Landau quantization - Revision history

83.227.22.234: correct capitalization

2015-01-02T18:21:48Z

correct capitalization

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:21, 2 January 2015
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~Alyson~~ is the name ~~people use to contact me and I think it seems quite great when you say it~~. ~~My working day job~~ is ~~an invoicing officer but I~~'~~ve already applied~~ for ~~another one~~. Doing ~~ballet~~ is ~~some thing she would never give up. My wife~~ and I ~~live in Kentucky~~.<br><br>my ~~blog ...~~ [http://~~appin.co~~.kr/~~board_Zqtv22~~/~~688025 real psychic~~]		Hello. Let me introduce the writer. Her title is Emilia Shroyer but it's not the most female name out there. Puerto Rico is where he's been living for many years and he will never transfer. Doing ceramics is what my family members and I appreciate. He used to be unemployed but now he is a computer operator but his promotion by no means arrives.<br><br>Feel free to surf to my website: [http://Xrambo.com/user/RKDBG Xrambo.com]

en>Josve05a: Reverted edits by 141.70.16.73 (talk) (HG 3)

2014-02-15T18:24:09Z

Reverted edits by 141.70.16.73 (talk) (HG 3)

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:24, 15 February 2014
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	~~{{Probability distribution~~		Alyson is the name people use to contact me and I think it seems quite great when you say it. My working day job is an invoicing officer but I've already applied for another one. Doing ballet is some thing she would never give up. My wife and I live in Kentucky.<br><br>my blog ... [http://appin.co.kr/board_Zqtv22/688025 real psychic]
	\| name =
	~~\| type = density~~
	~~\| pdf_image = [[Image:Folded normal pdf.svg\|350px\|Probability density function for the folded-normal distribution]]<br><math>\mu=1,\sigma=1</math>~~
	~~\| cdf_image = [[Image:Folded normal cdf.svg\|350px\|Cumulative distribution function for the normal distribution]]<br><math>\mu=1,\sigma=1</math>~~
	~~\| notation =~~
	~~\| parameters = {{nowrap\|''μ'' ∈ '''R'''}} — ([[location parameter\|location]])<br />{{nowrap\|''σ''<sup>2</sup> > 0}} — ([[scale parameter\|scale]])~~
	~~\| support = {{nowrap\|''x'' ∈ [0,<math>\infty</math>)}}~~
	~~\| pdf = (see article)~~
	~~\| cdf = (see article)~~
	~~\| mean = (see article)~~
	~~\| median =~~
	~~\| mode =~~
	~~\| variance = (see article)~~
	~~\| skewness =~~
	~~\| kurtosis = <!-- DO NOT REPLACE THIS WITH THE OLD-STYLE KURTOSIS -->~~
	~~\| entropy =~~
	~~\| mgf =~~
	~~\| char =~~
	~~\| fisher =~~
	}}

	~~The '''folded normal distribution''' is a [[probability distribution]] related~~ to ~~the [[normal distribution]]. Given a normally distributed random variable X with [[mean]] μ~~ and ~~[[variance]] σ<sup>2</sup>, the [[random variable]] ''Y'' = \|''X''\| has a folded normal distribution~~. ~~Such a case may be encountered if only the magnitude of some variable~~ is ~~recorded,~~ but ~~not its sign. The distribution is called Folded because probability mass to the left of the~~ '~~'x'' = 0 is "folded" over by taking the [[absolute value]]~~.

	~~The [[probability density function]] (PDF)~~ is ~~given by~~

	~~:<math>f(x;\mu,\sigma)=~~
	~~\frac{1}{\sigma\sqrt{2\pi}} \, \exp \left( -\frac{(-x-\mu)^2}{2\sigma^2} \right)~~
	~~+ \frac{1}{\sigma\sqrt{2\pi}} \, \exp \left( -\frac{(x-\mu)^2}{2\sigma^2} \right)\qquad(x \ge 0\,)</math>~~

	~~The [[cumulative distribution function]] (CDF) is given by~~

	~~: <math>F_Y(y; \mu, \sigma) = \int_0^y \frac{1}{\sigma\sqrt{2\pi}} \, \exp \left( -\frac{(-x-\mu)^2}{2\sigma^2} \right)\, dx~~
	~~+ \int_0^{y} \frac{1}{\sigma\sqrt{2\pi}} \, \exp \left( -\frac{(x-\mu)^2}{2\sigma^2} \right)\, dx.</math>~~

