Negative number - Revision history

en>Rurik the Varangian: replaced Robert Temple source, which is unreliable, with other sources and revised article

2014-12-19T02:07:04Z

replaced Robert Temple source, which is unreliable, with other sources and revised article

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:07, 19 December 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~I am 27 years old and my name is Hwa Devaney~~. ~~I life in Middleboro (United States)~~.<br><br>~~Here~~ is ~~my homepage ::~~ [http://safedietsthatwork.beep.com/ diet plans]		You have been bombarded lately by a lot of ads online or in TV trying to recommend the only diets which function for we. Yet, none of these guaranteed weight reduction plans did not make any outcome or you have lost couple pounds, yet not for lengthy.<br><br>Whatever choice of diet we choose to take, the advice of the doctor or nutritionist is important for your success plus healthy fat reduction. If you follow the above mentioned regulations then the experience is enjoyable plus fruitful. You should have realistic goals set for the weight reduction to avoid disillusionment while paying close attention to ensure we completely understand what are the best [http://safedietsthatwork.beep.com/ diet plans] quick for females the planet over.<br><br>It refuses to matter how little the fat reduction is. When it comes to diet plans, should you find 1 that offers you a result then you've got a winner. remain with it!<br><br>Whole grains: if you need to take grainy foods, go for beans and/ brown rice. Foods that are wealthy inside complete grains mean which its outer kernel, vitamin plus inner mineral haven't been removed.<br><br>Popular fad diets by definition are usually several type of deprivation to the body. Usually calories, the average amount a day on many of the diets is anywhere from 800 to 1600 calories. As we undertake the diet and your body has less food to task, it will take the opportunity to receive rid of excess toxins in a program. This takes many water which is why many of the weight loss found on the diet is water fat. As soon as we go back to the standard eating practices, the body may replace the water it lost plus you'll gain the weight back.<br><br>A perfect approach to do healthy weight loss success is to join all types of diet food into healthy eating plans, taking benefit of the advantages of each ingredient. Capsaicin will be combined with caffeine, green tea, plus cinnamon to provide a moderate and sensible increase inside calories burned every day. The role of capsaicin is to stimulate the sympathetic nervous system. This component offers only the positive plus healthy effects.<br><br>To conclude, no matter where we are with a weight initial thing you need to do is love the body now. It helps you a great deal of wonderful aspects, so not body bash. With all love you give it, being healthy takes small effort.

86.168.254.74: Undid revision 596694658 by 64.9.42.59 (talk)

2014-02-24T19:38:41Z

Undid revision 596694658 by 64.9.42.59 (talk)

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:38, 24 February 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~[[Image:Discrete probability distrib.svg\|right\|thumb\|The graph of a probability mass function. All the values of this function must be non-negative and sum up to 1.]]~~		I am 27 years old and my name is Hwa Devaney. I life in Middleboro (United States).<br><br>Here is my homepage :: [http://safedietsthatwork.beep.com/ diet plans]
	~~In [[probability theory]]~~ and ~~[[statistics]], a '''probability mass function''' ('''pmf''')~~ is ~~a function that gives the probability that a [[discrete random variable\|discrete]] [[random variable]] is exactly equal to some value.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Stewart, William J~~.\|title=Probability, Markov Chains, Queues, and Simulation: The Mathematical Basis of Performance Modeling\|publisher=Princeton University Press\|year=2011\|isbn=978-1-4008-3281-1\|page=105\|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ZfRyBS1WbAQC&pg=PT105}}</ref> The probability mass function is often the primary means of defining a [[discrete probability distribution]], and such functions exist for either [[Scalar variable\|scalar]] or [[multivariate random variable]]s whose [[Domain of a function\|domain]] is discrete.

	~~A probability mass function differs from a [[probability density function]] (pdf)~~ in that the latter is associated with continuous rather than discrete random variables; the values of the latter are not probabilities as such: a pdf must be integrated over an interval to yield a probability.<ref>[http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ProbabilityFunction.html Probability Function] at Mathworld </ref>

	~~==Formal definition==~~
	[[Image:Fair dice probability distribution.svg\|right\|thumb\|The probability mass function of a [[Dice\|fair die]]. All the numbers on the {{dice}} have an equal chance of appearing on top when the die stops rolling.]]

