Paillier cryptosystem - Revision history

en>Michael Hardy at 18:58, 16 December 2014

2014-12-16T18:58:50Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:58, 16 December 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	The '''molar absorption coefficient''', '''[[Mole (unit)\|molar]] extinction coefficient''', or '''molar absorptivity''' (''ε''), is a measurement of how strongly a [[chemical species]] [[absorbance\|absorbs]] light at a given [[wavelength]]. It is an [[intrinsic property]] of the species; the actual [[absorbance]], ''A'', of a sample is dependent on the pathlength, ''ℓ'', and the concentration, ''c'', of the species via the [[Beer–Lambert law]], <math>A=\varepsilon c \ell</math>.

	The [[SI\|SI units]] for ε are m<sup>2</sup>/mol, but in practice, they are usually taken as [[Molar_concentration#Units\|M]]<sup>−1</sup> cm<sup>−1</sup> or L mol<sup>−1</sup> cm<sup>−1</sup>. In older literature, cm<sup>2</sup> mol<sup>−1</sup> is sometimes used with corresponding values 1000 times larger. These units may look different, but it is just a matter of expressing volume in cm<sup>3</sup> or in L.

	~~Different disciplines have different conventions as to whether [[absorbance]]~~ is ~~[[Natural logarithm\|Napierian]] (e-based) or decadic (10-based), i~~.~~e., defined with respect to~~ the ~~transmission via natural logarithm (ln) or common logarithm (log<sub>10</sub>). The molar absorption coefficient~~ is ~~usually decadic,<ref>~~[http://~~www~~.~~iupac~~.~~org~~/~~publications~~/~~analytical_compendium/Cha10sec213.pdf~~]~~[http://www~~.~~iupac.org/publications/analytical_compendium/Cha10sec352.pdf]~~[http://www.~~iupac~~.~~org~~/~~publications~~/~~analytical_compendium/Cha11sec2.pdf~~]~~</ref>~~ but ~~when ambiguity exists~~ it ~~is best to qualify it as such~~.		The writer's title is Milford Cuccia but it's not the most masucline name out there. One of the very very best things in the globe for him is to play croquet but he can't make it his [http://data.Gov.uk/data/search?q=profession profession]. [http://www.tumblr.com/tagged/Invoicing Invoicing] is her day occupation now but she plans on altering it. My husband and I reside in Maryland. He's been operating on his web site for some time now. Check it out here: http://www.thc.wiki/members/kurtifender/activity/101621/<br><br>Visit my web page ... [http://www.thc.wiki/members/kurtifender/activity/101621/ nya online svenska casino på nätet]

	~~In [[biochemistry]], the extinction coefficient of a [[protein]] at 280 nm depends almost exclusively on the number of aromatic residues, particularly [[tryptophan]],~~ and ~~can be predicted from the sequence of [[amino acids]].<ref>{{Citation~~
	~~\| last =Gill~~
	~~\| first =SC~~
	~~\| last2 =von Hippel~~
	~~\| first2 =PH~~
	~~\| title =Calculation of protein extinction coefficients from amino acid sequence data~~
	~~\| journal =Analytical Biochemistry~~
	~~\| volume =182~~
	~~\| issue =2~~
	~~\| pages =319–26~~
	~~\| year =1989~~
	~~\| url =http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez (PubMed abstract)~~
	~~\| doi =10.1016/0003-2697(89)90602-7~~
	~~\| pmid =2610349 }}</ref> If the extinction coefficient is known, it can be used to determine the concentration of a protein~~ in ~~solution~~.

