N-vector - Revision history

en>Isaac Euler: Undid revision 615028804 by CDV (talk) It's true that n-vector is not earth-centered for ellipsoidal model, but the deleted content was about vector decomposition.

2014-07-03T12:44:54Z

Undid revision 615028804 by CDV (talk) It's true that n-vector is not earth-centered for ellipsoidal model, but the deleted content was about vector decomposition.

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:44, 3 July 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~{{Unreferenced\|date=December 2009}}~~		The name of the writer is Figures but it's not the most masucline name out there. What I love performing is to gather badges but I've been using on new issues recently. Years ago we moved to North Dakota. Hiring is her day occupation now and she will not alter it anytime quickly.<br><br>Here is my web blog [http://dore.gia.ncnu.edu.tw/88ipart/node/1326254 home std test kit]
	'''Vapor-compression evaporation''' is the [[evaporation]] method by which a [[Centrifugal fan\|blower]], [[gas compressor\|compressor]] or jet ejector is used to [[Gas compression\|compress]], and thus, increase the pressure of the vapor produced. Since the pressure increase of the vapor also generates an increase in the [[condensation]] temperature, the same vapor can serve as the heating medium for its "mother" liquid or solution being concentrated, from which the vapor was generated to begin with. If no compression was provided, the vapor would be at the same temperature as the boiling liquid/solution, and no [[heat transfer]] could take place.

	It is ~~also sometimes called ''Vapor compression distillation (VCD)'~~'. ~~If compression~~ is ~~performed by a mechanically driven compressor or blower, this evaporation process is usually referred~~ to as '~~''MVR''' ('''Mechanical Vapor Recompression''')~~. ~~In case of compression performed by high pressure motive [[steam]] [[injector\|ejectors]], the process is usually called '''Thermocompression''' or '''Steam Compression'''.~~

	~~==MVR process==~~
	~~In this case the energy input to the system lies in the pumping energy of the compressor. The theoretical energy consumption will be equal to~~
	~~<math>E=Q*(H2-H1)</math>, where~~
	* E is the total theoretical pumping energy
	* Q is the mass of vapors passing through the compressor
	* H<sub>1</sub>, H<sub>2</sub> are the total heat content of unit mass of vapors, respectively upstream and downstream the compressor.
	~~In [[SI]] units, these are respectively measured in [[Joule\|kJ]], [[kg]] and kJ/kg.~~
	~~This theoretical value shall be increased by the efficiency, usually in the order of 30~~ to ~~60%~~. ~~In a large unit, the compression energy~~ is ~~between 35~~ and ~~45 [[kW]] per metric ton of compressed vapors.~~

	~~===Equipment for MVR evaporators===~~
	The compressor is necessarily the core of the unit. Compressors used for this application are usually of the [[centrifugal compressor\|centrifugal]] type, or [[positive displacement pump\|positive displacement]] units such as the [[Roots blower]]s, similar to the (much smaller) [[Roots type supercharger]]. Very large units (evaporation capacity 100 metric tons per hour or more) use sometimes [[Axial-flow compressor]]s.
	~~The compression work~~ will ~~deliver the steam [[superheated steam\|superheated]] if compared to the theoretical pressure/temperature equilibrium~~. ~~For this reason, the vast majority of MVR units feature a [[superheating\|desuperheater]] between the compressor and the main heat exchanger.~~

	~~==Thermocompression==~~
	~~The energy input is here given by the energy of a quantity of steam ('''motive steam'''), at a pressure higher than those of both the inlet and the outlet vapors.~~
	~~The quantity of compressed vapors is therefore higher that the inlet :~~
	<~~math>Qd = Qs + Qm</math~~><br>
	~~Where Q<sub>d</sub> is the steam quantity at ejector delivery, Q<sub>s</sub> at ejector suction and Q<sub>m</sub>~~ is ~~the motive steam quantity. For this reason, a thermocompression evaporator often features a vapor~~ [~~[Condenser (heat transfer)\|condenser]], due to the possible excess of steam necessary for the compression if compared with the steam required to evaporate the solution.~~
	~~The quantity Q<sub>m<~~/sub> of motive steam per unit suction quantity is a function of both the ''motive ratio'' of motive steam pressure vs. suction pressure and the [[compression ratio]] of delivery pressure vs. suction pressure. In principle, the higher the compression ratio and the lower the motive ratio the higher will be the specific motive steam consumption, i. e. the less efficient the energy balance.