	~~Suppose that ''X'': ''S'' → ''A''~~ (~~A <math>\subseteq</math> '''R'''~~) ~~is a [[discrete random variable]] defined on a [[sample space]] ''S''~~. ~~Then the probability mass function ''f''~~<~~sub~~>~~''X''~~<~~/sub~~>~~: ''A'' → [0, 1] for ''X''~~ is ~~defined as<ref>{{cite book\|author=Kumar, Dinesh\|title=Reliability & Six Sigma\|publisher=Birkhäuser\|year=2006\|isbn=978-0-387-30255-3\|page=22\|url=http~~:~~//books.google.com/books?id=XsX20uCFJbYC&pg=PA22}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|author=Rao, S.S.\|title=Engineering optimization~~: ~~theory and practice\|publisher=John Wiley & Sons\|year=1996\|isbn=978-0-471-55034-1\|page=717\|url=~~http://~~books~~.~~google~~.com/~~books?id=nuoryE4IwMoC&pg=PA717}}</ref>~~
	~~:<math>f_X(x) = \Pr(X = x) = \Pr(\{s \in S: X(s) = x\}).</math>~~

	~~Thinking of probability as mass helps avoiding mistakes since the physical mass is conserved as is the total probability for all hypothetical outcomes ''x'':~~
	~~:<math>\sum_{x\in A} f_X(x) = 1</math>~~

	When there is a natural order among the hypotheses ''x'', it may be convenient to assign numerical values to them (or ''n''-tuples in case of a discrete [[multivariate random variable]]) and to consider also values not in the [[Image_(mathematics)\|image]] of ''X''. That is, ''f''<sub>''X''</sub> may be defined for all [[real number]]s and ''f''<sub>''X''</sub>(''x'') = 0 for all ''x'' <math>\notin</math> ''X''(''S'') as shown in the figure.

	Since the image of ''X'' is [[countable]], the probability mass function ''f''<sub>''X''</sub>(''x'') is zero for all but a countable number of values of ''x''. The discontinuity of probability mass functions is related to the fact that the [[cumulative distribution function]] of a discrete random variable is also discontinuous. Where it is differentiable, the derivative is zero, just as the probability mass function is zero at all such points.{{Citation needed\|date=April 2012}}

	~~==Examples==~~
	Suppose that ''S'' is the sample space of all outcomes of a single toss of a fair coin, and ''X'' is the random variable defined on ''S'' assigning 0 to "tails" and 1 to "heads". Since the coin is fair, the probability mass function is
	~~:<math>f_X(x) = \begin{cases}\frac{1}{2}, &x \in \{0, 1\},\\0, &x \notin \{0, 1\}.\end{cases}</math>~~
	~~This is a special case of the [[binomial distribution]].~~

	~~An example of a multivariate discrete distribution, and of its probability mass function, is provided by the [[multinomial distribution]].~~

	~~==References==~~
	~~{{refimprove\|date=April 2012}}~~
	~~{{reflist}}~~

	~~==Further reading==~~
	*Johnson, N.L., Kotz, S., Kemp A. (1993) Univariate Discrete Distributions (2nd Edition). Wiley. ISBN 0-471-54897-9 (p 36)

	~~{{Theory of probability distributions}}~~

	~~[[Category:Probability theory]]~~
	~~[[Category:Types of probability distributions]~~]