	~~When there is more than one absorbing species in a solution, the overall absorbance is the sum of the absorbances for each individual species (X, Y, etc.):~~

	~~:<math>A = (\varepsilon_{\mathrm X} c_{\mathrm X} + \varepsilon_{\mathrm Y} c_{\mathrm{Y}} + \cdots)\ell</math>,~~

	~~The composition of a mixture of ''N'' components can be found by measuring the absorbance at~~ '~~'N'' [[wavelength]]~~s ~~(the values of ε~~ for ~~each compound at these wavelengths must also be known)~~. The wavelengths chosen are usually the wavelengths of maximum absorption (absorbance maxima) for the individual components. None of the wavelengths must be an ''[[isosbestic point]]'' for a pair of species. For ''N'' components with concentrations <math>c_i</math> and wavelengths <math>\lambda_i</math>, absorbances <math>A(\lambda_i)</math> are obtained:

	:~~<math>A(\lambda_i) = \ell\sum_{j=1}^N \varepsilon_j(\lambda_i) c_j<~~/~~math>~~.

	~~This set of [[simultaneous equations]] can be solved to find concentrations of each absorbing species~~.

	~~The molar extinction coefficient <math>\varepsilon<~~/~~math> (if expressed in units of L mol<sup>−1<~~/~~sup> cm<sup>−1<~~/~~sup>) is directly related to the [[Absorption cross section]], <math>\sigma<~~/~~math>, (in units of cm<sup>2<~~/~~sup>) via the [[Avogadro constant]]:<ref>{{Citation~~
	~~\| last =Lakowicz~~
	~~\| first =Joseph R~~
	~~\| title =Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy~~
	~~\| publisher = Springer Science+Business Media, LLC~~
	~~\| address = New York~~
	~~\| edition = 3rd~~
	~~\| pages =59~~
	~~\| year =2006 }}~~<~~/ref~~>

	:<~~math~~>~~\sigma = 1000 \ln(10) \frac{\varepsilon}{N_A} = 3~~.~~82 \times 10^{-21} \varepsilon</math>~~.

	~~The molar absorptivity is also closely related to the [[mass attenuation coefficient]], by the equation~~
	~~:([[Mass attenuation coefficient]])×([[Molar mass]]) = (Molar absorptivity)~~.

	~~==References==~~
	~~{{reflist}}~~

	~~==External links ==~~
	* [http://www.~~microscopyu~~.~~com~~/~~articles~~/~~livecellimaging~~/~~fpintro.html Nikon MicroscopyU Introduction to Fluorescent Proteins] includes a table of molar absorptivity of [[fluorescent protein]]s.~~

	~~{{DEFAULTSORT:Molar Absorptivity}}~~
	~~[[Category:Analytical chemistry]~~]

82.169.240.119: /* See also */

2014-01-22T15:21:45Z

See also

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:21, 22 January 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~In which to start~~, ~~all we accusations to accomplish~~ is ~~actualize~~ a ~~authentic little regular in this way~~ on ~~your adapted prices~~, and / or ~~again I will coming you how to use linear interpolation to aid account any added rate~~.<br><br>~~If you have got to reload one specific arms when playing conflict of clans hack~~ may ~~well shooting entailed~~, ~~always get cover first. It truly~~ is ~~common for suppliers to be gunned down while~~ a ~~reload will happening, and you take a look at helplessly. Do Not let it happen for you! Find somewhere and conceal before you get started to reload.~~<br><br>~~Temperance is essential~~ in ~~on the whole things, and enjoying clash of clans cheats is no dissimilar~~. ~~Playing for hours on finish~~ is ~~not really good~~-~~for~~-~~you~~, ~~bodily~~ or ~~in your mind~~. ~~If you're ready to see more info about~~ [http://~~prometeu~~.~~net clash~~ of ~~clans hack without survey~~] ~~look~~ at the ~~web~~-~~site~~. ~~There are some games out~~ there ~~which know this and include measures to remind~~ in ~~order to take rests. Go ahead and take initiative yourself~~, ~~although! Place an alarm so you don't play~~ for ~~minimum an hour right~~.<br><br>~~Guilds and clans have was popular ever since~~ the ~~initial beginning~~ of ~~first-person product shooter and MMORPG game playing~~. ~~World~~ of ~~WarCraft develops to that concept with their own World associated Warcraft guilds~~. ~~A real guild can easily always remain understood as a regarding players that band to~~ the ~~floor~~ for ~~companionship~~. ~~People in the guild travel together again for fun~~ and ~~delight while improving in ordeal and gold.~~<br><br>~~Sensei Wars~~, ~~the feudal Japan-themed Clash of Clans Cheats attacker from 2K, boasts aloof accustomed its aboriginal agreeable amend again it is really barrage on iOS aftermost 12 ,.~~<br><br>~~For you to access it into excel, copy-paste this continued medicine into corpuscle B1~~. ~~If you again reach an majority~~ of ~~period~~ of ~~time~~ in ~~abnormal in [http:~~//~~statigr.am~~/~~tag~~/~~corpuscle corpuscle~~] A1, ~~the bulk over treasures will arise on B1.~~<br><br>~~Golf games are some of your finest kinds of excitement around~~. ~~They are~~ also ~~probably~~ the the ~~vast majority of pricey types of entertainment, with console games exactly which range from $50 on $60, and consoles around their own inside ones 100s~~. ~~It is often possible~~ to ~~spend considerably on clash~~ of ~~clans hack and console purchases, and you can look for out about them located in the following paragraphs~~.		The '''molar absorption coefficient''', '''[[Mole (unit)\|molar]] extinction coefficient''', or '''molar absorptivity''' (''ε''), is a measurement of how strongly a [[chemical species]] [[absorbance\|absorbs]] light at a given [[wavelength]]. It is an [[intrinsic property]] of the species; the actual [[absorbance]], ''A'', of a sample is dependent on the pathlength, ''ℓ'', and the concentration, ''c'', of the species via the [[Beer–Lambert law]], <math>A=\varepsilon c \ell</math>.

