Homological integration - Revision history

en>Trappist the monk: /* References */replace mr template with mr parameter in CS1 templates; using AWB

2014-09-24T14:33:11Z

References: replace mr template with mr parameter in CS1 templates; using AWB

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:33, 24 September 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	The '''quartet distance''' is a way of measuring the distance between two [[phylogenetic tree]]s. It is defined as the number of subsets of four leaves that are not related by the same topology in both trees.

	~~==Computing the quartet distance==~~
	~~The most straightforward computation of the quartet distance would require <math>O(N^4)</math> time, where <math>N</math> is the number of leaves in the trees.~~

	~~For binary trees~~, ~~better algorithms~~ have ~~been found to compute~~ the ~~distance~~ in		After another weekend of Six Nations activity the trophy is now a three horse race with Ireland, England and France all in contention with just one game left [http://tinyurl.com/nqbkz6z ugg boots sale] to play.<br><br>In the final match however it is England who have the easier task by playing Italy whilst France take on Ireland, meaning the title could be decided on points scored, with Ireland currently in the lead.<br><br>It has been an intensive few weeks as players are juggling club and country and pushing their bodies to ensure that are in fine form for each upcoming match. The constant wear and tear of playing week in weekly out can takes its toll on the body, with some rugby injuries more common than others<br>There are more injuries in rugby per 1,000 hours of playing time than that of professional football, with 82 injuries compared to only 8. It is the high intensity nature of the sport which attracts spectators and players alike and rugby injuries is something that players manage as they happen.<br><br>The most common injuries in professional rugby between 2002 and 2012 were:<br>Thigh haematoma<br>A haematoma is an accumulation of blood which can result in swelling, pain and reduced function of the thigh muscle. There are a high percentage of these types of condition in rugby due to the contact nature [http://tinyurl.com/nqbkz6z ugg boots sale] of the sport with a players shoulder colliding with the thigh muscle during tackles.<br><br>In the immediate aftermath of diagnosis it is important to rest, use ice and compression to help manage any pain and inflammation as well as elevating the leg above the heart to reduce swelling.<br>Compression shorts can be used to manage the condition, working by applying pressure to the affected area and reducing muscle vibration during movement. Some products are available with a cinch strap whereby the patient is able to dictate the level of compression afforded to the thigh region.<br><br>Hamstring muscle injury (excluding haematomas)<br>[http://tinyurl.com/nqbkz6z discount ugg boots] The hamstring muscles are at their most active when an individual is running, sprinting or jumping with any strain to the muscles being quite painful and limiting movement of the player. There are three varying degrees of severity of injury with the grading dictating the treatment required and the overall recovery period.<br><br><br>A grade one tear is considered relatively minor and the symptoms should expect to subside following a period of rest, whilst a grade three tear could require surgery to repair the muscle followed by intensive physiotherapy to rebuild strength in the area. The latter can also result in heavy bruising and bleeding of the muscle.<br><br>As with thigh injuries compression shorts can be used to help manage hamstring injuries during your return to fitness. By applying pressure to the hamstrings it can help to reduce the risk of further injury by preventing any unnatural movement of the muscle which can enhance athletic performance.<br><br>Concussion<br>This occurs when a blow to the head disrupts the brain and causes a short lived loss of mental function. In rugby the risk of impact to the head during tackling and scrumming raises the risk of concussion. Concussions are not normally serious but need to be monitored as more severe conditions could occur.<br>Symptoms of concussion include headache, dizziness, sickness, loss of [http://tinyurl.com/nqbkz6z discount ugg boots] balance, confusion, issues with vision and in some cases memory loss. There are other symptoms which would require emergency medical [http://tinyurl.com/nqbkz6z ugg outlet] treatment, including prolonged unconsciousness, difficulty staying awake and bleeding from the ears.<br><br>Please refer to the NHS website for full advice on concussion.<br>Knee - Medial Collateral Ligament injury<br>The knee joint is made up of four separate ligaments responsible for stabilising the joint in that of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL), Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL), Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) and Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL).<br><br>The MCL is common among the rugby injuries list on account of the type of tackles made which can force the knee inwards, with any sudden change if direction putting a strain on the ligament. A player should expect to recover from a mild strain within a few weeks following a period of rest, ice to help manage any inflammation and even the use of a knee brace for additional [http://Browse.Deviantart.com/?qh=&section=&global=1&q=stability stability] of the joint.<br><br>Ankle [http://tinyurl.com/nqbkz6z http://tinyurl.com/nqbkz6z] lateral ligament injury<br>The main ligament within the ankle responsible for overall stability resides on the outside of the joint and damage here can prevent a player from being able to walk, let alone run. Each injury is completely different and whilst mild damage to the ligament can take a few days to recover from a tear of the ligament can require surgery to remedy.<br><br>Following any ankle injury strengthening the ligament is paramount to reducing the risk of further injury in the future, since the entire weight of the body passes through the joint when in motion. While rest is very important to your recovery an ankle brace can also be worn to offer additional stability during movement.
	* <~~math~~>~~O(N^2)~~<~~/math~~> ~~time~~<~~ref~~>~~{{citejournal~~
	~~\|last=Bryant~~
	~~\|first=D.~~
	~~\|coauthors=J. Tsang~~, P. E. ~~Kearney~~, and M. ~~Li.~~
	~~\|title=Computing the quartet distance between evolutionary trees~~
	~~\|journal=Proceedings~~ of the ~~Eleventh Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms~~
	~~\|pages=285–286~~
	~~\|publisher=ACM Press~~
	~~\|location=~~[~~[New York City\|N.Y.]]~~
	~~\|date=11 Jan 2000~~
	~~\|url=~~http://~~monod~~.~~uwaterloo.ca~~/~~papers/00Distance~~.~~ps}}~~<~~/ref~~>
	* <~~math~~>~~O(N \log^2 N)~~<~~/math~~> ~~time<ref>{{citebook~~
	~~\|last=Brodal\|first=Gerth Stølting~~
	~~\|coauthor=Rolf Fagerberg~~ and ~~Christian N~~.S. ~~Pedersen~~
	~~\|chapter=Computing the Quartet Distance Between Evolutionary Trees in Time~~ <~~math~~>~~N log^2 N~~<~~/math~~>
	~~\|title=Algorithmica~~
	~~\|year=2001~~
	~~\|pages=731–742~~
	~~\|publisher=Springer-Verlag}}~~</~~ref>~~
	and
	* <~~math~~>~~O(N \log N)~~<~~/math~~> ~~time~~<~~ref~~>~~{{citejournal~~
	~~\|last=Brodal~~
	~~\|first=Gerth Stølting~~
	~~\|coauthors=Rolf Fagerberg~~ and ~~Christian Nørgaard Storm Pedersen~~
	~~\|journal=Algorithmica~~, ~~Special issue on ISAAC 2001~~
	~~\|issue=2~~
	~~\|pages=377–395~~
	~~\|title=Computing~~ the ~~Quartet Distance Between Evolutionary Trees~~ in ~~Time~~ <~~math~~>~~O(n\log n)~~<~~/math~~>
	~~\|volume=38~~
	~~\|year=2003}}~~</~~ref>~~

