Intermediate Jacobian - Revision history

en>Trappist the monk: /* References */replace mr template with mr parameter in CS1 templates; using AWB

2014-09-24T15:25:37Z

References: replace mr template with mr parameter in CS1 templates; using AWB

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:25, 24 September 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~In [[mathematics]], '''Enriques surfaces''' are [[algebraic surface]]s~~		I would like to introduce myself to you, I am Andrew and my spouse doesn't like it at all. Her family life in Ohio. Office supervising is what she does for a residing. I am really fond of handwriting but I can't make it my occupation truly.<br><br>Here is my web page: real psychic - [http://koreanyelp.com/index.php?document_srl=1798&mid=SchoolNews mouse click the up coming website],
	such that the irregularity ''q'' = 0 and the canonical line bundle ''K'' is non-trivial but has trivial square. Enriques surfaces are all projective (and therefore Kähler over the complex numbers) and are [[elliptic surface]]s of genus 0.
	~~Over fields of characteristic not 2 they are quotients of [[K3 surface]]s by a group of order 2 acting without fixed points and their theory is similar~~ to that of algebraic K3 surfaces. Enriques surfaces were first studied in detail by {{harvs\|txt\|authorlink=Federigo Enriques\|last=Enriques\|year=1896}}, though some of the Reye congruences introduced earlier by {{harvs\|txt\|last=Reye\|authorlink=Theodor Reye\|year=1882}} are also examples of Enriques surfaces.

	~~Enriques surfaces can also be defined over other fields.~~
	~~Over fields of characteristic other than 2, {{harvtxt\|Artin\|1960}} showed that the theory is similar~~ to ~~that over the complex numbers. Over fields of characteristic 2 the definition is modified~~, and ~~there are two new families, called singular and supersingular Enriques surfaces, described by {{harvtxt\|Bombieri\|Mumford\|1976}}.~~

	~~==Invariants==~~
	~~The [[plurigenus\|plurigenera]]~~ ''P''<sub>''n''</sub> are 1 if ''n'' is even and 0 if ''n'' is odd. The fundamental group has order 2. The second cohomology group H<sup>2</sup>(''X'', '''Z''') is isomorphic to the sum of the unique even [[unimodular lattice]] II<sub>1,9</sub> of dimension 10 and signature -8 and a group of order 2.

	~~'''Hodge diamond:'''~~
	~~{\| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"~~
	\|-
	~~! \|\| \|\| 1~~
	\|-
	~~! \|\| 0 \|\| \|\| 0~~
	\|-
	~~! 0 \|\| \|\| 10 \|\| \|\| 0~~
	\|-
	~~! \|\| 0 \|\| \|\| 0~~
	\|-
	~~! \|\| \|\| 1~~
	\|}

	~~Marked Enriques surfaces form a connected 10-dimensional family, which {{harvtxt\|Kondo\|1994}} showed is rational.~~

	~~==Characteristic 2==~~

	~~In characteristic 2 there are some new families of Enriques surfaces,~~
	~~sometimes called '''quasi Enriques surfaces''' or '''non-classical Enriques surfaces''' or '''(super)singular Enriques surfaces'''.~~
	In characteristic 2 the definition of Enriques surfaces is modified: they are defined to be minimal surfaces whose canonical class ''K'' is numerically equivalent to 0 and whose second Betti number is 10. (In characteristics other than 2 this is equivalent to the usual definition.) There are now 3 families of Enriques surfaces:
	*Classical: dim(H<sup>1</sup>(O)) = 0. This implies 2K=0 but K is nonzero, and Pic<sup>τ</sup> is Z/2Z. The surface is a quotient of a reduced singular Gorenstein surface by the group scheme μ<sub>2</sub>.
	*Singular: dim(H<sup>1</sup>(O)) = 1 and is acted on non-trivially by the Frobenius endomorphism. This implies K=0, and Pic<sup>τ</sup> is μ<sub>2</sub>. The surface is a quotient of a K3 surface by the group scheme Z/2Z.
	*Supersingular: dim(H<sup>1</sup>(O)) = 1 and is acted on trivially by the Frobenius endomorphism. ~~This implies K=0, and Pic<sup>τ</sup> is α<sub>2</sub>. The surface is a quotient of a reduced singular Gorenstein surface by the group scheme α<sub>2</sub>.~~

	~~All Enriques surfaces are elliptic or quasi elliptic.~~

	~~==Examples==~~

	*A Reye congruence is the family ~~of lines contained~~ in ~~at least 2 quadrics of a given 3-dimensional linear system of quadrics in '''P'''<sup>3</sup>~~. ~~If the linear system~~ is ~~generic then the Reye congruence is an Enriques surface. These were found by {{harvtxt\|Reye\|1882}}, and may be the earliest examples of Enriques surfaces.~~