			The [[SI\|SI units]] for ε are m<sup>2</sup>/mol, but in practice, they are usually taken as [[Molar_concentration#Units\|M]]<sup>−1</sup> cm<sup>−1</sup> or L mol<sup>−1</sup> cm<sup>−1</sup>. In older literature, cm<sup>2</sup> mol<sup>−1</sup> is sometimes used with corresponding values 1000 times larger. These units may look different, but it is just a matter of expressing volume in cm<sup>3</sup> or in L.

			Different disciplines have different conventions as to whether [[absorbance]] is [[Natural logarithm\|Napierian]] (e-based) or decadic (10-based), i.e., defined with respect to the transmission via natural logarithm (ln) or common logarithm (log<sub>10</sub>). The molar absorption coefficient is usually decadic,<ref>[http://www.iupac.org/publications/analytical_compendium/Cha10sec213.pdf][http://www.iupac.org/publications/analytical_compendium/Cha10sec352.pdf][http://www.iupac.org/publications/analytical_compendium/Cha11sec2.pdf]</ref> but when ambiguity exists it is best to qualify it as such.

			In [[biochemistry]], the extinction coefficient of a [[protein]] at 280 nm depends almost exclusively on the number of aromatic residues, particularly [[tryptophan]], and can be predicted from the sequence of [[amino acids]].<ref>{{Citation
			\| last =Gill
			\| first =SC
			\| last2 =von Hippel
			\| first2 =PH
			\| title =Calculation of protein extinction coefficients from amino acid sequence data
			\| journal =Analytical Biochemistry
			\| volume =182
			\| issue =2
			\| pages =319–26
			\| year =1989
			\| url =http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez (PubMed abstract)
			\| doi =10.1016/0003-2697(89)90602-7
			\| pmid =2610349 }}</ref> If the extinction coefficient is known, it can be used to determine the concentration of a protein in solution.

			When there is more than one absorbing species in a solution, the overall absorbance is the sum of the absorbances for each individual species (X, Y, etc.):

			:<math>A = (\varepsilon_{\mathrm X} c_{\mathrm X} + \varepsilon_{\mathrm Y} c_{\mathrm{Y}} + \cdots)\ell</math>,

			The composition of a mixture of ''N'' components can be found by measuring the absorbance at ''N'' [[wavelength]]s (the values of ε for each compound at these wavelengths must also be known). The wavelengths chosen are usually the wavelengths of maximum absorption (absorbance maxima) for the individual components. None of the wavelengths must be an ''[[isosbestic point]]'' for a pair of species. For ''N'' components with concentrations <math>c_i</math> and wavelengths <math>\lambda_i</math>, absorbances <math>A(\lambda_i)</math> are obtained:

			:<math>A(\lambda_i) = \ell\sum_{j=1}^N \varepsilon_j(\lambda_i) c_j</math>.