	~~Christiansen et al~~. ~~found an algorithm that takes~~ <~~math~~>~~O(N^2D^2)~~<~~/math~~> ~~time~~ to ~~compute~~ the ~~quartet distance between two multifurcating trees when~~ <~~math~~>D<~~/math~~> is the ~~maximum degree~~ of the ~~trees~~.<~~ref~~>~~{{citejournal~~
	~~\|last=Christiansen~~
	~~\|first=C~~
	~~\|coauthors=T Mailund~~, ~~CNS Pedersen~~, ~~M Randers~~
	~~\|journal=Proceedings~~ of ~~Workshop on Algorithms in Bioinformatics (WABI)~~
	~~\|volume~~=~~3692~~
	~~\|publisher~~=~~Springer-Verlag~~
	~~\|year~~=~~2005~~
	~~\|title~~=~~Computing~~ the ~~Quartet Distance Between Trees of Arbitrary Degree~~
	~~\|pages=77–88}}~~<~~/ref~~>

	~~==References==~~
	<~~references/~~>

	~~{{DEFAULTSORT:Quartet Distance}}~~
	[~~[Category~~:~~Computational phylogenetics]]~~
	~~[[Category~~:~~Bioinformatics algorithms]~~]

en>Daniele.tampieri: Added detail to a reference.

