Margules activity model - Revision history

87.196.170.183 at 07:50, 10 April 2014

2014-04-10T07:50:28Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:50, 10 April 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~I'm Faye~~ and ~~I live~~ in a ~~seaside city in northern United States~~, ~~New York. I'm 38~~ and ~~I'm will soon finish my study at Graduate School~~.<br><br>~~Also visit my web blog ..~~. [http://www.wallpaperhdquality.com/profile/toliddell Biking for modern life mountain bike sizing.]

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en>Ishida639 at 10:15, 9 February 2014

2014-02-09T10:15:08Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:15, 9 February 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	[[Image:l shell global dipole.png\|thumb\|Plot showing field lines (which, in three dimensions would describe "shells") for [[L-shell\|L-values]] 1.5, 2, 3, 4 and 5 using a dipole model of the Earth's magnetic field]]		I'm Faye and I live in a seaside city in northern United States, New York. I'm 38 and I'm will soon finish my study at Graduate School.<br><br>Also visit my web blog ... [http://www.wallpaperhdquality.com/profile/toliddell Biking for modern life mountain bike sizing.]

	~~The~~ '~~''dipole model of the Earth's magnetic field''' is a first order approximation of the rather complex true [[Earth's magnetic field]]. Due to effects of the [[interplanetary magnetic field]],~~ and ~~the [[solar wind]], the dipole model is particularly inaccurate at high [[L-shell]]s (e.g., above L=3), but may be~~ a good approximation for lower L-shells. For more precise work, or for any work at higher L-shells, a more accurate model that incorporates solar effects, such as the [[Tsyganenko magnetic field model]], ~~is recommended.~~

	~~==Equations==~~
	The following equations describe the dipole magnetic field.<ref name="walt">{{cite book \|last= Walt \|first= Martin \|title= [[Introduction to Geomagnetically Trapped Radiation]] \|pages = 29–33 \|publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] \|location = New York~~, NY \|year= 1994 \|isbn= 0-521-61611-5}}</ref>~~

	~~First, define <math>B_0</math> as the mean value of the magnetic field at the magnetic equator on the Earth~~'~~s surface. Typically <math>B_0=3.12\times10^{-5}\ \textrm{T}</math>.~~

	~~Then, the radial~~ and ~~azimuthal fields can be described as~~

	~~<math>B_r = -2B_0\left(\frac{R_E}{r}\right)^3\cos\theta</math>~~

	~~<math>B_\theta = -B_0\left(\frac{R_E}{r}\right)^3\sin\theta</math>~~

	~~<math>\|B\| = B_0\left(\frac{R_E}{r}\right)^3 \sqrt{1 + 3\cos^2\theta}</math>~~

	where <math>R_E</math> is the mean [[Earth radius\|radius of the Earth]] (approximately 6370 km), <math>r</math> is the radial distance from the center of the Earth (using the same units as used for <math>R_E</math>), and <math>\theta</math> is the azimuth measured from the north magnetic pole.

	~~It is sometimes more convenient to express the magnetic field in terms of magnetic latitude and distance in earth radii~~. ~~The magnetic latitude~~ <~~math~~>~~\lambda~~<~~/math> is measured northwards from the equator (analogous to [[latitude\|geographic latitude]]) and is related to <math>\theta</math> by <math>\lambda = \pi/2 - \theta</math~~>. ~~In this case, the radial and azimuthal components of the magnetic field (the latter still in the <math>\theta</math> direction, measured from the axis of the north pole) are given by~~

	~~<math>B_r = -\frac{2B_0}{R^3}\sin\lambda</math>~~

	~~<math>B_\theta = \frac{B_0}{R^3}\cos\lambda</math>~~

	~~<math>\|B\| = \frac{B_0}{R^3} \sqrt{1 + 3\sin^2\lambda}</math>~~

	~~where <math>R</math> in this case has units of Earth radii (<math>R = r/R_E</math>)~~.

	~~==Invariant latitude==~~
	~~Invariant latitude is a parameter that describes where a particular magnetic field line touches the surface of the Earth~~. It is given by<ref name="Kivelson-Russell">{{cite book \|last1= Kivelson \|first1= Margaret \|last2= Russell \|first2= Christopher \|title= [[Introduction to Space Physics]] \|pages = 166–167 \|publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] \|location = New York, NY \|year= 1995 \|isbn= 0-521-45714-9}}</ref>

	~~<math>\Lambda = \arccos\left(\sqrt{1/L}\right)</math>~~

	or

	~~<math>L = 1/\cos^2\left(\Lambda\right)</math>~~

	~~where <math>\Lambda</math> is the invariant latitude and <math>L</math> is the L-shell describing the magnetic field line in question.~~

	~~On the surface of the earth, the invariant latitude (<math>\Lambda</math>) is equal to the magnetic latitude (<math>\lambda</math>).~~