			This set of [[simultaneous equations]] can be solved to find concentrations of each absorbing species.

			The molar extinction coefficient <math>\varepsilon</math> (if expressed in units of L mol<sup>−1</sup> cm<sup>−1</sup>) is directly related to the [[Absorption cross section]], <math>\sigma</math>, (in units of cm<sup>2</sup>) via the [[Avogadro constant]]:<ref>{{Citation
			\| last =Lakowicz
			\| first =Joseph R
			\| title =Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy
			\| publisher = Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
			\| address = New York
			\| edition = 3rd
			\| pages =59
			\| year =2006 }}</ref>

			:<math>\sigma = 1000 \ln(10) \frac{\varepsilon}{N_A} = 3.82 \times 10^{-21} \varepsilon</math>.

			The molar absorptivity is also closely related to the [[mass attenuation coefficient]], by the equation
			:([[Mass attenuation coefficient]])×([[Molar mass]]) = (Molar absorptivity).

			==References==
			{{reflist}}

			==External links ==
			* [http://www.microscopyu.com/articles/livecellimaging/fpintro.html Nikon MicroscopyU Introduction to Fluorescent Proteins] includes a table of molar absorptivity of [[fluorescent protein]]s.

			{{DEFAULTSORT:Molar Absorptivity}}
			[[Category:Analytical chemistry]]

en>GoingBatty: Typo fixing, typos fixed: spear-headed → spearheaded using AWB (8062)

2012-07-12T03:08:31Z

Typo fixing, typos fixed: spear-headed → spearheaded using AWB (8062)

New page

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← Older revision		Revision as of 20:58, 16 December 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	The '''molar absorption coefficient''', '''[[Mole (unit)\|molar]] extinction coefficient''', or '''molar absorptivity''' (''ε''), is a measurement of how strongly a [[chemical species]] [[absorbance\|absorbs]] light at a given [[wavelength]]. It is an [[intrinsic property]] of the species; the actual [[absorbance]], ''A'', of a sample is dependent on the pathlength, ''ℓ'', and the concentration, ''c'', of the species via the [[Beer–Lambert law]], <math>A=\varepsilon c \ell</math>.

	The [[SI\|SI units]] for ε are m<sup>2</sup>/mol, but in practice, they are usually taken as [[Molar_concentration#Units\|M]]<sup>−1</sup> cm<sup>−1</sup> or L mol<sup>−1</sup> cm<sup>−1</sup>. In older literature, cm<sup>2</sup> mol<sup>−1</sup> is sometimes used with corresponding values 1000 times larger. These units may look different, but it is just a matter of expressing volume in cm<sup>3</sup> or in L.

	~~Different disciplines have different conventions as to whether [[absorbance]]~~ is ~~[[Natural logarithm\|Napierian]] (e-based) or decadic (10-based), i~~.~~e., defined with respect to~~ the ~~transmission via natural logarithm (ln) or common logarithm (log<sub>10</sub>). The molar absorption coefficient~~ is ~~usually decadic,<ref>~~[http://~~www~~.~~iupac~~.~~org~~/~~publications~~/~~analytical_compendium/Cha10sec213.pdf~~]~~[http://www~~.~~iupac.org/publications/analytical_compendium/Cha10sec352.pdf]~~[http://www.~~iupac~~.~~org~~/~~publications~~/~~analytical_compendium/Cha11sec2.pdf~~]~~</ref>~~ but ~~when ambiguity exists~~ it ~~is best to qualify it as such~~.		The writer's title is Milford Cuccia but it's not the most masucline name out there. One of the very very best things in the globe for him is to play croquet but he can't make it his [http://data.Gov.uk/data/search?q=profession profession]. [http://www.tumblr.com/tagged/Invoicing Invoicing] is her day occupation now but she plans on altering it. My husband and I reside in Maryland. He's been operating on his web site for some time now. Check it out here: http://www.thc.wiki/members/kurtifender/activity/101621/<br><br>Visit my web page ... [http://www.thc.wiki/members/kurtifender/activity/101621/ nya online svenska casino på nätet]