2013-07-13T15:44:44Z

Added detail to a reference.

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:44, 13 July 2013
Line 1:		Line 1:
			The '''quartet distance''' is a way of measuring the distance between two [[phylogenetic tree]]s. It is defined as the number of subsets of four leaves that are not related by the same topology in both trees.

			==Computing the quartet distance==
			The most straightforward computation of the quartet distance would require <math>O(N^4)</math> time, where <math>N</math> is the number of leaves in the trees.

	~~Surely~~ the ~~second option would be more beneficial for any website~~. ~~Medical word press themes give you the latest medical designs~~. ~~I thought about what would happen by placing a text widget in the sidebar beneath my banner ad~~, ~~and so it went. Word - Press also provides protection against spamming, as security is a measure issue~~. ~~After activating, you will find their website link and get the activation code from their website~~. ~~<br><br>purcase and download - WPZOOM Tribune wordpress Theme~~, ~~find~~ and ~~use the WPZOOM Discount Code~~. ~~WPTouch is among the more well known Word - Press smartphone plugins which is currently in use by thousands of users~~. ~~Well Managed Administration The Word - Press can easily absorb~~ the ~~high numbers of traffic by controlling the server load to make sure that the site works properly. From my very own experiences, I will let you know why you should choose WPZOOM Live~~ journal ~~templates. You can also get a free keyword tool that is to determine how strong other competing sites are and number~~ of the ~~searches~~ on ~~the most popular search sites~~. ~~<br><br>Minor and medium sized corporations also have a lot to obtain by shelling out in a very good website~~. ~~For those who have any kind of queries regarding wherever and also the best way to make use of [~~http://~~www~~.~~microgames~~.fr/~~profile~~/~~krjoshua wordpress backup plugin], you possibly can contact us from our own web-page~~. ~~As of now, Pin2Press is getting ready to hit the market~~. ~~I've applied numerous Search engine optimization-ready Word - Press themes and I can say from knowledge that I consider the Genesis Search engine marketing panel one particular of the simplest to use~~. ~~In crux the developer must have a detailed knowledge not only about the marketing tool but also about~~ the ~~ways~~ in ~~which it can be applied profitably. After that the developer adds the unordered list for navigations.~~ <br><br>~~There has been a huge increase in the number of developers releasing free premium Word~~ - ~~Press themes over the years. Russell HR Consulting provides expert knowledge in the practical application of employment law as well as providing employment law training~~ and ~~HR support services. Enterprise, when they plan to hire Word - Press developer resources still PHP, My - SQL~~ and ~~watch with great expertise in codebase. Fast Content Update - It's easy to edit or add posts with free Wordpress websites. OSDI~~, ~~a Wordpress Development Company based~~ on ~~ahmedabad, India.~~ <br><br>~~Instead, you can easily just include it with our bodies integration field in e - Panel~~. ~~When you sign up with Wordpress, you gain access to several different templates and plug-in~~ that ~~allow you~~ to ~~customize your blog so that it fits in with your business website design seamlessly~~. ~~You can select color of your choice, graphics of your favorite~~, ~~skins~~, ~~photos, pages, etc. You should stay away from plugins that are full~~ of ~~flaws and bugs. As for performing online business, websites and blogs are the only medium that are available to interact with customers and Word~~ - ~~Press perform this work with~~ the ~~help~~ of ~~cross-blog communication tools, comments and full user registration plug-ins.~~		For binary trees, better algorithms have been found to compute the distance in
			* <math>O(N^2)</math> time<ref>{{citejournal
			\|last=Bryant
			\|first=D.
			\|coauthors=J. Tsang, P. E. Kearney, and M. Li.
			\|title=Computing the quartet distance between evolutionary trees
			\|journal=Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms
			\|pages=285–286
			\|publisher=ACM Press
			\|location=[[New York City\|N.Y.]]
			\|date=11 Jan 2000
			\|url=http://monod.uwaterloo.ca/papers/00Distance.ps}}</ref>
			* <math>O(N \log^2 N)</math> time<ref>{{citebook
			\|last=Brodal\|first=Gerth Stølting
			\|coauthor=Rolf Fagerberg and Christian N.S. Pedersen
			\|chapter=Computing the Quartet Distance Between Evolutionary Trees in Time <math>N log^2 N</math>
			\|title=Algorithmica
			\|year=2001
			\|pages=731–742
			\|publisher=Springer-Verlag}}</ref>
			and
			* <math>O(N \log N)</math> time<ref>{{citejournal
			\|last=Brodal
			\|first=Gerth Stølting
			\|coauthors=Rolf Fagerberg and Christian Nørgaard Storm Pedersen
			\|journal=Algorithmica, Special issue on ISAAC 2001
			\|issue=2
			\|pages=377–395
			\|title=Computing the Quartet Distance Between Evolutionary Trees in Time <math>O(n\log n)</math>
			\|volume=38
			\|year=2003}}</ref>