	~~==See also==~~
	*[[Earth's magnetic field]]
	*[[Dipole]]
	*[[L-shell]]

	~~==References==~~
	~~{{reflist}}~~

	~~==External links==~~
	*[http://~~ccmc.gsfc~~.~~nasa~~.~~gov~~/~~models~~/~~modelinfo.php?model=Tsyganenko%20Model Instant run of Tsyganenko magnetic field model] from NASA CCMC~~
	*[http://geo.phys.spbu.ru/~tsyganenko/modeling.~~html Nikolai Tsyganenko's website] including Tsyganenko model source code~~

	~~{{DEFAULTSORT:Dipole Model Of The Earth's Magnetic Field}}~~
	~~[[Category:Geomagnetism]]~~
	~~[[Category:Space physics]~~]

en>Pierre cb: Wikifaction of the introduction

2013-10-02T14:09:26Z

Wikifaction of the introduction

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:09, 2 October 2013
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~There are several different shapes available available on the market~~, ~~and every serve a distinct goal~~. ~~A number of the most common obtainable are straight back~~, ~~trailing level~~, and ~~drop level. A trailing level will be~~ the ~~best one for on a regular [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knife neck knives~~] ~~basis carry and campouts. A part~~ of the ~~knife design~~ is the ~~locking mechanism~~. ~~Totally different knife brands provide unique type~~ of ~~locks. Do yourself a favor and checkout benchmade’s axis locking. It’s a simple to use lock~~ and the ~~reacts fast upon opening~~ the ~~knife~~. ~~Buck knife locks~~, ~~although made in America~~, ~~can~~ be ~~cumbersome to operate.<br><br><br><br>Ontario is~~ a ~~outstanding knife manufacturer that produces plenty of military knives. Ontario was contracted~~ for ~~a lot of well~~-~~known army knives akin to M7 bayonet, M1942 machete, and USAF survival knife~~. ~~On condition that~~, ~~their knives are all well designed and built~~ for ~~the toughest makes use of. The XM~~-~~2TS~~, the ~~second within the XM collection~~, is ~~marketed as “extreme navy” and is made in Italy~~. The ~~knife is made fully of metal and doesn't use a single plastic half. This provides~~ the ~~knife a very sturdy feel~~. ~~At $112~~, the ~~knife just isn't low cost but, for it was designed for~~ the ~~military, it~~'s ~~properly priced~~. ~~#four Case Cutlery Black Trapper~~<br><br>~~He insisted that he be allowed to pick the knife~~. ~~I reluctantly agreed~~, ~~frightened that he would pick something I wouldn’t like. He carefully surveyed~~ the ~~show case at the sporting items buy desk. I noticed loads of knives that I might love to have, but the settlement was that he might [http:~~//~~www.thebestpocketknifereviews.com~~/~~sog-seal-pup-review~~/ ~~Review Of Sog Seal Pup~~] ~~pick out my first one. He knowledgeable me that he had “Outdated Timers” when he was youthful man within the 1950s~~, ~~that if they had them he would get one for me. Certain enough, they had that line of knives by Schrade out there.~~<br><br>~~Deal with~~ the ~~knife before buying it. If you happen to go to a reputable place, they may help you really put your arms on~~ the ~~knife and see~~ the ~~way it feels in your hand. If you happen to aren’t happy with~~ the ~~way it feels in your hand then it gained’t be something you might be happy with. Spyderco – I haven’t had a number of experience with these personally~~, ~~but I do know that that~~ is the ~~only model that's truly made with self protection because~~ the ~~meant use~~. ~~I may say that I know that~~ the ~~standard~~ of ~~the blade~~ and ~~development has at all times been superb~~.<br><br>~~Small spiral notebooks have been around since I was in grammar school - that was a long time ago. Maintain a type of little pads helpful for taking notes~~ and ~~telephone numbers or making a gift of directions or a purchasing listing. Believe it or not, your entire world doesn't carry a Palm Pilot or Blackberry. But everybody wants~~ to ~~hold away information from a conversation at times~~. ~~You possibly can write down what they need~~, ~~tear~~ of the ~~web page and slip it into somebody's pocket~~ in ~~underneath a minute. Unlike~~ the ~~amount of crap that leads to your Blackberry~~, ~~a single piece~~ of ~~paper stands out.~~<br><br>~~Let’s start with the plain, hand to claw combat, deep~~ in ~~the forest with a bear~~. ~~Of course that~~ is ~~totally~~ a ~~situation you will most likely end up in some day, so~~ that ~~you positively need~~ a ~~high quality extra sharp pocket knife – so you'll be able to later tell~~ the ~~tale~~ of ~~how you fought a bear and gained with nothing but your small dull pocket knife, your cunning, and your lightning fast reflexes~~. [~~http:~~//~~Showmensplace.com~~/~~index.php?do~~=/~~blog~~/~~8730~~/~~knife-sog-seal-pup/add-comment/ Jack knife]. A jack knife has a easy hinge at one end, and will have a couple of blade. The jack knife~~ is ~~widespread amongst hunters, fishermen,~~ and ~~campers.~~<br><br>~~Now that I've made my case for sharp edges, let's first discuss the instruments needed. For any type of knife, a sharpening stone~~ is the ~~first step. For an extremely uninteresting and abused blade you might make better use of your efforts by first working~~ the ~~blade again into a basic form with a steel file~~. ~~However that would have to be an excessive case. By no means, ever, sharpen a knife on a normal bench grinder. Most shop grinders spin approach too quick and might shortly wreck~~ the ~~sting~~ of ~~a cutting tool~~, ~~and even create enough heat within~~ the ~~blade~~ to ~~lessen~~ the ~~mood of the steel.~~<br><br>~~Years later, after spending time within the marines and dealing by way of varied jobs alongside the way in which, Ken got here throughout a knife journal which successfully modified his life~~. ~~These magazines opened his eyes to the world of custom knife making and he~~ [http://~~ner~~.~~vse~~.~~cz80~~/~~wiki~~/~~index~~.php~~/Sog_Seal_Pup_Elite_Made_In_Usa started~~] ~~in search of somebody who could teach him. He present~~ [http://en.~~wikipedia~~.~~org~~/~~wiki~~/~~Pocket_knife swiss army knives~~] in his area a really proficient knife maker, Stan Fujisaka, whom he begged to show him the craft. He made his first knife back in November 1991. Another instruments * Does blade provides further instruments than simply blade? Will it present Â‘Pop UpÂ’ opening? Does it proper for both offered with persons?		[[Image:l shell global dipole.png\|thumb\|Plot showing field lines (which, in three dimensions would describe "shells") for [[L-shell\|L-values]] 1.5, 2, 3, 4 and 5 using a dipole model of the Earth's magnetic field]]