en>Monkbot: /* History */Fix CS1 deprecated date parameter errors

2014-01-27T11:58:58Z

History: Fix CS1 deprecated date parameter errors

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:58, 27 January 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	The ~~perfect body measurements for females vary from destination~~ to ~~place~~. In ~~South-East Asian countries~~, a ~~voluminous plus curvaceous body~~ is ~~considered breathtaking. While in the western nations,~~ a ~~skinny and bony figure is considered a signal of perfection. We cannot deny the truth~~ that ~~no 2 women will have~~ the ~~same body measurements plus each individual considers a particular body structure to be beautiful. However, there has to be several woman body shapes plus body measurements~~ that ~~can be adopted as~~ a ~~standard~~ to ~~define the perfect body measurements for females~~.<br><br>~~What of the naturally thin?~~ ~~What of~~ the ~~ladies that usually not exceed 9 stone due to genetics? Are they Real? What~~ of ~~athletes? The ladies~~ whose ~~careers demand excellent degrees~~ of ~~exercise plus~~ a ~~strict diet; Paula Radcliffe, to mention simply 1,~~ is ~~exceedingly thin because waist hip ratio marathon running mostly demands~~. ~~Is she~~ a ~~Real Woman? It~~ is ~~obvious that~~ the ~~definitions~~ of ~~just ladies above~~ a ~~size X or only ladies who weigh more than X pounds are very ludicrous~~.<br><br>~~Ask a supporter of the Real Women movement what a real female is~~. The ~~reaction is normally anything along the lines~~ of; a ~~curvy woman with hips and breasts, anything to grab onto, not skin-and-bone, not directly up like a guy~~. ~~Next, ask what they mean by curvy. A well-known answer? Someone who isnt a size zero stick-insect; today what does that state waist hip ratio calculator to~~ the ~~skinny 15 year aged that hasnt completed developing yet? A movement which initially intended to boost~~ the ~~body image of women everywhere appears to~~ have ~~gone in~~ an ~~entirely different way~~.<br><br>~~To accomplish stomach fat reduction, cut down on how various calories we are taking in could enable as we lower your strain degrees too. Start~~ on a good weight reduction system which will ensure you are getting a balanced diet. Start up an exercise routine plus be faithful to follow it. Exercise is wise for belly fat reduction because it not only increases your metabolism nevertheless it moreover is a method to release strain. Releasing strain will cause substantial abdomen fat reduction for you.<br><br>~~Burpees- This full body exercise is a superior method to indicate your fitness level in the event you may do even a limited in a row.~~ A ~~burpee~~ is ~~an intense workout that challenges a muscular fitness~~, ~~cardiovascular fitness, endurance plus body energy~~. ~~Perform as countless because possible inside 1 minute to really test plus push the fitness level~~.<br><br>~~Today nevertheless~~, ~~stomach fat is well-known~~. ~~Belly fat reduction is significant considering too much fat on the stomach causes significant blood pressure and excellent cholesterol~~. ~~High blood sugar~~ and heart condition is directly related to too much bell fat. Belly fat reduction is now considered more important than how much you weigh. Your waist circumference plus fat distribution around a waist line could contribute to various contemporary illnesses. The [http://~~safedietplansforwomen~~.com/~~waist-to-hip-ratio waist to hip ratio]~~ is ~~now a measure to be concerned with~~ for ~~superior health.~~<br><br>~~More direct evidence showing~~ the ~~male preferences is studies where topics have been rating pictures of real people. Men found inside this type of research which females with ratio of .70~~ to ~~.71 were greatly more appealing than females with ratio of .73~~ to ~~.74~~ (~~Rempala & Garvey, 2007). Similar finding has been found~~ in ~~numerous research. For instance it was found which not merely do men prefer~~ a ~~Waits-~~to~~-Hip ratio around .7, but they~~ also ~~have a strong, non-linear, preference based on female BMI~~ (~~Body mass index~~)~~. The most desirable bodies had Waist-to-Hip ratio about the perfect range~~ of .7, ~~however the desirability was dependent on BMI~~ (~~Tovee et al, 1999~~).<br><br>~~Answer: Both human and animal research have~~ shown ~~that genetics will play a character inside being obese or obese~~. ~~At (east several dozen genes are concerned inside obesity~~, ~~based on~~ the ~~American Dietetic Association~~ (~~ADA~~). ~~In 1994, scientists discovered a new hormone which~~ is ~~produced by fat cells plus affects how~~ the ~~body regulates weight plus feelings~~ of ~~fullness~~. ~~The hormone~~ is ~~known~~ as ~~ieptin~~. ~~Those~~ that ~~are obese tend~~ to ~~have~~ "~~an excess of circulating Ieptin inside direct proportion~~ to ~~their body~~ mass ~~index~~,~~" according to~~ the ~~ADA~~. ~~People with anorexia usually have low degrees~~ of ~~leptin~~.		[[Image:Discrete probability distrib.svg\|right\|thumb\|The graph of a probability mass function. All the values of this function must be non-negative and sum up to 1.]]
			In [[probability theory]] and [[statistics]], a '''probability mass function''' ('''pmf''') is a function that gives the probability that a [[discrete random variable\|discrete]] [[random variable]] is exactly equal to some value.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Stewart, William J.\|title=Probability, Markov Chains, Queues, and Simulation: The Mathematical Basis of Performance Modeling\|publisher=Princeton University Press\|year=2011\|isbn=978-1-4008-3281-1\|page=105\|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ZfRyBS1WbAQC&pg=PT105}}</ref> The probability mass function is often the primary means of defining a [[discrete probability distribution]], and such functions exist for either [[Scalar variable\|scalar]] or [[multivariate random variable]]s whose [[Domain of a function\|domain]] is discrete.

