~~
	~~Unlike [[direct DNA damage~~]~~], which occurs in areas directly exposed to UV-B light, free radicals can travel through the~~ body and ~~affect other areas - possibly even inner organs~~. ~~The traveling nature~~ of ~~the indirect DNA damage~~ can ~~be seen~~ in the ~~fact~~ that ~~the [[malignant melanoma]] can occur in places that are not directly illuminated~~ by ~~the sun—~~in ~~contrast~~ to [~~[basal~~-~~cell carcinoma]] and [[squamous cell carcinoma]], which appear only on directly illuminated locations on the body~~. ~~{{Citation needed\|date=May 2008}}~~

	~~== See also ==~~
	*[[Sunscreen]]
	*[[photoprotection]]
	*[[direct DNA damage]]
	*[[Free radical damage to DNA]]

	~~==References==~~
	~~<references~~/>

	~~[[Category:Photochemistry]]~~
	~~[[Category:Skin conditions resulting from physical factors]]~~
	~~[[Category:Sun tanning]~~]

en>Edward: link local minimum using Find link

2013-03-22T10:37:09Z

link local minimum using Find link

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:37, 22 March 2013
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	~~It involves expertise and knowledge of various tools and technologies used for creating websites~~. ~~Offshore expert Word~~ - ~~Press developers high level of interactivity, accessibility~~, ~~functionality~~ and ~~usability~~ of ~~our website can add custom online to using~~. ~~Your parishioners and certainly interested audience can come in to you for further information from the group and sometimes even approaching happenings and systems with the church~~. ~~In the recent years, there has been a notable rise in the number of companies hiring Indian Word~~ - ~~Press developers~~. ~~You can customize the appearance with PSD to Word~~ - ~~Press conversion ''~~. <br>~~<br>Word~~ - ~~Press~~ is ~~known as the most popular blogging platform all over~~ the ~~web and is used~~ by ~~millions of blog enthusiasts worldwide. If you are~~ a ~~positive thinker businessman then today you~~ have to ~~put your business online~~. ~~It sorts the results of~~ a ~~search according to category, tags and comments~~. ~~So, if you are looking for some option~~ to ~~build~~ a ~~giant e~~-~~commerce website, then e~~-~~shopping preferable CMS tools will be helpful for you~~. ~~Aided by~~ the ~~completely foolproof j~~ - ~~Query color selector~~, ~~you're able~~ to ~~change~~ the ~~colors~~ of ~~factors of your theme a the click on the screen~~, ~~with very little previous web site design experience.~~ <br><br>~~The least difficult~~ and ~~very best way~~ to ~~do this is~~ by ~~acquiring~~ a ~~Word~~ - ~~Press site~~. ~~To sum up~~, ~~ensure that the tactics are aiming to increase the ranking and attracting the maximum intended traffic in the major search engines~~. ~~If Gandhi was empowered with a blogging system~~, ~~every event in his life would have been minutely documented so that it could be recounted to the future generations~~. ~~Provide the best and updated information to the web searchers and make use of these wonderful free themes and create beautiful websites~~. ~~Customization~~ of ~~web layout is easy due to the availability of huge selection of templates~~. <br><br>~~The next thing I did after installing Wordpress was to find myself~~ a ~~free good~~-~~looking Wordpress-theme offering the functionality I was after~~. ~~For more info on [http:~~//~~ung~~.ro//~~profile/jaywkm wordpress dropbox backup] check out our own web~~-~~page~~. ~~And, make no mistake,India's Fertility Clinics~~ and ~~IVF specialists are amongst~~ the ~~best in the world~~,and ~~have been for some time~~. ~~Next you'll go~~ by ~~way of to your simple Word - Press site. A whole lot worse, your site will likely be useless as well as your merchandise won't sell if no one has~~ the ~~endurance to wait for~~ the ~~web pages~~ to ~~load. If your site~~ does ~~well you can get paid professional designer to create a unique Word - Press theme~~. <br><br>~~Website security has become a major concern among individuals all over~~ the ~~world. Being a Plugin Developer~~, ~~it is important for you~~ to ~~know that development of Word~~ - ~~Press driven website should be done only when you enable debugging~~. By the ~~time you get~~ the ~~Gallery Word - Press Themes,~~ the ~~first thing~~ that ~~you should know is on how to install it. ) Remote Login: With~~ the ~~process of PSD~~ to ~~Wordpress conversion comes~~ the ~~advantage of flexibility. For your information, it is an open source web content management system~~.		[[Image:indirect DNA damage.png\|thumb\|right\|500px\| Indirect DNA damage: The chromophore absorbs UV-light ( * denotes an excited state), and the energy of the excited state is creating singlet oxygen (<sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub>) or a hydroxyl radical (•OH), which then damages DNA through oxidation.<ref name="DNAoxidation">[http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1751-1097.1992.tb04207.x singlet oxygen induced DNA damage]</ref>]]

