Negative refraction - Revision history

en>Srleffler: Preparing to change target of light ray redirect.

2014-12-10T04:01:10Z

Preparing to change target of light ray redirect.

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:01, 10 December 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~'''Electron optics'''~~ is a ~~mathematical framework for~~ the ~~calculation of particle paths along given [[electrostatic]] or [[magnetostatic field]]s~~. ~~The term ''optics''~~ is ~~used because~~ a ~~[[charged particle beam]] can be manipulated using [[magnetic lens]]es in a similar fashion to~~ the ~~manipulation of a light beam with [[optical lens]]es.~~		is a combined development in Balestier with 104 residential apartment units from the 5th to 18th storey, four industrial store items on the first & 2nd storey and 6 office items on the third & 4th storey.<br><br>Jointly developed by Keppel Land Limited and China Vanke Co Ltd, the condominium is simply a stone's throw away from the Tanah Merah MRT station and surrounded by schooling institutes such as Anglican Excessive Faculty, Temasek Junior College and the up and coming SUTD (Singapore College of Know-how and Design) new campus which is predicted to be ready by 2014. 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Simply at Inflora condo alone, you and your family members can take pleasure in fun-stuffed day all the way to the night time.<br><br>Upcoming Singapore new property launch But when you dropped in here by mistake once you're actually in search of property to buy, please see Singapore Property Gross sales for new property launches in Singapore.) What are new property launches in Singapore about? NEW LAUNCH How you can get reductions at new property launches in Singapore [http://stage.mruniversity.com/users/50869 Singapore new condo] launch you can trust! News on new launches of Singapore residences New Launch Singapore Property Condo Apartment Landed Private Property Industrial Shop Office Industrial Resale Subsale Rental This information to property launches in Singapore explains terminology & processes involved in buying property in Singapore at such launches. Click links below for answers. 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New Launch at District 14 Personal Condominium<br><br>The close by private housing developments are mainly low-rise landed property giving more privateness and exclusivity to the brand new improvement. The virtually unspoil surroundings is what differentiates this development from the encircling ones (VII) Park Connector There were students, retirees and property brokers napping, snacking and taking part in cards within the queue to kill time. Such a scene made passers-by wonder if the gang actually consisted of real patrons, or simply half-timers being paid to faux how scorching the brand new undertaking was. With the steam of an overheated property market dying down, the buzz has now shifted to developers enjoying discount video games to push new initiatives or clear outdated stock. With so many ‘nice offers', buyers are spoiled for decisions.

	~~Electron optics calculations are, besides other uses~~, ~~needed for [[electron microscopes]]~~ and ~~are also crucial for~~ the ~~design~~ of ~~modern [[particle accelerators]]~~. ~~In [[paraxial approximation]]~~, ~~the calculations can~~ be ~~done using [[ray transfer matrix analysis]]~~.

	~~== Electron properties ==~~
	~~{{main\|Electron}}~~
	~~Electrons are charged particles ([[point charge]]s with [[rest mass]])~~. ~~The electron also has an associated [[spin (physics)\|spin]]~~ of ~~+ 1~~/2. ~~While in motion an electron possesses [[kinetic energy]]~~, ~~regardless~~ of ~~any imposed charge field—this could be achieved by accelerating electrons via a voltage differential into a screened "field~~-~~free" region, which initially imparts~~ the ~~energy required~~ to ~~accelerate~~ the ~~electron~~. ~~Given sufficient voltage, the electron can be accelerated sufficiently fast~~ to ~~exhibit measurable [[relativistic effect]]s~~, ~~and the velocity must be accounted~~ for ~~relativistically~~. ~~According to the~~ [~~[wave particle duality~~]~~], electrons~~ can ~~also be considered as wave propagations and therefore have associated wave properties~~ such ~~as wavelength, phase and amplitude~~.

	~~With respect to electron optics,~~ the ~~nature of the electron as~~ a ~~charged particle causes electrons~~ to ~~interact with imposed electron fields~~, ~~and their spin causes magnetic field interactions as well. These interactions form~~ the ~~fundamentals~~ of ~~electron optical theory~~.