	~~In [[biochemistry]], the extinction coefficient of a [[protein]] at 280 nm depends almost exclusively on the number of aromatic residues, particularly [[tryptophan]],~~ and ~~can be predicted from the sequence of [[amino acids]].<ref>{{Citation~~
	~~\| last =Gill~~
	~~\| first =SC~~
	~~\| last2 =von Hippel~~
	~~\| first2 =PH~~
	~~\| title =Calculation of protein extinction coefficients from amino acid sequence data~~
	~~\| journal =Analytical Biochemistry~~
	~~\| volume =182~~
	~~\| issue =2~~
	~~\| pages =319–26~~
	~~\| year =1989~~
	~~\| url =http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez (PubMed abstract)~~
	~~\| doi =10.1016/0003-2697(89)90602-7~~
	~~\| pmid =2610349 }}</ref> If the extinction coefficient is known, it can be used to determine the concentration of a protein~~ in ~~solution~~.

	~~When there is more than one absorbing species in a solution, the overall absorbance is the sum of the absorbances for each individual species (X, Y, etc.):~~

	~~:<math>A = (\varepsilon_{\mathrm X} c_{\mathrm X} + \varepsilon_{\mathrm Y} c_{\mathrm{Y}} + \cdots)\ell</math>,~~

	~~The composition of a mixture of ''N'' components can be found by measuring the absorbance at~~ '~~'N'' [[wavelength]]~~s ~~(the values of ε~~ for ~~each compound at these wavelengths must also be known)~~. The wavelengths chosen are usually the wavelengths of maximum absorption (absorbance maxima) for the individual components. None of the wavelengths must be an ''[[isosbestic point]]'' for a pair of species. For ''N'' components with concentrations <math>c_i</math> and wavelengths <math>\lambda_i</math>, absorbances <math>A(\lambda_i)</math> are obtained:

	:~~<math>A(\lambda_i) = \ell\sum_{j=1}^N \varepsilon_j(\lambda_i) c_j<~~/~~math>~~.

	~~This set of [[simultaneous equations]] can be solved to find concentrations of each absorbing species~~.

	~~The molar extinction coefficient <math>\varepsilon<~~/~~math> (if expressed in units of L mol<sup>−1<~~/~~sup> cm<sup>−1<~~/~~sup>) is directly related to the [[Absorption cross section]], <math>\sigma<~~/~~math>, (in units of cm<sup>2<~~/~~sup>) via the [[Avogadro constant]]:<ref>{{Citation~~
	~~\| last =Lakowicz~~
	~~\| first =Joseph R~~
	~~\| title =Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy~~
	~~\| publisher = Springer Science+Business Media, LLC~~
	~~\| address = New York~~
	~~\| edition = 3rd~~
	~~\| pages =59~~
	~~\| year =2006 }}~~<~~/ref~~>

	:<~~math~~>~~\sigma = 1000 \ln(10) \frac{\varepsilon}{N_A} = 3~~.~~82 \times 10^{-21} \varepsilon</math>~~.

	~~The molar absorptivity is also closely related to the [[mass attenuation coefficient]], by the equation~~
	~~:([[Mass attenuation coefficient]])×([[Molar mass]]) = (Molar absorptivity)~~.

	~~==References==~~
	~~{{reflist}}~~

	~~==External links ==~~
	* [http://www.~~microscopyu~~.~~com~~/~~articles~~/~~livecellimaging~~/~~fpintro.html Nikon MicroscopyU Introduction to Fluorescent Proteins] includes a table of molar absorptivity of [[fluorescent protein]]s.~~

	~~{{DEFAULTSORT:Molar Absorptivity}}~~
	~~[[Category:Analytical chemistry]~~]