			A probability mass function differs from a [[probability density function]] (pdf) in that the latter is associated with continuous rather than discrete random variables; the values of the latter are not probabilities as such: a pdf must be integrated over an interval to yield a probability.<ref>[http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ProbabilityFunction.html Probability Function] at Mathworld </ref>

			==Formal definition==
			[[Image:Fair dice probability distribution.svg\|right\|thumb\|The probability mass function of a [[Dice\|fair die]]. All the numbers on the {{dice}} have an equal chance of appearing on top when the die stops rolling.]]

			Suppose that ''X'': ''S'' → ''A'' (A <math>\subseteq</math> '''R''') is a [[discrete random variable]] defined on a [[sample space]] ''S''. Then the probability mass function ''f''<sub>''X''</sub>: ''A'' → [0, 1] for ''X'' is defined as<ref>{{cite book\|author=Kumar, Dinesh\|title=Reliability & Six Sigma\|publisher=Birkhäuser\|year=2006\|isbn=978-0-387-30255-3\|page=22\|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=XsX20uCFJbYC&pg=PA22}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|author=Rao, S.S.\|title=Engineering optimization: theory and practice\|publisher=John Wiley & Sons\|year=1996\|isbn=978-0-471-55034-1\|page=717\|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=nuoryE4IwMoC&pg=PA717}}</ref>
			:<math>f_X(x) = \Pr(X = x) = \Pr(\{s \in S: X(s) = x\}).</math>

			Thinking of probability as mass helps avoiding mistakes since the physical mass is conserved as is the total probability for all hypothetical outcomes ''x'':
			:<math>\sum_{x\in A} f_X(x) = 1</math>

			When there is a natural order among the hypotheses ''x'', it may be convenient to assign numerical values to them (or ''n''-tuples in case of a discrete [[multivariate random variable]]) and to consider also values not in the [[Image_(mathematics)\|image]] of ''X''. That is, ''f''<sub>''X''</sub> may be defined for all [[real number]]s and ''f''<sub>''X''</sub>(''x'') = 0 for all ''x'' <math>\notin</math> ''X''(''S'') as shown in the figure.

			Since the image of ''X'' is [[countable]], the probability mass function ''f''<sub>''X''</sub>(''x'') is zero for all but a countable number of values of ''x''. The discontinuity of probability mass functions is related to the fact that the [[cumulative distribution function]] of a discrete random variable is also discontinuous. Where it is differentiable, the derivative is zero, just as the probability mass function is zero at all such points.{{Citation needed\|date=April 2012}}

			==Examples==
			Suppose that ''S'' is the sample space of all outcomes of a single toss of a fair coin, and ''X'' is the random variable defined on ''S'' assigning 0 to "tails" and 1 to "heads". Since the coin is fair, the probability mass function is
			:<math>f_X(x) = \begin{cases}\frac{1}{2}, &x \in \{0, 1\},\\0, &x \notin \{0, 1\}.\end{cases}</math>
			This is a special case of the [[binomial distribution]].