	~~== Field interactions ==~~

	~~=== Particle interpretation ===~~
	~~Magnetic fields interact~~ with ~~an electron in a manner that alters velocity independently~~ of ~~kinetic energy (velocity magnitude)~~. ~~Electrons move according to the [[cross product]]~~ of the ~~magnetic field and the electron propagation vector~~, ~~such that~~, ~~in an infinite uniform field moving electrons take~~ a ~~[[circular motion]] at a constant radius dependent upon electron velocity~~ and ~~[[magnetic field strength\|field strength]] according to the following equation, which~~ can be ~~derived from circular motion:~~

	:<~~math~~> ~~r = \frac{2 m cv}{eH}~~<~~/math~~>

	~~where ''r'' is the orbit radius, ''m'' is the mass~~ of ~~an electron~~, ~~''v'' is~~ the ~~electron velocity, ''e'' is the charge~~ on the ~~electron and ''H''~~ is the ~~applied magnetic field. Electrons that have a velocity component that~~ is ~~parallel to~~ the ~~magnetic field will rather "stretch out" the circle and form [[helix\|helical]] paths, the pitch~~ of ~~which~~ is ~~subject~~ to ~~the rotation period and the parallel velocity component.~~

	~~In the case of an applied electrostatic field~~, ~~an electron will deflect towards~~ the ~~positive gradient of the field. Notably, this crossing of electrostatic field lines means~~ that ~~electrons~~, ~~as they move through electrostatic fields change the magnitude of their velocity~~, ~~whereas~~ in ~~magnetic fields~~, ~~only~~ the ~~velocity direction~~ is ~~modified.~~

	~~As electrons can exhibit non-particle~~ (~~wave-like~~) ~~effects such as [[diffraction]]~~, ~~a full analysis of electron paths can be obtained by solving [[Maxwell's equation]]—however in many situations~~, ~~the particle interpretation may provide a sufficient approximation with great reduction~~ in ~~complexity.~~

	~~One further property of electrons is that they interact strongly with matter as they are sensitive to not only~~ the ~~nucleus, but also the matter's electron charge cloud. Therefore electrons require [[vacuum]]~~ to ~~propagate any reasonable distance, such as would be desirable in electron optic systems~~. ~~Penetration in vacuum is dictated~~ by ~~[[mean free path]], a measure of~~ the ~~probability~~ of ~~collision between electrons and matter~~, ~~approximate values for which can be derived from [[Poisson statistics]]~~.

	~~=== Quantum theory ===~~
	~~Although not very common~~, ~~it is also possible~~ to ~~derive effects of magnetic structures~~ to ~~charged particles starting from the [[Dirac equation]]~~.~~<ref>{{Cite doi \| 10~~.~~1016/0375-9601(89)90685-3 }}</ref>~~

	~~== See also ==~~
	* [[Charged particle beam]]
	* [[Strong focusing]]
	* [[Electron beam technology]]
	* [[Electron microscope]]
	* [[Beam emittance]]
	* [[Ernst Ruska]]

	~~== References ==~~
	~~{{reflist}}~~
	~~{{refbegin}}~~
	*:[http://www.ml.afrl.af.mil/facilities/mll-cmc-eo.html Air Force Research Laboratory - Electron Optics Program]
	~~{{refend}}~~

	~~{{DEFAULTSORT:Electron Optics}}~~
	~~[[Category:Electromagnetism]]~~
	~~[[Category:Accelerator physics]]~~

en>Bibcode Bot: Adding 1 arxiv eprint(s), 1 bibcode(s) and 0 doi(s). Did it miss something? Report bugs, errors, and suggestions at User talk:Bibcode Bot

2013-07-27T13:59:58Z

Adding 1 arxiv eprint(s), 1 bibcode(s) and 0 doi(s). Did it miss something? Report bugs, errors, and suggestions at User talk:Bibcode Bot

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:59, 27 July 2013
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~Aircraft Preservation Manufacture~~ (~~Components~~ ) ~~Freier from Delta~~, ~~loves~~ to ~~spend some time papermache~~, ~~new launch property singapore~~ and ~~films~~. ~~Loves~~ to ~~visit new cities~~ and ~~places for example Benedictine Convent~~ of ~~St John~~ at ~~Müstair.~~<br><br>~~Feel~~ free to ~~surf~~ to ~~my homepage~~ - [http://~~stage~~.~~mruniversity~~.~~com~~/~~users~~/~~50869 singapore new condo~~]		'''Electron optics''' is a mathematical framework for the calculation of particle paths along given [[electrostatic]] or [[magnetostatic field]]s. The term ''optics'' is used because a [[charged particle beam]] can be manipulated using [[magnetic lens]]es in a similar fashion to the manipulation of a light beam with [[optical lens]]es.