			Christiansen et al. found an algorithm that takes <math>O(N^2D^2)</math> time to compute the quartet distance between two multifurcating trees when <math>D</math> is the maximum degree of the trees.<ref>{{citejournal
			\|last=Christiansen
			\|first=C
			\|coauthors=T Mailund, CNS Pedersen, M Randers
			\|journal=Proceedings of Workshop on Algorithms in Bioinformatics (WABI)
			\|volume=3692
			\|publisher=Springer-Verlag
			\|year=2005
			\|title=Computing the Quartet Distance Between Trees of Arbitrary Degree
			\|pages=77–88}}</ref>

			==References==
			<references/>

			{{DEFAULTSORT:Quartet Distance}}
			[[Category:Computational phylogenetics]]
			[[Category:Bioinformatics algorithms]]

en>CaroleHenson: clean up using AWB

2012-08-09T01:48:26Z

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Surely the second option would be more beneficial for any website. Medical word press themes give you the latest medical designs. I thought about what would happen by placing a text widget in the sidebar beneath my banner ad, and so it went. Word - Press also provides protection against spamming, as security is a measure issue. After activating, you will find their website link and get the activation code from their website. purcase and download - WPZOOM Tribune wordpress Theme, find and use the WPZOOM Discount Code. WPTouch is among the more well known Word - Press smartphone plugins which is currently in use by thousands of users. Well Managed Administration The Word - Press can easily absorb the high numbers of traffic by controlling the server load to make sure that the site works properly. From my very own experiences, I will let you know why you should choose WPZOOM Live journal templates. You can also get a free keyword tool that is to determine how strong other competing sites are and number of the searches on the most popular search sites. Minor and medium sized corporations also have a lot to obtain by shelling out in a very good website. For those who have any kind of queries regarding wherever and also the best way to make use of [http://www.microgames.fr/profile/krjoshua wordpress backup plugin], you possibly can contact us from our own web-page. As of now, Pin2Press is getting ready to hit the market. I've applied numerous Search engine optimization-ready Word - Press themes and I can say from knowledge that I consider the Genesis Search engine marketing panel one particular of the simplest to use. In crux the developer must have a detailed knowledge not only about the marketing tool but also about the ways in which it can be applied profitably. After that the developer adds the unordered list for navigations. There has been a huge increase in the number of developers releasing free premium Word - Press themes over the years. Russell HR Consulting provides expert knowledge in the practical application of employment law as well as providing employment law training and HR support services. Enterprise, when they plan to hire Word - Press developer resources still PHP, My - SQL and watch with great expertise in codebase. Fast Content Update - It's easy to edit or add posts with free Wordpress websites. OSDI, a Wordpress Development Company based on ahmedabad, India. Instead, you can easily just include it with our bodies integration field in e - Panel. When you sign up with Wordpress, you gain access to several different templates and plug-in that allow you to customize your blog so that it fits in with your business website design seamlessly. You can select color of your choice, graphics of your favorite, skins, photos, pages, etc. You should stay away from plugins that are full of flaws and bugs. As for performing online business, websites and blogs are the only medium that are available to interact with customers and Word - Press perform this work with the help of cross-blog communication tools, comments and full user registration plug-ins.

