Pressure-gradient force - Revision history

23.117.64.36: /* Formalism */

2014-09-15T22:39:25Z

Formalism

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:39, 16 September 2014
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	In finance, '''Jensen's alpha'''<ref>[http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=244153 Jensen, M.C., “The Performance of Mutual Funds in the Period 1945-1964,” Journal of Finance 23, 1968, pp. 389-416.]</ref> (or '''Jensen's Performance Index''', '''ex-post alpha''') is used to determine the abnormal return of a security or [[Portfolio (finance)\|portfolio]] of securities over the theoretical expected return.		The writer is called Irwin Wunder but it's not the most masucline title out there. What I love performing is to collect badges but I've been taking on new issues lately. Supervising is my occupation. For a while I've been in South Dakota and my mothers and fathers live nearby.<br><br>My page [http://vvcuganda.com/members/jonatmetzger/activity/36248/ std home test]

	The ~~security could be any asset, such as stocks, bonds, or derivatives. The theoretical return~~ is predicted by a market model, most commonly the [[capital asset pricing model]] (CAPM). The market model uses statistical methods to predict the appropriate risk-adjusted return of an asset. The CAPM for instance uses [[Beta coefficient\|beta]] as a multiplier.

	~~==History==~~
	~~Jensen~~'s ~~alpha was first used as a measure in~~ the ~~evaluation of [[mutual fund]] managers by [[Michael Jensen]] in 1968~~.~~<ref>[http://riskencyclopedia.com/articles/alpha/ "Alpha", Risk Encyclopedia]</ref> The CAPM return~~ is ~~supposed~~ to be '~~risk adjusted', which means it takes account of the relative riskiness of the asset.~~

	~~This is based~~ on ~~the concept that riskier assets should have higher expected returns than less risky assets~~. ~~If an asset's return~~ is ~~even higher than the risk adjusted return, that asset is said to have "positive alpha" or "abnormal returns"~~. ~~Investors are constantly seeking investments that have higher alpha.~~

	Since [[Eugene Fama]], many academics believe financial markets are too [[Efficient-market hypothesis\|efficient]] to allow for repeatedly earning positive Alpha, unless by chance. To the contrary, empirical studies of mutual funds spearheaded by [[Russ Wermers]] usually confirm managers' ~~stock-picking talent, finding positive Alpha, however this work has~~ been ~~criticized. Among the criticisms is [[survivorship bias]].~~

	~~Nevertheless, Alpha is still widely used to evaluate mutual fund and portfolio manager performance, often in conjunction with the [[Sharpe ratio]] and the [[Treynor ratio]].~~

	~~==Calculation==~~
	~~In the context of CAPM, calculating alpha requires the following inputs:~~
	* the realized return (on the portfolio),
	* the [[market portfolio\|market return]],
	* the [[risk-free rate]] of return, and
	* the [[Beta coefficient\|beta]] of the portfolio.

	~~'''''Jensen's alpha = Portfolio Return − [Risk Free Rate + Portfolio Beta * (Market Return − Risk Free Rate)]'''''~~

	~~:<math>\alpha_J = R_i - [R_f + \beta_{iM} \cdot (R_M - R_f)]</math>~~

	~~An additional way of understanding the definition can be obtained by rewriting it as:~~

	~~:<math>\alpha_J = (R_i - R_f) - \beta_{iM} \cdot (R_M - R_f)</math>~~

	If we define the excess return of the fund (market) over the risk free return as <math>\Delta_R \equiv (R_i - R_f) </math> and <math> \Delta_M \equiv (R_M - R_f)</math> then Jensen's alpha can be expressed as:

	~~:<math>\alpha_J = \Delta_R - \beta_{iM} \Delta_M </math>~~

	~~==Use~~ in ~~Quantitative Finance==~~

	Jensen's alpha is a statistic that is commonly used in empirical finance to assess the marginal return associated with unit exposure to a given strategy. Generalizing the above definition to the multifactor setting, Jensen's alpha is a measure of the marginal return associated with an additional strategy that is not explained by existing factors.