	~~Using the change-of-variables z = (''x'' − μ)/σ, the CDF can be written as~~

	~~: <math>F_Y(y; \mu, \sigma) = \int_{-\mu/\sigma}^{(y-\mu)/\sigma} \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}} \, \exp \left(-\frac{1}{2}\left(z + \frac{2\mu}{\sigma}\right)^2\right) dz~~
	~~+ \int_{-\mu/\sigma}^{(y-\mu)/\sigma} \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}} \, \exp \left( -\frac{z^2}{2} \right) dz~~.
	~~</math>~~

	~~Alternatively, using the change of variables <math>z = -(x+\mu)/\sqrt{2}\sigma</math> in the first integral~~ and ~~<math>z = (x-\mu)/\sqrt{2}\sigma</math> in the second integral, one can show that~~

	~~: <math>F_Y(y; \mu, \sigma) = \frac{1}{2}\left[ \mbox{erf}\left(\frac{y+\mu}{\sqrt{2}\sigma}\right) + \mbox{erf}\left(\frac{y-\mu}{\sqrt{2}\sigma}\right)\right],~~
	~~</math>~~
	~~where erf(x) is the [[error function]], which is a standard function~~ in ~~many mathematical software packages~~. ~~This expression reduces to the CDF of the half-normal distribution when μ = 0.~~

	~~The expectation is then given by~~

	: <~~math~~>~~E(y) = \sigma \sqrt{2/\pi} \exp(-\mu^2/2\sigma^2) + \mu\left[1-2\Phi(-\mu/\sigma)\right],~~<~~/math~~>

	~~where Φ(•) denotes the cumulative distribution function of a standard normal distribution~~.

	~~The variance is given by~~

	~~: <math>\operatorname{Var}(y) = \mu^2 + \sigma^2 - \left\{ \sigma \sqrt{2/\pi} \exp(-\mu^2/2\sigma^2) + \mu\left[1-2\Phi(-\mu/\sigma)\right] \right\}^2~~. ~~</math>~~

	~~Both the mean, μ, and the variance, σ<sup>2</sup>, of ''X'' can be seen as the location and scale parameters of the new distribution~~.

	~~== Related distributions ==~~
	* When μ = 0, the distribution of ''Y'' is a [~~[half-normal distribution]].~~
	* <math>(Y/~~\sigma)^2<~~/~~math> has a [[noncentral chi-squared distribution]] with 1 degree of freedom and noncentrality equal to <math> (\mu/\sigma )^2</math>.~~

	~~== See also ==~~
	* [[Folded cumulative distribution]]

	~~== References==~~

	* {{cite journal \| author=Leone FC, Nottingham RB, Nelson LS \| year = 1961
	~~\| title = The Folded Normal Distribution~~
	~~\| journal = Technometrics \| volume = 3 \| issue = 4 \| pages = 543–550~~
	~~\| doi = 10.2307/1266560 \| jstor=1266560 \| publisher=Technometrics, Vol. 3, No. 4~~
	}}
	* {{cite journal \| author=Johnson NL \| year = 1962
	~~\| title = The folded normal distribution: accuracy of the estimation by maximum likelihood~~
	~~\| journal = Technometrics \| volume = 4 \| issue = 2 \| pages = 249–256~~
	~~\| doi = 10.2307/1266622 \| jstor=1266622 \| publisher=Technometrics, Vol. 4, No~~. 2
	}}
	* {{cite journal \| author=Nelson LS \| year = 1980
	~~\| title = The Folded Normal Distribution~~
	~~\| journal = J Qual Technol \| volume = 12 \| issue = 4 \| pages = 236–238~~
	~~\| doi =~~
	}}
	* {{cite journal \| author=Elandt RC \| year = 1961
	~~\| title = The folded normal distribution: two methods of estimating parameters from moments~~
	~~\| journal = Technometrics \| volume = 3 \| issue = 4 \| pages = 551–562~~
	~~\| doi = 10~~.~~2307~~/~~1266561 \| jstor=1266561 \| publisher=Technometrics, Vol. 3, No. 4~~
	}}
	* {{cite journal \| author=Lin PC \| year = 2005
	~~\| title = Application of the generalized folded-normal distribution to the process capability measures~~
	~~\| journal = Int J Adv Manuf Technol \| volume = 26 \| pages = 825–830~~
	~~\| doi = 10.1007~~/~~s00170-003-2043-x \| issue=7–8~~
	}}