	~~===Thermocompression equipment===~~
	The heart of any thermocompression evaporator is clearly the [[injector\|steam ejector]], exhaustively described in the relevant page. The size of the other pieces of equipment, such as the main [[heat exchanger]], the [[vapor head]], etc. (see [[evaporator]] for details), is governed by the evaporation process.

	~~'''Bold text'''==Comparison==~~
	~~These two compression-type evaporators have different fields of application, although they do sometimes overlap.~~
	* An MVR unit will be preferable for a large unit, thanks to the reduced energy consumption. The largest single body MVR evaporator built (1968, by Whiting Co., later Swenson Evaporator Co., Harvey, Ill. in [[Cirò Marina]], [[Italy]]) was a [[sodium chloride\|salt]] [[crystallizer]], evaporating approximately 400 metric tons per hour of water, featuring an axial-flow compressor (Brown Boveri, later ABB). This unit was transformed around 1990 to become the first effect of a [[multiple effect evaporator]]. MVR evaporators with 10 tons or more evaporating capacity are common.
	* The compression ratio in a MVR unit does not usually exceed 1.8. This means that, if evaporating at atmospheric pressure (0.101 [[MPa]] and 100 [[°C]]), the condensation pressure at the heat exchanger will be 116.9 °C. Deducting the [[boiling point elevation]] [[boiling point rise]] (8 [[K]] for a saturated salt solution), this leaves less than 8 K delta T at the heat exchanger, resulting in a very large heating surface. Axial-flow and Roots compressor may reach slightly higher compression ratios.
	* Thermocompression evaporators may reach higher compression ratios - at a cost. A compression ratio of 2 is possible (and something more) but unless the motive steam is at a reasonably high pressure (say, 16 [[bar (unit)\|bar]] g - 250 [[psig]] - or more), the motive steam consumption will be in the range of 2 kg per kg of suction vapors. A higher compression ratio means a smaller heat exchanger, and a reduced investment cost. Moreover, a compressor is an expensive machine, while an ejector is much simpler and cheap.
	~~As a conclusion, MVR machines are used in large, energy-efficient units, while thermocompression units tend to limit their use to small units, where energy consumption is not a big issue.~~

	The efficiency and feasibility of this process depends on the efficiency of the compressing device (e.g., blower, compressor or steam ejector) and the [[heat transfer coefficient]] attained in the [[heat exchanger]] contacting the condensing vapor and the boiling "mother" solution/~~liquid~~. Theoretically, if the resulting condensate is [[subcooled]], this process could allow full recovery of the [[latent heat of vaporization]] that would otherwise be lost if the vapor, rather than the condensate, was the final product; therefore, this method of evaporation is very energy efficient. ~~The [[evaporation]] process may be solely driven by the mechanical work provided by the compressing device~~.

	~~===Some uses===~~

	~~A vapor-compression evaporator, like most [[evaporator]]s, can make reasonably clean water from any water source~~. In a [[salt]] crystallizer, for example, a typical analysis of the resulting condensate shows a typical content of residual salt not higher than 50 [[Parts per million\|ppm]] or, in a different concept, not higher than 10 [[siemens\|μS/cm]]. This results in a drinkable water, if the other sanitary requirements are fulfilled. While this cannot compete in the marketplace with [[reverse osmosis]] or [[demineralization (process)\|demineralization]], vapor compression chiefly differs from these thanks to its ability to make clean water from saturated or even crystallizing brines with [[total dissolved solids\| total dissolved solids (TDS)]] up to 650,000 mg/~~L. The other two technologies can make clean water from sources no higher in TDS than approximately 35,000 mg~~/L.