	* Take a ~~surface of degree 6 in 3 dimensional projective space with double lines along the edges of a tetrahedron, such as~~
	~~:<math>w^2x^2y^2 + w^2x^2z^2 + w^2y^2z^2 + x^2y^2z^2 + wxyzQ(w,x,y,z) = 0</math>~~
	~~:for some general homogeneous polynomial ''Q'' of degree 2~~. ~~Then its normalization is an Enriques surface. This is the family~~ of ~~examples found by {{harvtxt\|Enriques\|1896}}.~~

	* The quotient of a K3 surface by a fixed point free involution is an Enriques surface, and all Enriques surfaces in characteristic other than 2 can be constructed like this. For example, if ''S'' is the K3 surface ''w''<sup>4</sup> + ''x''<sup>4</sup> + ''y''<sup>4</sup> + ''z''<sup>4</sup> = 0 and ''T'' is the order 4 automorphism taking (''w'',''x'',''y'',''z'') to (''w'',''ix'',–''y'',–''iz'') then ''T'~~'<sup>2</sup> has 2 fixed points~~. ~~Blowing up these two points and taking the quotient by ''T''~~<~~sup~~>2<~~/sup~~> ~~gives a K3 surface with a fixed-point-free involution ''T'', and the quotient of this by ''T''~~ is an Enriques surface. Alternative the Enriques surface can be constructed by taking the quotient of the original surface by the order 4 automorphism ''T'' and resolving the two singular points of the quotient. Another example is given by taking the intersection of 3 quadrics of the form ''P''<sub>''i''</sub>(''u'',''v'',''w'')+''Q''<sub>''i''</sub>(''x'',''y'',''z'')=0 and taking the quotient by the involution taking (''u'':''v'':''w'':''x'':''y'':''z'') to (–''x'':–''y'':–''z'':''u'':~~''v'':''w''). For generic quadrics this involution is a fixed-point-free involution of a K3 surface so the quotient is an Enriques surface.~~

	~~==See also==~~
	*[[list of algebraic surfaces]]
	*[[Enriques-Kodaira classification]]

	~~==References==~~

	*{{citation\|first=Michael\|last=Artin\|title=On Enriques surfaces\|publisher=Harvard\|series = PhD thesis\|year=1960}}
	*''Compact Complex Surfaces'' by Wolf P. Barth, Klaus Hulek, Chris A.M. Peters, Antonius Van de Ven ISBN 3-540-00832-~~2 This is the standard reference book for compact complex surfaces.~~
	*{{Citation \| last1=Bombieri \| first1=Enrico \| author1-link=Enrico Bombieri \| last2=Mumford \| first2=David \| author2-link=David Mumford \| title=Enriques' classification of surfaces in char. p. III. \| doi=10.1007/BF01390138 \| mr=0491720 \| year=1976 \| journal=[[~~Inventiones Mathematicae]] \| issn=0020-9910 \| volume=35 \| issue=1 \| pages=197–232}}~~
	*{{Citation \| last1=Cossec \| first1=François R. \| last2=Dolgachev \| first2=Igor V. \| title=Enriques surfaces. I \| publisher=Birkhäuser Boston \| location=Boston, MA \| series=Progress in Mathematics \| isbn=978-0-8176-3417-9 \| mr=986969 \| year=1989 \| volume=76}}
	*{{Citation\|last=Enriques \| first=Federigo\|title=Introduzione alla geometria sopra le superficie algebriche.\|year=1896\|journal=[[ Mem. Soc. Ital. delle Scienze]]\| volume=10\|pages= 1-81}}
	*{{Citation \| last1=Enriques \| first1=Federigo \| title=Le Superficie Algebriche \| url=http://~~www.math.biu.ac.il/~leyenson/library~~.~~classical-algebraic-geometry~~/~~self-scanned/enriques/enriques~~.~~le-superficie-algebriche.1949.300dpi.djvu \| publisher~~=~~Nicola Zanichelli, Bologna \| mr~~=~~0031770 \| year=1949}}~~
	*{{citation\|last=Kondo\|first= Shigeyuki \|title=The rationality of the ~~moduli space of Enriques surfaces\|journal= Compositio Math.\|volume= 91 \|year=1994\|issue= 2\|pages= 159–173}}~~
	*{{citation\|first=T.\|last=Reye\|title=Die Geometrie der Lage\|year =1882\|place=Leipzig\|url=http://www.archive.org/details/diegeometrieder01reyegoog}}

	~~==External links==~~
	* [http://enriques.mathematik.uni-mainz.de/docs/enriques.shtml Enriques surfaces]