			Electron optics calculations are, besides other uses, needed for [[electron microscopes]] and are also crucial for the design of modern [[particle accelerators]]. In [[paraxial approximation]], the calculations can be done using [[ray transfer matrix analysis]].

			== Electron properties ==
			{{main\|Electron}}
			Electrons are charged particles ([[point charge]]s with [[rest mass]]). The electron also has an associated [[spin (physics)\|spin]] of + 1/2. While in motion an electron possesses [[kinetic energy]], regardless of any imposed charge field—this could be achieved by accelerating electrons via a voltage differential into a screened "field-free" region, which initially imparts the energy required to accelerate the electron. Given sufficient voltage, the electron can be accelerated sufficiently fast to exhibit measurable [[relativistic effect]]s, and the velocity must be accounted for relativistically. According to the [[wave particle duality]], electrons can also be considered as wave propagations and therefore have associated wave properties such as wavelength, phase and amplitude.

			With respect to electron optics, the nature of the electron as a charged particle causes electrons to interact with imposed electron fields, and their spin causes magnetic field interactions as well. These interactions form the fundamentals of electron optical theory.

			== Field interactions ==

			=== Particle interpretation ===
			Magnetic fields interact with an electron in a manner that alters velocity independently of kinetic energy (velocity magnitude). Electrons move according to the [[cross product]] of the magnetic field and the electron propagation vector, such that, in an infinite uniform field moving electrons take a [[circular motion]] at a constant radius dependent upon electron velocity and [[magnetic field strength\|field strength]] according to the following equation, which can be derived from circular motion:

			:<math> r = \frac{2 m cv}{eH}</math>

			where ''r'' is the orbit radius, ''m'' is the mass of an electron, ''v'' is the electron velocity, ''e'' is the charge on the electron and ''H'' is the applied magnetic field. Electrons that have a velocity component that is parallel to the magnetic field will rather "stretch out" the circle and form [[helix\|helical]] paths, the pitch of which is subject to the rotation period and the parallel velocity component.

			In the case of an applied electrostatic field, an electron will deflect towards the positive gradient of the field. Notably, this crossing of electrostatic field lines means that electrons, as they move through electrostatic fields change the magnitude of their velocity, whereas in magnetic fields, only the velocity direction is modified.

			As electrons can exhibit non-particle (wave-like) effects such as [[diffraction]], a full analysis of electron paths can be obtained by solving [[Maxwell's equation]]—however in many situations, the particle interpretation may provide a sufficient approximation with great reduction in complexity.

			One further property of electrons is that they interact strongly with matter as they are sensitive to not only the nucleus, but also the matter's electron charge cloud. Therefore electrons require [[vacuum]] to propagate any reasonable distance, such as would be desirable in electron optic systems. Penetration in vacuum is dictated by [[mean free path]], a measure of the probability of collision between electrons and matter, approximate values for which can be derived from [[Poisson statistics]].

			=== Quantum theory ===
			Although not very common, it is also possible to derive effects of magnetic structures to charged particles starting from the [[Dirac equation]].<ref>{{Cite doi \| 10.1016/0375-9601(89)90685-3 }}</ref>

			== See also ==
			* [[Charged particle beam]]
			* [[Strong focusing]]
			* [[Electron beam technology]]
			* [[Electron microscope]]
			* [[Beam emittance]]
			* [[Ernst Ruska]]

			== References ==
			{{reflist}}
			{{refbegin}}
			*:[http://www.ml.afrl.af.mil/facilities/mll-cmc-eo.html Air Force Research Laboratory - Electron Optics Program]
			{{refend}}

			{{DEFAULTSORT:Electron Optics}}
			[[Category:Electromagnetism]]
			[[Category:Accelerator physics]]

en>Bibcode Bot: Adding 1 arxiv eprint(s), 0 bibcode(s) and 0 doi(s). Did it miss something? Report bugs, errors, and suggestions at User talk:Bibcode Bot

2012-08-21T01:08:39Z

Adding 1 arxiv eprint(s), 0 bibcode(s) and 0 doi(s). Did it miss something? Report bugs, errors, and suggestions at User talk:Bibcode Bot

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Aircraft Preservation Manufacture (Components ) Freier from Delta, loves to spend some time papermache, new launch property singapore and films. Loves to visit new cities and places for example Benedictine Convent of St John at Müstair.<br><br>Feel free to surf to my homepage - [http://stage.mruniversity.com/users/50869 singapore new condo]