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:33, 24 September 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	The '''quartet distance''' is a way of measuring the distance between two [[phylogenetic tree]]s. It is defined as the number of subsets of four leaves that are not related by the same topology in both trees.

	~~==Computing the quartet distance==~~
	~~The most straightforward computation of the quartet distance would require <math>O(N^4)</math> time, where <math>N</math> is the number of leaves in the trees.~~

	~~For binary trees~~, ~~better algorithms~~ have ~~been found to compute~~ the ~~distance~~ in		After another weekend of Six Nations activity the trophy is now a three horse race with Ireland, England and France all in contention with just one game left [http://tinyurl.com/nqbkz6z ugg boots sale] to play.<br><br>In the final match however it is England who have the easier task by playing Italy whilst France take on Ireland, meaning the title could be decided on points scored, with Ireland currently in the lead.<br><br>It has been an intensive few weeks as players are juggling club and country and pushing their bodies to ensure that are in fine form for each upcoming match. The constant wear and tear of playing week in weekly out can takes its toll on the body, with some rugby injuries more common than others<br>There are more injuries in rugby per 1,000 hours of playing time than that of professional football, with 82 injuries compared to only 8. It is the high intensity nature of the sport which attracts spectators and players alike and rugby injuries is something that players manage as they happen.<br><br>The most common injuries in professional rugby between 2002 and 2012 were:<br>Thigh haematoma<br>A haematoma is an accumulation of blood which can result in swelling, pain and reduced function of the thigh muscle. There are a high percentage of these types of condition in rugby due to the contact nature [http://tinyurl.com/nqbkz6z ugg boots sale] of the sport with a players shoulder colliding with the thigh muscle during tackles.<br><br>In the immediate aftermath of diagnosis it is important to rest, use ice and compression to help manage any pain and inflammation as well as elevating the leg above the heart to reduce swelling.<br>Compression shorts can be used to manage the condition, working by applying pressure to the affected area and reducing muscle vibration during movement. Some products are available with a cinch strap whereby the patient is able to dictate the level of compression afforded to the thigh region.<br><br>Hamstring muscle injury (excluding haematomas)<br>[http://tinyurl.com/nqbkz6z discount ugg boots] The hamstring muscles are at their most active when an individual is running, sprinting or jumping with any strain to the muscles being quite painful and limiting movement of the player. There are three varying degrees of severity of injury with the grading dictating the treatment required and the overall recovery period.<br><br><br>A grade one tear is considered relatively minor and the symptoms should expect to subside following a period of rest, whilst a grade three tear could require surgery to repair the muscle followed by intensive physiotherapy to rebuild strength in the area. The latter can also result in heavy bruising and bleeding of the muscle.<br><br>As with thigh injuries compression shorts can be used to help manage hamstring injuries during your return to fitness. By applying pressure to the hamstrings it can help to reduce the risk of further injury by preventing any unnatural movement of the muscle which can enhance athletic performance.<br><br>Concussion<br>This occurs when a blow to the head disrupts the brain and causes a short lived loss of mental function. In rugby the risk of impact to the head during tackling and scrumming raises the risk of concussion. Concussions are not normally serious but need to be monitored as more severe conditions could occur.