Invariant differential operator - Revision history

en>LokiClock: /* Conformal invariance */ link nil cone -> null cone ~ light cone

2014-08-21T06:11:53Z

Conformal invariance: link nil cone -> null cone ~ light cone

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:11, 21 August 2014
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	[~~[Image~~:~~Binaryerasurechannel~~.png\|thumb\|right\|The channel model for the binary erasure channel showing a mapping from channel input X to channel output Y (with known erasure symbol ''?''). The probability of erasure is <math>p_e</~~math>]]~~		Let me [http://Intheknowpeel.ca/stiaids/list.htm initial start] by introducing myself. My name is Boyd Butts although it is not [http://chatmast.com/index.php?do=/BookerSipessk/info/ over the counter std test] name on my birth certificate. Doing ceramics is what my family members and I appreciate. California is where her home std test home is but she requirements to transfer because of her family members. Hiring is [http://nemoonehfilm.ir/index.php?do=/profile-6876/info/ at home std testing] her day occupation now but she's always wanted her own business.<br><br>Feel free to visit my homepage ... [http://reinodoprazer.com.br/index.php?do=/blog/326/tips-about-how-to-overcome-candidiasis-easily/ http://reinodoprazer.com.br]

	~~A '''binary erasure channel''' (or BEC) is a common [[communications channel]] model used in [[coding theory]] and [[information theory]]~~. ~~In this model, a transmitter sends a [[bit~~]~~] (a zero or a one), and the receiver either receives the bit or it receives a message that the bit was not received ("erased")~~. ~~This channel~~ is ~~used frequently in information theory because~~ it is ~~one of the simplest channels to analyze. The BEC was introduced by~~ [~~[Peter Elias]] of MIT in 1954 as a toy example~~.

	~~Closely related to the binary erasure channel is the [[packet erasure channel]] which shares many similar theoretical results with the binary erasure channel~~.

	=~~= Description ==~~
	~~The BEC is a ''[[binary numeral system\|binary~~]] channel''; that is, it can transmit only one of two symbols (usually called 0 and 1). (A non-binary channel would be capable of transmitting more than two symbols, possibly even an infinite number of choices.~~) The channel~~ is ~~not perfect~~ and ~~sometimes the bit gets "erased"; that is, the bit gets scrambled so the receiver has no idea what the bit was~~.

	~~The BEC~~ is~~, in a sense, error-free. Unlike the [[binary symmetric channel]], when the receiver gets a bit, it~~ is ~~100% certain that the bit is correct. The only confusion arises when the bit is erased.~~

	~~This channel is often used by theorists~~ because ~~it is one of the simplest [[Signal noise\|noisy]] channels to analyze. Many problems in [[communication theory]] can be [[Reduction (complexity)\|reduced]] to a BEC.~~

	~~== Definition ==~~
	~~A '''binary erasure channel with erasure probability ''p''''' is a channel with binary input, ternary output, and probability~~ of ~~erasure ''p''~~. ~~That~~ is~~, let ''X'' be the transmitted~~ [~~[random variable]] with alphabet {0, 1}~~. ~~Let ''Y'' be the received variable with alphabet {0, 1, ''e''}, where ''e'' is the erasure symbol~~. ~~Then, the channel is characterized by the [[conditional probability\|conditional probabilities]]~~
	~~: Pr( ''Y''~~ = ~~0 \| ''X'' = 0) = 1~~-~~''p''~~
	~~: Pr( ''Y'' = ''e'' \| ''X'' = 0) = ''p''~~
	~~: Pr( ''Y'' = 1 \| ''X'' = 0) = 0~~
	~~: Pr( ''Y'' = 0 \| ''X'' = 1) = 0~~
	~~: Pr( ''Y'' = ''e'' \| ''X'' = 1) = ''p''~~
	~~: Pr( ''Y'' = 1 \| ''X'' = 1) = 1-''p''.~~

	~~=== Capacity of the BEC ===~~
	~~The [[Channel capacity\|capacity~~]~~] of a BEC is 1 - ''p''.~~

	Intuitively 1 - ''p'' can be seen to be an upper bound on the channel capacity. Suppose there is an omniscient "genie" that tells the source whenever a transmitted bit gets erased. There is nothing the source can do to avoid erasure, but ~~it can fix them when they happen. For example, the source could repeatedly transmit a bit until it gets through. There is no need for~~ ''X'' to code, as ''Y'' will simply ignore erasures, knowing that the next successfully received bit is the one that ''X'' intended to send. Therefore, having a genie allows us to achieve a rate of 1 - ''p'' on average. This additional information is not available normally and hence 1 - ''p'' is an upper bound.

	~~== Deletion channel ==~~

	~~The binary erasure channel should not be confused with a [[deletion channel]] where bits from the transmitter are either transmitted to the receiver (with probability~~ <~~math~~>p<~~/math~~>~~) or dropped ''without notifying the receiver'' (with probability <math>1-p</math>). Determining the entropy of the deletion channel is an open problem.~~

	~~== See also ==~~
	* [[Erasure code]]

	~~== References ==~~
	* David J. C. ~~MacKay~~. ''[http://~~www~~.~~inference~~.~~phy~~.~~cam.ac.uk~~/~~mackay~~/~~itila~~/~~book.html Information Theory, Inference, and Learning Algorithms]'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. ISBN 0~~-~~521~~-~~64298~~-1
	* Thomas M. Cover, Joy A. Thomas. ''Elements of information theory'', 1st Edition. New York: Wiley-~~Interscience, 1991. ISBN 0~~-~~471~~-~~06259-6~~.