	For economic reasons evaporators are seldom operated on low-TDS water sources. Those applications are filled by reverse osmosis. The already brackish water which enters a typical evaporator is concentrated further. The increased dissolved solids act to increase the [[boiling point]] well beyond that of pure water. [[Seawater]] with a TDS of approximately 30,000 mg/L— exhibits a boiling point elevation of less than 1 degree F. But saturated [[sodium chloride]] at 360,000 mg/L has a boiling point elevation of about 13 degrees F. This boiling point elevation represents a challenge for vapor-compression evaporation in that it increases the pressure ratio that the steam compressor must attain to effect vaporization. Since boiling point elevation determines the pressure ratio in the compressor, it is the main overall factor in operating costs.

	Compression is the process of transforming a state of water from vapor to liquid. we can do that with the help of increasing pressure with minor change in temperature. The rotary steam engine or reciprocating air compressor wil be work in this case on same principle.in case of we can not change pressure by external sources than we should change temperature of vapor by condensing them it will lead down pressure automatically.

	~~taking ideal system for that if we want to compress 1 kg water from 1 km height we have to decrees temperature of water up to 6.5 Celsius than we get 80% output from compressor.~~

	~~==See also==~~
	* [[Slingshot (water vapor distillation system)\|Slingshot]] water vapor distillation system

	~~{{DEFAULTSORT:Vapor-Compression Evaporation}}~~
	~~[[Category:Evaporators]]~~
	~~[[Category:Chemical processes]]~~
	~~[[Category:Unit operations]]~~
	~~[[Category:Water treatment]]~~
	~~[[Category:Water technology]~~]

en>Cffk: Simplify notation. Drop (incorrect) e superscript in vector formulas.

2013-07-12T21:01:21Z

Simplify notation. Drop (incorrect) e superscript in vector formulas.

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:01, 12 July 2013
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~Nice~~ to ~~meet you~~, ~~my title~~ is ~~Refugia~~. ~~For~~ a ~~whilst I~~'~~ve been~~ in ~~South Dakota~~ and ~~my parents live close~~ by. ~~The factor she adores most~~ is ~~physique building~~ and ~~now she~~ is ~~attempting~~ to ~~earn money with it~~. ~~He utilized~~ to ~~be unemployed but now he~~ is a ~~meter reader~~.<br><br>~~My web blog~~ [~~http:~~//~~www~~.~~ninfeta~~.tv/~~blog~~/~~66912 http:~~/~~/www~~.~~ninfeta~~.tv/~~blog~~/~~66912~~]		{{Unreferenced\|date=December 2009}}
			'''Vapor-compression evaporation''' is the [[evaporation]] method by which a [[Centrifugal fan\|blower]], [[gas compressor\|compressor]] or jet ejector is used to [[Gas compression\|compress]], and thus, increase the pressure of the vapor produced. Since the pressure increase of the vapor also generates an increase in the [[condensation]] temperature, the same vapor can serve as the heating medium for its "mother" liquid or solution being concentrated, from which the vapor was generated to begin with. If no compression was provided, the vapor would be at the same temperature as the boiling liquid/solution, and no [[heat transfer]] could take place.

			It is also sometimes called ''Vapor compression distillation (VCD)''. If compression is performed by a mechanically driven compressor or blower, this evaporation process is usually referred to as '''MVR''' ('''Mechanical Vapor Recompression'''). In case of compression performed by high pressure motive [[steam]] [[injector\|ejectors]], the process is usually called '''Thermocompression''' or '''Steam Compression'''.