			'''Indirect [[DNA]] damage''' occurs when a [[ultraviolet\|UV-photon]] is absorbed in the human skin by a [[chromophore]] that does not have the ability to convert the energy into harmless heat very quickly.<ref name="Cantrell"/> Molecules that do not have this ability have a long-lived [[excited state]]. This long [[Fluorescence#Lifetime\|lifetime]] leads to a high probability for reactions with other molecules - so-called bimolecular reactions.<ref name="Cantrell"/> [[Melanin]] and DNA have extremely short excited state lifetimes in the range of a few femtoseconds (10<sup>−15</sup>s).<ref name=DNA_IC>{{cite web \|url= http://www.chemistry.ohio-state.edu/~kohler/dna.html \|title=Ultrafast internal conversion of DNA \|accessdate=2008-02-13 \|work= }}</ref> The excited state lifetime of these substances is 1,000 to 1,000,000 times longer than the lifetime of melanin,<ref name=Cantrell>{{cite journal \|author=Cantrell, Ann; McGarvey, David J; \|year=2001 \|month= \|title= 3(Sun Protection in Man) \|journal= Comprehensive Series in Photosciences \|volume= 495 \|issue= \|pages=497–519 \|id= CAN 137:43484 \|url= }}</ref> and therefore they may cause damage to living cells that come in contact with them.<ref name=Damiani2004>{{cite journal \|author=Armeni, Tatiana; Damiani, Elisabetta; et al. \|title= Lack of in vitro protection by a common sunscreen ingredient on UVA-induced cytotoxicity in keratinocytes. \| journal= Toxicology \|volume= 203 \|pages=165–178 \|year=2004 \|doi= 10.1016/j.tox.2004.06.008 \|pmid=15363592 \|issue=1–3 }}</ref><ref name=Knowland1993>{{cite journal \|author=Knowland, John; McKenzie, Edward A.; McHugh, Peter J.; Cridland, Nigel A. \|title= Sunlight-induced mutagenicity of a common sunscreen ingredient \| journal= FEBS Letters \|volume= 324 \|pages=309–313 \|year=1993 \|pmid=8405372 \|doi= 10.1016/0014-5793(93)80141-G \| issue=3}}</ref><ref name=Mosley2007>{{cite journal \|author=Mosley, C N; Wang, L; Gilley, S; Wang, S; Yu,H \|year= 2007 \|month= \|title= Light-Induced Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of a Sunscreen Agent, 2-Phenylbenzimidazol in Salmonella typhimurium TA 102 and HaCaT Keratinocytes \|journal= International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health \|volume= 4 \|pmid=17617675 \|issue= 2 \|pages=126–131 \|id= \|url= \|doi=10.3390/ijerph2007040006}}</ref><ref name=Parsons>{{cite journal \|author=Xu, C.; Green, Adele; Parisi, Alfio; Parsons, Peter G \|year= 2001 \|month= \|title= Photosensitization of the Sunscreen Octyl p-Dimethylaminobenzoate b UVA in Human Melanocytes but not in Keratinocytes \|journal= Photochemistry and Photobiology \|volume= 73 \|issue= 6 \|pages=600–604 \|id= \|url=\|doi= 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)073<0600:POTSOP>2.0.CO;2 \|pmid=11421064 \|issn=0031-8655}}</ref>

			The molecule that originally absorbs the UV-photon is called a "chromophore". Bimolecular reactions can occur either between the excited chromophore and DNA or between the excited chromophore and another species, to produce [[free radical]]s and [[Reactive Oxygen Species]]. These reactive chemical species can reach DNA by diffusion and the bimolecular reaction damages the DNA ([[oxidative stress]]). It is important to note that indirect DNA damage does not result in any warning signal or pain in the human body.

			The bimolecular reactions that cause the indirect DNA damage are illustrated in the figure:

			:<math>\mathrm{(Chromophore)^* + {}^3O_2 \ \xrightarrow{} \ Chromophore + {}^1O_2}</math>
			<sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub> is reactive harmful [[singlet oxygen]]:
			:<math>\mathrm{{}^1O_2 + intact\ DNA \ \xrightarrow{} \ {}^3O_2 + damaged\ DNA}</math><ref name="DNAoxidation"/>

			==Location of the damage==
			Unlike [[direct DNA damage]], which occurs in areas directly exposed to UV-B light, free radicals can travel through the body and affect other areas - possibly even inner organs. The traveling nature of the indirect DNA damage can be seen in the fact that the [[malignant melanoma]] can occur in places that are not directly illuminated by the sun—in contrast to [[basal-cell carcinoma]] and [[squamous cell carcinoma]], which appear only on directly illuminated locations on the body. {{Citation needed\|date=May 2008}}

			== See also ==
			*[[Sunscreen]]
			*[[photoprotection]]
			*[[direct DNA damage]]
			*[[Free radical damage to DNA]]

			==References==
			<references/>

			[[Category:Photochemistry]]
			[[Category:Skin conditions resulting from physical factors]]
			[[Category:Sun tanning]]

en>Epktsang: /* Bibliography */

2012-07-23T16:37:48Z

Bibliography

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