	~~[[Category:Coding theory]~~]

en>Yobot: WP:CHECKWIKI error #2 fix + general fixes using AWB (9276)

2013-06-21T13:06:47Z

WP:CHECKWIKI error #2 fix + general fixes using AWB (9276)

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:06, 21 June 2013
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	~~Andrew Simcox~~ is the ~~title his mothers~~ and ~~fathers gave him~~ and ~~he totally enjoys this name~~. ~~Her family lives~~ in ~~Ohio~~. ~~To play lacross~~ is ~~something he would~~ by no ~~means give up~~. ~~Distributing manufacturing~~ is where ~~her primary earnings comes~~ from.<br><br>~~Feel free to surf to my homepage: best psychic~~ - [http://www.~~indosfriends~~.~~com~~/~~profile-253~~/~~info~~/ ~~visit this website~~],		[[Image:Binaryerasurechannel.png\|thumb\|right\|The channel model for the binary erasure channel showing a mapping from channel input X to channel output Y (with known erasure symbol ''?''). The probability of erasure is <math>p_e</math>]]

			A '''binary erasure channel''' (or BEC) is a common [[communications channel]] model used in [[coding theory]] and [[information theory]]. In this model, a transmitter sends a [[bit]] (a zero or a one), and the receiver either receives the bit or it receives a message that the bit was not received ("erased"). This channel is used frequently in information theory because it is one of the simplest channels to analyze. The BEC was introduced by [[Peter Elias]] of MIT in 1954 as a toy example.

			Closely related to the binary erasure channel is the [[packet erasure channel]] which shares many similar theoretical results with the binary erasure channel.

			== Description ==
			The BEC is a ''[[binary numeral system\|binary]] channel''; that is, it can transmit only one of two symbols (usually called 0 and 1). (A non-binary channel would be capable of transmitting more than two symbols, possibly even an infinite number of choices.) The channel is not perfect and sometimes the bit gets "erased"; that is, the bit gets scrambled so the receiver has no idea what the bit was.

			The BEC is, in a sense, error-free. Unlike the [[binary symmetric channel]], when the receiver gets a bit, it is 100% certain that the bit is correct. The only confusion arises when the bit is erased.

			This channel is often used by theorists because it is one of the simplest [[Signal noise\|noisy]] channels to analyze. Many problems in [[communication theory]] can be [[Reduction (complexity)\|reduced]] to a BEC.

			== Definition ==
			A '''binary erasure channel with erasure probability ''p''''' is a channel with binary input, ternary output, and probability of erasure ''p''. That is, let ''X'' be the transmitted [[random variable]] with alphabet {0, 1}. Let ''Y'' be the received variable with alphabet {0, 1, ''e''}, where ''e'' is the erasure symbol. Then, the channel is characterized by the [[conditional probability\|conditional probabilities]]
			: Pr( ''Y'' = 0 \| ''X'' = 0) = 1-''p''
			: Pr( ''Y'' = ''e'' \| ''X'' = 0) = ''p''
			: Pr( ''Y'' = 1 \| ''X'' = 0) = 0
			: Pr( ''Y'' = 0 \| ''X'' = 1) = 0
			: Pr( ''Y'' = ''e'' \| ''X'' = 1) = ''p''
			: Pr( ''Y'' = 1 \| ''X'' = 1) = 1-''p''.

			=== Capacity of the BEC ===
			The [[Channel capacity\|capacity]] of a BEC is 1 - ''p''.

			Intuitively 1 - ''p'' can be seen to be an upper bound on the channel capacity. Suppose there is an omniscient "genie" that tells the source whenever a transmitted bit gets erased. There is nothing the source can do to avoid erasure, but it can fix them when they happen. For example, the source could repeatedly transmit a bit until it gets through. There is no need for ''X'' to code, as ''Y'' will simply ignore erasures, knowing that the next successfully received bit is the one that ''X'' intended to send. Therefore, having a genie allows us to achieve a rate of 1 - ''p'' on average. This additional information is not available normally and hence 1 - ''p'' is an upper bound.

			== Deletion channel ==

			The binary erasure channel should not be confused with a [[deletion channel]] where bits from the transmitter are either transmitted to the receiver (with probability <math>p</math>) or dropped ''without notifying the receiver'' (with probability <math>1-p</math>). Determining the entropy of the deletion channel is an open problem.

			== See also ==
			* [[Erasure code]]

			== References ==
			* David J. C. MacKay. ''[http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/mackay/itila/book.html Information Theory, Inference, and Learning Algorithms]'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-521-64298-1
			* Thomas M. Cover, Joy A. Thomas. ''Elements of information theory'', 1st Edition. New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1991. ISBN 0-471-06259-6.

			[[Category:Coding theory]]

en>ChrisGualtieri: /* Invariance on homogeneous spaces */Typo fixing, typos fixed: i.e → i.e. using AWB

2012-07-20T04:52:10Z

Invariance on homogeneous spaces: Typo fixing, typos fixed: i.e → i.e. using AWB

New page

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