			==MVR process==
			In this case the energy input to the system lies in the pumping energy of the compressor. The theoretical energy consumption will be equal to
			<math>E=Q*(H2-H1)</math>, where
			* E is the total theoretical pumping energy
			* Q is the mass of vapors passing through the compressor
			* H<sub>1</sub>, H<sub>2</sub> are the total heat content of unit mass of vapors, respectively upstream and downstream the compressor.
			In [[SI]] units, these are respectively measured in [[Joule\|kJ]], [[kg]] and kJ/kg.
			This theoretical value shall be increased by the efficiency, usually in the order of 30 to 60%. In a large unit, the compression energy is between 35 and 45 [[kW]] per metric ton of compressed vapors.

			===Equipment for MVR evaporators===
			The compressor is necessarily the core of the unit. Compressors used for this application are usually of the [[centrifugal compressor\|centrifugal]] type, or [[positive displacement pump\|positive displacement]] units such as the [[Roots blower]]s, similar to the (much smaller) [[Roots type supercharger]]. Very large units (evaporation capacity 100 metric tons per hour or more) use sometimes [[Axial-flow compressor]]s.
			The compression work will deliver the steam [[superheated steam\|superheated]] if compared to the theoretical pressure/temperature equilibrium. For this reason, the vast majority of MVR units feature a [[superheating\|desuperheater]] between the compressor and the main heat exchanger.

			==Thermocompression==
			The energy input is here given by the energy of a quantity of steam ('''motive steam'''), at a pressure higher than those of both the inlet and the outlet vapors.
			The quantity of compressed vapors is therefore higher that the inlet :
			<math>Qd = Qs + Qm</math><br>
			Where Q<sub>d</sub> is the steam quantity at ejector delivery, Q<sub>s</sub> at ejector suction and Q<sub>m</sub> is the motive steam quantity. For this reason, a thermocompression evaporator often features a vapor [[Condenser (heat transfer)\|condenser]], due to the possible excess of steam necessary for the compression if compared with the steam required to evaporate the solution.
			The quantity Q<sub>m</sub> of motive steam per unit suction quantity is a function of both the ''motive ratio'' of motive steam pressure vs. suction pressure and the [[compression ratio]] of delivery pressure vs. suction pressure. In principle, the higher the compression ratio and the lower the motive ratio the higher will be the specific motive steam consumption, i. e. the less efficient the energy balance.

			===Thermocompression equipment===
			The heart of any thermocompression evaporator is clearly the [[injector\|steam ejector]], exhaustively described in the relevant page. The size of the other pieces of equipment, such as the main [[heat exchanger]], the [[vapor head]], etc. (see [[evaporator]] for details), is governed by the evaporation process.

			'''Bold text'''==Comparison==
			These two compression-type evaporators have different fields of application, although they do sometimes overlap.
			* An MVR unit will be preferable for a large unit, thanks to the reduced energy consumption. The largest single body MVR evaporator built (1968, by Whiting Co., later Swenson Evaporator Co., Harvey, Ill. in [[Cirò Marina]], [[Italy]]) was a [[sodium chloride\|salt]] [[crystallizer]], evaporating approximately 400 metric tons per hour of water, featuring an axial-flow compressor (Brown Boveri, later ABB). This unit was transformed around 1990 to become the first effect of a [[multiple effect evaporator]]. MVR evaporators with 10 tons or more evaporating capacity are common.
			* The compression ratio in a MVR unit does not usually exceed 1.8. This means that, if evaporating at atmospheric pressure (0.101 [[MPa]] and 100 [[°C]]), the condensation pressure at the heat exchanger will be 116.9 °C. Deducting the [[boiling point elevation]] [[boiling point rise]] (8 [[K]] for a saturated salt solution), this leaves less than 8 K delta T at the heat exchanger, resulting in a very large heating surface. Axial-flow and Roots compressor may reach slightly higher compression ratios.
			* Thermocompression evaporators may reach higher compression ratios - at a cost. A compression ratio of 2 is possible (and something more) but unless the motive steam is at a reasonably high pressure (say, 16 [[bar (unit)\|bar]] g - 250 [[psig]] - or more), the motive steam consumption will be in the range of 2 kg per kg of suction vapors. A higher compression ratio means a smaller heat exchanger, and a reduced investment cost. Moreover, a compressor is an expensive machine, while an ejector is much simpler and cheap.
			As a conclusion, MVR machines are used in large, energy-efficient units, while thermocompression units tend to limit their use to small units, where energy consumption is not a big issue.