	~~{{DEFAULTSORT:Enriques Surface}}~~
	~~[[Category:Complex surfaces]]~~
	~~[[Category:Birational geometry]]~~
	~~[[Category:Algebraic surfaces]~~]

en>Freebirth Toad: disambiguated 'complex structure' link

2013-09-15T11:41:14Z

disambiguated 'complex structure' link

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:41, 15 September 2013
Line 1:		Line 1:
	Hi there, ~~I am Alyson Pomerleau~~ and ~~I think it seems quite good when you say it~~. ~~Credit authorising~~ is ~~how she tends~~ to ~~make~~ a ~~living~~. ~~One~~ of the ~~issues she loves most~~ is ~~canoeing~~ and ~~she~~'~~s been doing it~~ for ~~quite~~ a ~~while~~. ~~Mississippi~~ is the ~~only location I~~'~~ve been residing in but I will have~~ to ~~transfer in~~ a ~~year or~~ two.<br><br>~~Feel~~ free ~~to visit my web blog;~~ [http://~~modenpeople~~.co.kr/~~modn~~/~~qna~~/~~292291 best psychics~~]		In [[mathematics]], '''Enriques surfaces''' are [[algebraic surface]]s
			such that the irregularity ''q'' = 0 and the canonical line bundle ''K'' is non-trivial but has trivial square. Enriques surfaces are all projective (and therefore Kähler over the complex numbers) and are [[elliptic surface]]s of genus 0.
			Over fields of characteristic not 2 they are quotients of [[K3 surface]]s by a group of order 2 acting without fixed points and their theory is similar to that of algebraic K3 surfaces. Enriques surfaces were first studied in detail by {{harvs\|txt\|authorlink=Federigo Enriques\|last=Enriques\|year=1896}}, though some of the Reye congruences introduced earlier by {{harvs\|txt\|last=Reye\|authorlink=Theodor Reye\|year=1882}} are also examples of Enriques surfaces.

			Enriques surfaces can also be defined over other fields.
			Over fields of characteristic other than 2, {{harvtxt\|Artin\|1960}} showed that the theory is similar to that over the complex numbers. Over fields of characteristic 2 the definition is modified, and there are two new families, called singular and supersingular Enriques surfaces, described by {{harvtxt\|Bombieri\|Mumford\|1976}}.

			==Invariants==
			The [[plurigenus\|plurigenera]] ''P''<sub>''n''</sub> are 1 if ''n'' is even and 0 if ''n'' is odd. The fundamental group has order 2. The second cohomology group H<sup>2</sup>(''X'', '''Z''') is isomorphic to the sum of the unique even [[unimodular lattice]] II<sub>1,9</sub> of dimension 10 and signature -8 and a group of order 2.

			'''Hodge diamond:'''
			{\| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
			\|-
			! \|\| \|\| 1
			\|-
			! \|\| 0 \|\| \|\| 0
			\|-
			! 0 \|\| \|\| 10 \|\| \|\| 0
			\|-
			! \|\| 0 \|\| \|\| 0
			\|-
			! \|\| \|\| 1
			\|}

			Marked Enriques surfaces form a connected 10-dimensional family, which {{harvtxt\|Kondo\|1994}} showed is rational.

			==Characteristic 2==

			In characteristic 2 there are some new families of Enriques surfaces,
			sometimes called '''quasi Enriques surfaces''' or '''non-classical Enriques surfaces''' or '''(super)singular Enriques surfaces'''.
			In characteristic 2 the definition of Enriques surfaces is modified: they are defined to be minimal surfaces whose canonical class ''K'' is numerically equivalent to 0 and whose second Betti number is 10. (In characteristics other than 2 this is equivalent to the usual definition.) There are now 3 families of Enriques surfaces:
			*Classical: dim(H<sup>1</sup>(O)) = 0. This implies 2K=0 but K is nonzero, and Pic<sup>τ</sup> is Z/2Z. The surface is a quotient of a reduced singular Gorenstein surface by the group scheme μ<sub>2</sub>.
			*Singular: dim(H<sup>1</sup>(O)) = 1 and is acted on non-trivially by the Frobenius endomorphism. This implies K=0, and Pic<sup>τ</sup> is μ<sub>2</sub>. The surface is a quotient of a K3 surface by the group scheme Z/2Z.
			*Supersingular: dim(H<sup>1</sup>(O)) = 1 and is acted on trivially by the Frobenius endomorphism. This implies K=0, and Pic<sup>τ</sup> is α<sub>2</sub>. The surface is a quotient of a reduced singular Gorenstein surface by the group scheme α<sub>2</sub>.

			All Enriques surfaces are elliptic or quasi elliptic.

			==Examples==

			*A Reye congruence is the family of lines contained in at least 2 quadrics of a given 3-dimensional linear system of quadrics in '''P'''<sup>3</sup>. If the linear system is generic then the Reye congruence is an Enriques surface. These were found by {{harvtxt\|Reye\|1882}}, and may be the earliest examples of Enriques surfaces.

