Maximum likelihood sequence estimation - Revision history

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2014-03-23T10:32:20Z

isbn, move footnotes tag

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	~~<!-- {{Wikify\|date=February 2011}}~~ I ~~think the article is better now -->~~		I'm Vania and I live in a seaside city in northern Netherlands, Maastricht. I'm 25 and I'm will soon finish my study at Psychology.<br><br>my website [http://goo.gl/4y1oQ1 gratuit generateur de Code microsoft points xbox live]

	~~The '''[[Pafnuty Chebyshev\|Chebychev]]–Grübler–Kutzbach criterion''~~' determines the degree of freedom of a [[kinematic chain]], that is, a coupling of rigid bodies by means of mechanical constraints.<ref name=Truesdell>{{cite book \|title=Rational Kinematics \|author=Jorge Angeles, Clifford Truesdell \|page=Chapter 6, p. 78ff \|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2TIwUAqQu-IC&pg=PA100&dq=Chebychev%E2%80%93Gr%C3%BCbler%E2%80%93Kutzbach&lr=&as_brr=0&sig=ACfU3U3IlacHCvbHMXv1MKJZp734pKaAxA#PPA78,M1
	~~\|isbn=0-387-96813-X \|year=1989 \|publisher=Springer}}</ref> These devices are also called [[linkage (mechanical)\|linkage]]s.~~

	~~The Kutzbach criterion is also called the ''mobility formula'', because it computes the number of parameters that define the configuration of a linkage from the number of links~~ and ~~joints and the degree of freedom at each joint.~~

	Interesting and useful linkages have been designed that violate the mobility formula by using special geometric features and dimensions to provide more mobility than would by predicted by this formula. These devices are called [[overconstrained mechanism]]s.

	~~== Mobility formula ==~~
	The mobility formula counts the number of parameters that define the positions of a set of rigid bodies and then reduces this number by the constraints that are imposed by joints connecting these bodies.<ref name=Uicker2003>J. J. Uicker, G. R. Pennock, and J. E. Shigley, 2003, '''Theory of Machines and Mechanisms,''' Oxford University Press, New York.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jv9mQyjRIw4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=geometric+design+of+linkages&hl=en&ei=3L_5TcvZGaHV0QG2wMiDAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false J. M. McCarthy and G. S. Soh, '''Geometric Design of Linkages,''' 2nd Edition, Springer 2010]</ref>

	~~A system of ''n'' rigid bodies moving~~ in ~~space has ''6n'' degrees of freedom measured relative to~~ a ~~fixed frame. This frame is included~~ in ~~the count of bodies~~, ~~so that mobility is independent of the choice of the link that will form the fixed frame~~. ~~Then the degree-of-freedom of this system is M=6(N-1), where N=n+1 is the number of moving bodies plus the fixed body.~~

	Joints that connect bodies in this system remove degrees of freedom and reduce mobility. Specifically, hinges and sliders each impose five constraints and therefore remove five degrees of freedom. It is convenient to define the number of constraints ''c'' that a joint imposes in terms of the joint's freedom ''f'', where ''c=6-f''. In the case of a hinge or slider, which are one degree of freedom joints, have ''f=1'' and ~~therefore ''c=6-1=5'~~'.

	~~The result is that the mobility of a system formed from ''n'' moving links and ''j'' joints each with freedom ''f~~<~~sub~~>i<~~/sub~~>~~'', ''i=1, ..., j,'' is given by~~
	~~:<math> M = 6n - \sum_{i=1}^j\ (6 - f_i) = 6(N-1 - j) + \sum_{i=1}^j\ f_i </math>~~
	~~Recall that ''N'' includes the fixed link.~~

	There are two important special cases: (i) a simple open chain, and (ii) a simple closed chain. A single open chain consists of ''n'' moving links connected end to end by ''j'' joints, with one end connected to a ground link. Thus, in this case ''N=j+1'' and the mobility of the chain is
	~~:<math> M = \sum_{i=1}^j\ f_i </math>~~
	For a simple closed chain, ''n'' moving links are connected end-to-end by ''n+1'' joints such that the two ends are connected to the ground link forming a loop. In this case, we have ''N=j'' and the mobility of the chain is
	~~:<math> M = \sum_{i=1}^j\ f_i - 6 </math>~~

	An example of a simple open chain is a serial robot manipulator. These robotic systems are constructed from a series of links connected by six one degree-of-freedom revolute or prismatic joints, so the system has six degrees of freedom.

	An example of a simple closed chain is the RSSR spatial four-bar linkage. The sum of the freedom of these joints is eight, so the mobility of the linkage is two, where one of the degrees of freedom is the rotation of the coupler around the line joining the two S joints.

	~~=== Planar and spherical movement ===~~
	It is common practice to design the [[linkage (mechanical)\|linkage system]] so that the movement of all of the bodies are constrained to lie on parallel planes, to form what is known as a ''planar linkage''. It is also possible to construct the linkage system so that all of the bodies move on concentric spheres, forming a ''spherical linkage''. In both cases, the degrees of freedom of the links in each system is now three rather than six, and the constraints imposed by joints are now ''c=3-f''.

	~~In this case, the mobility formula is given by~~
	~~:<math>M = 3(N- 1 - j)+ \sum_{i=1}^j\ f_i, </math>~~
	~~and the special cases become~~
	* planar or spherical simple open chain,
	~~:<math> M = \sum_{i=1}^j\ f_i, </math>~~
	* planar or spherical simple closed chain,
	~~:<math> M = \sum_{i=1}^j\ f_i - 3. </math>~~
	~~An example of a planar simple closed chain is the planar [[four-bar linkage]], which is a four-bar loop with four one degree-of-freedom joints and therefore has mobility M=1.~~

	~~==See also==~~
	* [[Overconstrained mechanism]]
	* [[Four-bar linkage]]
	* [[Linkage (mechanical)]]
	* [[Burmester theory]]
	* [[Machine (mechanical)]]
	* [[Mechanical system]]

	~~==Notes and references==~~
	~~{{reflist}}~~

	~~== External links ==~~
	* [http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~rapidproto//mechanisms/chpt4.html Basic kinematics of rigid bodies]
	* [http://~~www.sciencedirect~~.~~com~~/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VKW-4FDNBTB-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=444d409bf7d22dbee0923782b3cd19d8 Chebychev–Grübler–Kutzbach's criterion for mobility calculation of multi-loop mechanisms revisited via theory of linear transformations]

	~~<!-- I think this is better now -->~~

	~~{{DEFAULTSORT:Chebychev-Grubler-Kutzbach criterion}}~~
	~~[[Category:Robot control]]~~
	~~[[Category:Mechanical power transmission]~~]

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