	~~{{ProbDistributions\|continuous-semi-infinite}}~~

	~~[[Category:Probability distributions]]~~
	~~[[Category:Continuous distributions]]~~
	~~[[Category:Normal distribution]~~]

31.33.159.210: /* Derivation */

2014-01-03T16:52:03Z

Derivation

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:52, 3 January 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	The ~~title~~ of ~~the author~~ is ~~Figures~~ but it'~~s not~~ the ~~most masucline name out there~~. ~~California~~ is ~~our beginning place~~. ~~To gather coins~~ is ~~one~~ of the ~~things I love most~~. ~~For years I~~'~~ve been working~~ as a ~~payroll clerk~~.<br><br>~~my web site ::~~ [~~http~~://~~www~~.~~streaming~~.~~iwarrior~~.~~net~~/~~blog/396549 at home std test~~]		{{Probability distribution
			\| name =
			\| type = density
			\| pdf_image = [[Image:Folded normal pdf.svg\|350px\|Probability density function for the folded-normal distribution]]<br><math>\mu=1,\sigma=1</math>
			\| cdf_image = [[Image:Folded normal cdf.svg\|350px\|Cumulative distribution function for the normal distribution]]<br><math>\mu=1,\sigma=1</math>
			\| notation =
			\| parameters = {{nowrap\|''μ'' ∈ '''R'''}} — ([[location parameter\|location]])<br />{{nowrap\|''σ''<sup>2</sup> > 0}} — ([[scale parameter\|scale]])
			\| support = {{nowrap\|''x'' ∈ [0,<math>\infty</math>)}}
			\| pdf = (see article)
			\| cdf = (see article)
			\| mean = (see article)
			\| median =
			\| mode =
			\| variance = (see article)
			\| skewness =
			\| kurtosis = <!-- DO NOT REPLACE THIS WITH THE OLD-STYLE KURTOSIS -->
			\| entropy =
			\| mgf =
			\| char =
			\| fisher =
			}}

			The '''folded normal distribution''' is a [[probability distribution]] related to the [[normal distribution]]. Given a normally distributed random variable X with [[mean]] μ and [[variance]] σ<sup>2</sup>, the [[random variable]] ''Y'' = \|''X''\| has a folded normal distribution. Such a case may be encountered if only the magnitude of some variable is recorded, but not its sign. The distribution is called Folded because probability mass to the left of the ''x'' = 0 is "folded" over by taking the [[absolute value]].

			The [[probability density function]] (PDF) is given by

			:<math>f(x;\mu,\sigma)=
			\frac{1}{\sigma\sqrt{2\pi}} \, \exp \left( -\frac{(-x-\mu)^2}{2\sigma^2} \right)
			+ \frac{1}{\sigma\sqrt{2\pi}} \, \exp \left( -\frac{(x-\mu)^2}{2\sigma^2} \right)\qquad(x \ge 0\,)</math>

			The [[cumulative distribution function]] (CDF) is given by

			: <math>F_Y(y; \mu, \sigma) = \int_0^y \frac{1}{\sigma\sqrt{2\pi}} \, \exp \left( -\frac{(-x-\mu)^2}{2\sigma^2} \right)\, dx
			+ \int_0^{y} \frac{1}{\sigma\sqrt{2\pi}} \, \exp \left( -\frac{(x-\mu)^2}{2\sigma^2} \right)\, dx.</math>

			Using the change-of-variables z = (''x'' − μ)/σ, the CDF can be written as

			: <math>F_Y(y; \mu, \sigma) = \int_{-\mu/\sigma}^{(y-\mu)/\sigma} \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}} \, \exp \left(-\frac{1}{2}\left(z + \frac{2\mu}{\sigma}\right)^2\right) dz
			+ \int_{-\mu/\sigma}^{(y-\mu)/\sigma} \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}} \, \exp \left( -\frac{z^2}{2} \right) dz.
			</math>