			* Take a surface of degree 6 in 3 dimensional projective space with double lines along the edges of a tetrahedron, such as
			:<math>w^2x^2y^2 + w^2x^2z^2 + w^2y^2z^2 + x^2y^2z^2 + wxyzQ(w,x,y,z) = 0</math>
			:for some general homogeneous polynomial ''Q'' of degree 2. Then its normalization is an Enriques surface. This is the family of examples found by {{harvtxt\|Enriques\|1896}}.

			* The quotient of a K3 surface by a fixed point free involution is an Enriques surface, and all Enriques surfaces in characteristic other than 2 can be constructed like this. For example, if ''S'' is the K3 surface ''w''<sup>4</sup> + ''x''<sup>4</sup> + ''y''<sup>4</sup> + ''z''<sup>4</sup> = 0 and ''T'' is the order 4 automorphism taking (''w'',''x'',''y'',''z'') to (''w'',''ix'',–''y'',–''iz'') then ''T''<sup>2</sup> has 2 fixed points. Blowing up these two points and taking the quotient by ''T''<sup>2</sup> gives a K3 surface with a fixed-point-free involution ''T'', and the quotient of this by ''T'' is an Enriques surface. Alternative the Enriques surface can be constructed by taking the quotient of the original surface by the order 4 automorphism ''T'' and resolving the two singular points of the quotient. Another example is given by taking the intersection of 3 quadrics of the form ''P''<sub>''i''</sub>(''u'',''v'',''w'')+''Q''<sub>''i''</sub>(''x'',''y'',''z'')=0 and taking the quotient by the involution taking (''u'':''v'':''w'':''x'':''y'':''z'') to (–''x'':–''y'':–''z'':''u'':''v'':''w''). For generic quadrics this involution is a fixed-point-free involution of a K3 surface so the quotient is an Enriques surface.

			==See also==
			*[[list of algebraic surfaces]]
			*[[Enriques-Kodaira classification]]

			==References==

			*{{citation\|first=Michael\|last=Artin\|title=On Enriques surfaces\|publisher=Harvard\|series = PhD thesis\|year=1960}}
			*''Compact Complex Surfaces'' by Wolf P. Barth, Klaus Hulek, Chris A.M. Peters, Antonius Van de Ven ISBN 3-540-00832-2 This is the standard reference book for compact complex surfaces.
			*{{Citation \| last1=Bombieri \| first1=Enrico \| author1-link=Enrico Bombieri \| last2=Mumford \| first2=David \| author2-link=David Mumford \| title=Enriques' classification of surfaces in char. p. III. \| doi=10.1007/BF01390138 \| mr=0491720 \| year=1976 \| journal=[[Inventiones Mathematicae]] \| issn=0020-9910 \| volume=35 \| issue=1 \| pages=197–232}}
			*{{Citation \| last1=Cossec \| first1=François R. \| last2=Dolgachev \| first2=Igor V. \| title=Enriques surfaces. I \| publisher=Birkhäuser Boston \| location=Boston, MA \| series=Progress in Mathematics \| isbn=978-0-8176-3417-9 \| mr=986969 \| year=1989 \| volume=76}}
			*{{Citation\|last=Enriques \| first=Federigo\|title=Introduzione alla geometria sopra le superficie algebriche.\|year=1896\|journal=[[ Mem. Soc. Ital. delle Scienze]]\| volume=10\|pages= 1-81}}
			*{{Citation \| last1=Enriques \| first1=Federigo \| title=Le Superficie Algebriche \| url=http://www.math.biu.ac.il/~leyenson/library.classical-algebraic-geometry/self-scanned/enriques/enriques.le-superficie-algebriche.1949.300dpi.djvu \| publisher=Nicola Zanichelli, Bologna \| mr=0031770 \| year=1949}}
			*{{citation\|last=Kondo\|first= Shigeyuki \|title=The rationality of the moduli space of Enriques surfaces\|journal= Compositio Math.\|volume= 91 \|year=1994\|issue= 2\|pages= 159–173}}
			*{{citation\|first=T.\|last=Reye\|title=Die Geometrie der Lage\|year =1882\|place=Leipzig\|url=http://www.archive.org/details/diegeometrieder01reyegoog}}

			==External links==
			* [http://enriques.mathematik.uni-mainz.de/docs/enriques.shtml Enriques surfaces]

			{{DEFAULTSORT:Enriques Surface}}
			[[Category:Complex surfaces]]
			[[Category:Birational geometry]]
			[[Category:Algebraic surfaces]]

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2011-10-12T08:37:40Z

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Hi there, I am Alyson Pomerleau and I think it seems quite good when you say it. Credit authorising is how she tends to make a living. One of the issues she loves most is canoeing and she's been doing it for quite a while. Mississippi is the only location I've been residing in but I will have to transfer in a year or two.<br><br>Feel free to visit my web blog; [http://modenpeople.co.kr/modn/qna/292291 best psychics]