<br>Symptoms of concussion include headache, dizziness, sickness, loss of [http://tinyurl.com/nqbkz6z discount ugg boots] balance, confusion, issues with vision and in some cases memory loss. There are other symptoms which would require emergency medical [http://tinyurl.com/nqbkz6z ugg outlet] treatment, including prolonged unconsciousness, difficulty staying awake and bleeding from the ears.<br><br>Please refer to the NHS website for full advice on concussion.<br>Knee - Medial Collateral Ligament injury<br>The knee joint is made up of four separate ligaments responsible for stabilising the joint in that of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL), Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL), Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) and Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL).<br><br>The MCL is common among the rugby injuries list on account of the type of tackles made which can force the knee inwards, with any sudden change if direction putting a strain on the ligament. A player should expect to recover from a mild strain within a few weeks following a period of rest, ice to help manage any inflammation and even the use of a knee brace for additional [http://Browse.Deviantart.com/?qh=&section=&global=1&q=stability stability] of the joint.<br><br>Ankle [http://tinyurl.com/nqbkz6z http://tinyurl.com/nqbkz6z] lateral ligament injury<br>The main ligament within the ankle responsible for overall stability resides on the outside of the joint and damage here can prevent a player from being able to walk, let alone run. Each injury is completely different and whilst mild damage to the ligament can take a few days to recover from a tear of the ligament can require surgery to remedy.<br><br>Following any ankle injury strengthening the ligament is paramount to reducing the risk of further injury in the future, since the entire weight of the body passes through the joint when in motion. While rest is very important to your recovery an ankle brace can also be worn to offer additional stability during movement.
	* <~~math~~>~~O(N^2)~~<~~/math~~> ~~time~~<~~ref~~>~~{{citejournal~~
	~~\|last=Bryant~~
	~~\|first=D.~~
	~~\|coauthors=J. Tsang~~, P. E. ~~Kearney~~, and M. ~~Li.~~
	~~\|title=Computing the quartet distance between evolutionary trees~~
	~~\|journal=Proceedings~~ of the ~~Eleventh Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms~~
	~~\|pages=285–286~~
	~~\|publisher=ACM Press~~
	~~\|location=~~[~~[New York City\|N.Y.]]~~
	~~\|date=11 Jan 2000~~
	~~\|url=~~http://~~monod~~.~~uwaterloo.ca~~/~~papers/00Distance~~.~~ps}}~~<~~/ref~~>
	* <~~math~~>~~O(N \log^2 N)~~<~~/math~~> ~~time<ref>{{citebook~~
	~~\|last=Brodal\|first=Gerth Stølting~~
	~~\|coauthor=Rolf Fagerberg~~ and ~~Christian N~~.S. ~~Pedersen~~
	~~\|chapter=Computing the Quartet Distance Between Evolutionary Trees in Time~~ <~~math~~>~~N log^2 N~~<~~/math~~>
	~~\|title=Algorithmica~~
	~~\|year=2001~~
	~~\|pages=731–742~~
	~~\|publisher=Springer-Verlag}}~~</~~ref>~~
	and
	* <~~math~~>~~O(N \log N)~~<~~/math~~> ~~time~~<~~ref~~>~~{{citejournal~~
	~~\|last=Brodal~~
	~~\|first=Gerth Stølting~~
	~~\|coauthors=Rolf Fagerberg~~ and ~~Christian Nørgaard Storm Pedersen~~
	~~\|journal=Algorithmica~~, ~~Special issue on ISAAC 2001~~
	~~\|issue=2~~
	~~\|pages=377–395~~
	~~\|title=Computing~~ the ~~Quartet Distance Between Evolutionary Trees~~ in ~~Time~~ <~~math~~>~~O(n\log n)~~<~~/math~~>
	~~\|volume=38~~
	~~\|year=2003}}~~</~~ref>~~

	~~Christiansen et al~~. ~~found an algorithm that takes~~ <~~math~~>~~O(N^2D^2)~~<~~/math~~> ~~time~~ to ~~compute~~ the ~~quartet distance between two multifurcating trees when~~ <~~math~~>D<~~/math~~> is the ~~maximum degree~~ of the ~~trees~~.<~~ref~~>~~{{citejournal~~
	~~\|last=Christiansen~~
	~~\|first=C~~
	~~\|coauthors=T Mailund~~, ~~CNS Pedersen~~, ~~M Randers~~
	~~\|journal=Proceedings~~ of ~~Workshop on Algorithms in Bioinformatics (WABI)~~
	~~\|volume~~=~~3692~~
	~~\|publisher~~=~~Springer-Verlag~~
	~~\|year~~=~~2005~~
	~~\|title~~=~~Computing~~ the ~~Quartet Distance Between Trees of Arbitrary Degree~~
	~~\|pages=77–88}}~~<~~/ref~~>

	~~==References==~~
	<~~references/~~>

	~~{{DEFAULTSORT:Quartet Distance}}~~
	[~~[Category~~:~~Computational phylogenetics]]~~
	~~[[Category~~:~~Bioinformatics algorithms]~~]