			The '''dipole model of the Earth's magnetic field''' is a first order approximation of the rather complex true [[Earth's magnetic field]]. Due to effects of the [[interplanetary magnetic field]], and the [[solar wind]], the dipole model is particularly inaccurate at high [[L-shell]]s (e.g., above L=3), but may be a good approximation for lower L-shells. For more precise work, or for any work at higher L-shells, a more accurate model that incorporates solar effects, such as the [[Tsyganenko magnetic field model]], is recommended.

			==Equations==
			The following equations describe the dipole magnetic field.<ref name="walt">{{cite book \|last= Walt \|first= Martin \|title= [[Introduction to Geomagnetically Trapped Radiation]] \|pages = 29–33 \|publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] \|location = New York, NY \|year= 1994 \|isbn= 0-521-61611-5}}</ref>

			First, define <math>B_0</math> as the mean value of the magnetic field at the magnetic equator on the Earth's surface. Typically <math>B_0=3.12\times10^{-5}\ \textrm{T}</math>.

			Then, the radial and azimuthal fields can be described as

			<math>B_r = -2B_0\left(\frac{R_E}{r}\right)^3\cos\theta</math>

			<math>B_\theta = -B_0\left(\frac{R_E}{r}\right)^3\sin\theta</math>

			<math>\|B\| = B_0\left(\frac{R_E}{r}\right)^3 \sqrt{1 + 3\cos^2\theta}</math>

			where <math>R_E</math> is the mean [[Earth radius\|radius of the Earth]] (approximately 6370 km), <math>r</math> is the radial distance from the center of the Earth (using the same units as used for <math>R_E</math>), and <math>\theta</math> is the azimuth measured from the north magnetic pole.

			It is sometimes more convenient to express the magnetic field in terms of magnetic latitude and distance in earth radii. The magnetic latitude <math>\lambda</math> is measured northwards from the equator (analogous to [[latitude\|geographic latitude]]) and is related to <math>\theta</math> by <math>\lambda = \pi/2 - \theta</math>. In this case, the radial and azimuthal components of the magnetic field (the latter still in the <math>\theta</math> direction, measured from the axis of the north pole) are given by

			<math>B_r = -\frac{2B_0}{R^3}\sin\lambda</math>

			<math>B_\theta = \frac{B_0}{R^3}\cos\lambda</math>

			<math>\|B\| = \frac{B_0}{R^3} \sqrt{1 + 3\sin^2\lambda}</math>

			where <math>R</math> in this case has units of Earth radii (<math>R = r/R_E</math>).