			The efficiency and feasibility of this process depends on the efficiency of the compressing device (e.g., blower, compressor or steam ejector) and the [[heat transfer coefficient]] attained in the [[heat exchanger]] contacting the condensing vapor and the boiling "mother" solution/liquid. Theoretically, if the resulting condensate is [[subcooled]], this process could allow full recovery of the [[latent heat of vaporization]] that would otherwise be lost if the vapor, rather than the condensate, was the final product; therefore, this method of evaporation is very energy efficient. The [[evaporation]] process may be solely driven by the mechanical work provided by the compressing device.

			===Some uses===

			A vapor-compression evaporator, like most [[evaporator]]s, can make reasonably clean water from any water source. In a [[salt]] crystallizer, for example, a typical analysis of the resulting condensate shows a typical content of residual salt not higher than 50 [[Parts per million\|ppm]] or, in a different concept, not higher than 10 [[siemens\|μS/cm]]. This results in a drinkable water, if the other sanitary requirements are fulfilled. While this cannot compete in the marketplace with [[reverse osmosis]] or [[demineralization (process)\|demineralization]], vapor compression chiefly differs from these thanks to its ability to make clean water from saturated or even crystallizing brines with [[total dissolved solids\| total dissolved solids (TDS)]] up to 650,000 mg/L. The other two technologies can make clean water from sources no higher in TDS than approximately 35,000 mg/L.

			For economic reasons evaporators are seldom operated on low-TDS water sources. Those applications are filled by reverse osmosis. The already brackish water which enters a typical evaporator is concentrated further. The increased dissolved solids act to increase the [[boiling point]] well beyond that of pure water. [[Seawater]] with a TDS of approximately 30,000 mg/L— exhibits a boiling point elevation of less than 1 degree F. But saturated [[sodium chloride]] at 360,000 mg/L has a boiling point elevation of about 13 degrees F. This boiling point elevation represents a challenge for vapor-compression evaporation in that it increases the pressure ratio that the steam compressor must attain to effect vaporization. Since boiling point elevation determines the pressure ratio in the compressor, it is the main overall factor in operating costs.

			Compression is the process of transforming a state of water from vapor to liquid. we can do that with the help of increasing pressure with minor change in temperature. The rotary steam engine or reciprocating air compressor wil be work in this case on same principle.in case of we can not change pressure by external sources than we should change temperature of vapor by condensing them it will lead down pressure automatically.

			taking ideal system for that if we want to compress 1 kg water from 1 km height we have to decrees temperature of water up to 6.5 Celsius than we get 80% output from compressor.

			==See also==
			* [[Slingshot (water vapor distillation system)\|Slingshot]] water vapor distillation system

			{{DEFAULTSORT:Vapor-Compression Evaporation}}
			[[Category:Evaporators]]
			[[Category:Chemical processes]]
			[[Category:Unit operations]]
			[[Category:Water treatment]]
			[[Category:Water technology]]

en>Sun Creator: /* Converting latitude/longitude to ''n''-vector */Typo fixing, General and delinking, typos fixed: etc) → etc.) using AWB

2012-06-21T12:40:29Z

Converting latitude/longitude to ''n''-vector: Typo fixing, General and delinking, typos fixed: etc) → etc.) using AWB

New page

Nice to meet you, my title is Refugia. For a whilst I've been in South Dakota and my parents live close by. The factor she adores most is physique building and now she is attempting to earn money with it. He utilized to be unemployed but now he is a meter reader.<br><br>My web blog [http://www.ninfeta.tv/blog/66912 http://www.ninfeta.tv/blog/66912]