			An example of a multivariate discrete distribution, and of its probability mass function, is provided by the [[multinomial distribution]].

			==References==
			{{refimprove\|date=April 2012}}
			{{reflist}}

			==Further reading==
			*Johnson, N.L., Kotz, S., Kemp A. (1993) Univariate Discrete Distributions (2nd Edition). Wiley. ISBN 0-471-54897-9 (p 36)

			{{Theory of probability distributions}}

			[[Category:Probability theory]]
			[[Category:Types of probability distributions]]

124.148.161.175 at 01:19, 30 August 2012

2012-08-30T01:19:30Z

New page

The perfect body measurements for females vary from destination to place. In South-East Asian countries, a voluminous plus curvaceous body is considered breathtaking. While in the western nations, a skinny and bony figure is considered a signal of perfection. We cannot deny the truth that no 2 women will have the same body measurements plus each individual considers a particular body structure to be beautiful. However, there has to be several woman body shapes plus body measurements that can be adopted as a standard to define the perfect body measurements for females. What of the naturally thin? What of the ladies that usually not exceed 9 stone due to genetics? Are they Real? What of athletes? The ladies whose careers demand excellent degrees of exercise plus a strict diet; Paula Radcliffe, to mention simply 1, is exceedingly thin because waist hip ratio marathon running mostly demands. Is she a Real Woman? It is obvious that the definitions of just ladies above a size X or only ladies who weigh more than X pounds are very ludicrous. Ask a supporter of the Real Women movement what a real female is. The reaction is normally anything along the lines of; a curvy woman with hips and breasts, anything to grab onto, not skin-and-bone, not directly up like a guy. Next, ask what they mean by curvy. A well-known answer? Someone who isnt a size zero stick-insect; today what does that state waist hip ratio calculator to the skinny 15 year aged that hasnt completed developing yet? A movement which initially intended to boost the body image of women everywhere appears to have gone in an entirely different way. To accomplish stomach fat reduction, cut down on how various calories we are taking in could enable as we lower your strain degrees too. Start on a good weight reduction system which will ensure you are getting a balanced diet. Start up an exercise routine plus be faithful to follow it. Exercise is wise for belly fat reduction because it not only increases your metabolism nevertheless it moreover is a method to release strain. Releasing strain will cause substantial abdomen fat reduction for you. Burpees- This full body exercise is a superior method to indicate your fitness level in the event you may do even a limited in a row. A burpee is an intense workout that challenges a muscular fitness, cardiovascular fitness, endurance plus body energy. Perform as countless because possible inside 1 minute to really test plus push the fitness level. Today nevertheless, stomach fat is well-known. Belly fat reduction is significant considering too much fat on the stomach causes significant blood pressure and excellent cholesterol. High blood sugar and heart condition is directly related to too much bell fat. Belly fat reduction is now considered more important than how much you weigh. Your waist circumference plus fat distribution around a waist line could contribute to various contemporary illnesses. The [http://safedietplansforwomen.com/waist-to-hip-ratio waist to hip ratio] is now a measure to be concerned with for superior health. More direct evidence showing the male preferences is studies where topics have been rating pictures of real people. Men found inside this type of research which females with ratio of .70 to .71 were greatly more appealing than females with ratio of .73 to .74 (Rempala & Garvey, 2007). Similar finding has been found in numerous research. For instance it was found which not merely do men prefer a Waits-to-Hip ratio around .7, but they also have a strong, non-linear, preference based on female BMI (Body mass index). The most desirable bodies had Waist-to-Hip ratio about the perfect range of .7, however the desirability was dependent on BMI (Tovee et al, 1999). Answer: Both human and animal research have shown that genetics will play a character inside being obese or obese. At (east several dozen genes are concerned inside obesity, based on the American Dietetic Association (ADA). In 1994, scientists discovered a new hormone which is produced by fat cells plus affects how the body regulates weight plus feelings of fullness. The hormone is known as ieptin. Those that are obese tend to have "an excess of circulating Ieptin inside direct proportion to their body mass index," according to the ADA. People with anorexia usually have low degrees of leptin.