			==Invariant latitude==
			Invariant latitude is a parameter that describes where a particular magnetic field line touches the surface of the Earth. It is given by<ref name="Kivelson-Russell">{{cite book \|last1= Kivelson \|first1= Margaret \|last2= Russell \|first2= Christopher \|title= [[Introduction to Space Physics]] \|pages = 166–167 \|publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] \|location = New York, NY \|year= 1995 \|isbn= 0-521-45714-9}}</ref>

			<math>\Lambda = \arccos\left(\sqrt{1/L}\right)</math>

			or

			<math>L = 1/\cos^2\left(\Lambda\right)</math>

			where <math>\Lambda</math> is the invariant latitude and <math>L</math> is the L-shell describing the magnetic field line in question.

			On the surface of the earth, the invariant latitude (<math>\Lambda</math>) is equal to the magnetic latitude (<math>\lambda</math>).

			==See also==
			*[[Earth's magnetic field]]
			*[[Dipole]]
			*[[L-shell]]

			==References==
			{{reflist}}

			==External links==
			*[http://ccmc.gsfc.nasa.gov/models/modelinfo.php?model=Tsyganenko%20Model Instant run of Tsyganenko magnetic field model] from NASA CCMC
			*[http://geo.phys.spbu.ru/~tsyganenko/modeling.html Nikolai Tsyganenko's website] including Tsyganenko model source code

			{{DEFAULTSORT:Dipole Model Of The Earth's Magnetic Field}}
			[[Category:Geomagnetism]]
			[[Category:Space physics]]

en>John Gibbons 3: /* Introduction */ delete 'was' which is redundant to the sense

2012-04-11T22:49:32Z

Introduction: delete 'was' which is redundant to the sense

New page

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The XM-2TS, the second within the XM collection, is marketed as “extreme navy” and is made in Italy. The knife is made fully of metal and doesn't use a single plastic half. This provides the knife a very sturdy feel. At $112, the knife just isn't low cost but, for it was designed for the military, it's properly priced. #four Case Cutlery Black Trapper He insisted that he be allowed to pick the knife. I reluctantly agreed, frightened that he would pick something I wouldn’t like. He carefully surveyed the show case at the sporting items buy desk. I noticed loads of knives that I might love to have, but the settlement was that he might [http://www.thebestpocketknifereviews.com/sog-seal-pup-review/ Review Of Sog Seal Pup] pick out my first one. He knowledgeable me that he had “Outdated Timers” when he was youthful man within the 1950s, that if they had them he would get one for me. Certain enough, they had that line of knives by Schrade out there. Deal with the knife before buying it. If you happen to go to a reputable place, they may help you really put your arms on the knife and see the way it feels in your hand. If you happen to aren’t happy with the way it feels in your hand then it gained’t be something you might be happy with. Spyderco – I haven’t had a number of experience with these personally, but I do know that that is the only model that's truly made with self protection because the meant use. I may say that I know that the standard of the blade and development has at all times been superb. Small spiral notebooks have been around since I was in grammar school - that was a long time ago. Maintain a type of little pads helpful for taking notes and telephone numbers or making a gift of directions or a purchasing listing. Believe it or not, your entire world doesn't carry a Palm Pilot or Blackberry. But everybody wants to hold away information from a conversation at times. You possibly can write down what they need, tear of the web page and slip it into somebody's pocket in underneath a minute. Unlike the amount of crap that leads to your Blackberry, a single piece of paper stands out. Let’s start with the plain, hand to claw combat, deep in the forest with a bear. Of course that is totally a situation you will most likely end up in some day, so that you positively need a high quality extra sharp pocket knife – so you'll be able to later tell the tale of how you fought a bear and gained with nothing but your small dull pocket knife, your cunning, and your lightning fast reflexes. [http://Showmensplace.com/index.php?do=/blog/8730/knife-sog-seal-pup/add-comment/ Jack knife]. A jack knife has a easy hinge at one end, and will have a couple of blade. The jack knife is widespread amongst hunters, fishermen, and campers. Now that I've made my case for sharp edges, let's first discuss the instruments needed. For any type of knife, a sharpening stone is the first step. For an extremely uninteresting and abused blade you might make better use of your efforts by first working the blade again into a basic form with a steel file. However that would have to be an excessive case. By no means, ever, sharpen a knife on a normal bench grinder. Most shop grinders spin approach too quick and might shortly wreck the sting of a cutting tool, and even create enough heat within the blade to lessen the mood of the steel. Years later, after spending time within the marines and dealing by way of varied jobs alongside the way in which, Ken got here throughout a knife journal which successfully modified his life. These magazines opened his eyes to the world of custom knife making and he [http://ner.vse.cz80/wiki/index.php/Sog_Seal_Pup_Elite_Made_In_Usa started] in search of somebody who could teach him. He present [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket_knife swiss army knives] in his area a really proficient knife maker, Stan Fujisaka, whom he begged to show him the craft. He made his first knife back in November 1991. Another instruments * Does blade provides further instruments than simply blade? Will it present Â‘Pop UpÂ’ opening? Does it proper for both offered with persons?