			Alternatively, using the change of variables <math>z = -(x+\mu)/\sqrt{2}\sigma</math> in the first integral and <math>z = (x-\mu)/\sqrt{2}\sigma</math> in the second integral, one can show that

			: <math>F_Y(y; \mu, \sigma) = \frac{1}{2}\left[ \mbox{erf}\left(\frac{y+\mu}{\sqrt{2}\sigma}\right) + \mbox{erf}\left(\frac{y-\mu}{\sqrt{2}\sigma}\right)\right],
			</math>
			where erf(x) is the [[error function]], which is a standard function in many mathematical software packages. This expression reduces to the CDF of the half-normal distribution when μ = 0.

			The expectation is then given by

			: <math>E(y) = \sigma \sqrt{2/\pi} \exp(-\mu^2/2\sigma^2) + \mu\left[1-2\Phi(-\mu/\sigma)\right],</math>

			where Φ(•) denotes the cumulative distribution function of a standard normal distribution.

			The variance is given by

			: <math>\operatorname{Var}(y) = \mu^2 + \sigma^2 - \left\{ \sigma \sqrt{2/\pi} \exp(-\mu^2/2\sigma^2) + \mu\left[1-2\Phi(-\mu/\sigma)\right] \right\}^2. </math>

			Both the mean, μ, and the variance, σ<sup>2</sup>, of ''X'' can be seen as the location and scale parameters of the new distribution.

			== Related distributions ==
			* When μ = 0, the distribution of ''Y'' is a [[half-normal distribution]].
			* <math>(Y/\sigma)^2</math> has a [[noncentral chi-squared distribution]] with 1 degree of freedom and noncentrality equal to <math> (\mu/\sigma )^2</math>.

			== See also ==
			* [[Folded cumulative distribution]]

			== References==

			* {{cite journal \| author=Leone FC, Nottingham RB, Nelson LS \| year = 1961
			\| title = The Folded Normal Distribution
			\| journal = Technometrics \| volume = 3 \| issue = 4 \| pages = 543–550
			\| doi = 10.2307/1266560 \| jstor=1266560 \| publisher=Technometrics, Vol. 3, No. 4
			}}
			* {{cite journal \| author=Johnson NL \| year = 1962
			\| title = The folded normal distribution: accuracy of the estimation by maximum likelihood
			\| journal = Technometrics \| volume = 4 \| issue = 2 \| pages = 249–256
			\| doi = 10.2307/1266622 \| jstor=1266622 \| publisher=Technometrics, Vol. 4, No. 2
			}}
			* {{cite journal \| author=Nelson LS \| year = 1980
			\| title = The Folded Normal Distribution
			\| journal = J Qual Technol \| volume = 12 \| issue = 4 \| pages = 236–238
			\| doi =
			}}
			* {{cite journal \| author=Elandt RC \| year = 1961
			\| title = The folded normal distribution: two methods of estimating parameters from moments
			\| journal = Technometrics \| volume = 3 \| issue = 4 \| pages = 551–562
			\| doi = 10.2307/1266561 \| jstor=1266561 \| publisher=Technometrics, Vol. 3, No. 4
			}}
			* {{cite journal \| author=Lin PC \| year = 2005
			\| title = Application of the generalized folded-normal distribution to the process capability measures
			\| journal = Int J Adv Manuf Technol \| volume = 26 \| pages = 825–830
			\| doi = 10.1007/s00170-003-2043-x \| issue=7–8
			}}

			{{ProbDistributions\|continuous-semi-infinite}}

			[[Category:Probability distributions]]
			[[Category:Continuous distributions]]
			[[Category:Normal distribution]]

en>PieniValkoinenHattu: /* Landau levels */

2012-05-14T06:17:45Z

Landau levels

New page

The title of the author is Figures but it's not the most masucline name out there. California is our beginning place. To gather coins is one of the things I love most. For years I've been working as a payroll clerk.<br><br>my web site :: [http://www.streaming.iwarrior.net/blog/396549 at home std test]