	~~We obtain the CAPM alpha if we consider excess market returns as the only factor. If we add in the Fama-French factors, we obtain the 3-factor alpha,~~ and ~~so on. If Jensen's alpha is significant~~ and positive, then the strategy being considered has a history of generating returns on top of what would be expected based on other factors alone. For example, in the 3-factor case, we may regress momentum factor returns on 3-factor returns to find that momentum generates a significant premium on top of size, value, and market returns.<ref>[http://www.~~quantiphile.com/2010/10/09/jensens-alpha/ Jensen's Alpha in Quantitative Finance]~~<~~/ref~~><~~ref~~>[http://~~www.quantiphile~~.com/~~2011~~/02/15/~~jensens-alpha-revisited~~/ ~~Addendum, Jensen's Alpha in Quantitative Finance]</ref>~~

	~~==References==~~
	~~{{reflist}}~~

	~~==See also==~~
	*[[Alpha (investment)]]
	*[[Modigliani risk-adjusted performance]]
	*[[Sharpe ratio]]
	*[[Sortino ratio]]
	*[[Treynor ratio]]
	*[[Upside potential ratio]]

	~~{{stock market}}~~

	~~[[Category:Mathematical finance]]~~
	~~[[Category:Financial markets]~~]

en>Qwfp: /* Formalism */ complete sign fix started by 140.180.242.229 in May

2013-10-31T10:44:02Z

Formalism: complete sign fix started by 140.180.242.229 in May

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:44, 31 October 2013
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~The title of the author is Figures but it~~'s ~~not the most~~ [http://~~www~~.~~Identigene~~.com/~~std-testing~~/~~blog/2010/12/identigene~~-~~std~~-~~test~~-~~kit~~-~~now-available-at-walmart-com/ masucline~~] ~~name out there~~. ~~Years~~ in the ~~past we moved to North Dakota and~~ [http://~~Www.Huffingtonpost~~.com/~~2013~~/03/29/~~celebrities~~-with-~~stds_n_2979493.html I adore~~] ~~each day residing here~~. ~~His spouse doesn~~'t ~~at home std test like~~ it the ~~way he does but what he really likes performing~~ is ~~at home std test~~ to ~~do aerobics~~ and he's ~~been doing it for quite~~ a ~~whilst~~. ~~In her expert life she is~~ a ~~payroll clerk but she~~'s ~~always needed her personal company.~~<br><br>~~Here is my web page: home std test (~~[http://~~tube~~.~~ledawy~~.com/~~blog~~/~~158558 sneak a peek at these guys~~])		In finance, '''Jensen's alpha'''<ref>[http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=244153 Jensen, M.C., “The Performance of Mutual Funds in the Period 1945-1964,” Journal of Finance 23, 1968, pp. 389-416.]</ref> (or '''Jensen's Performance Index''', '''ex-post alpha''') is used to determine the abnormal return of a security or [[Portfolio (finance)\|portfolio]] of securities over the theoretical expected return.

			The security could be any asset, such as stocks, bonds, or derivatives. The theoretical return is predicted by a market model, most commonly the [[capital asset pricing model]] (CAPM). The market model uses statistical methods to predict the appropriate risk-adjusted return of an asset. The CAPM for instance uses [[Beta coefficient\|beta]] as a multiplier.

			==History==
			Jensen's alpha was first used as a measure in the evaluation of [[mutual fund]] managers by [[Michael Jensen]] in 1968.<ref>[http://riskencyclopedia.com/articles/alpha/ "Alpha", Risk Encyclopedia]</ref> The CAPM return is supposed to be 'risk adjusted', which means it takes account of the relative riskiness of the asset.

			This is based on the concept that riskier assets should have higher expected returns than less risky assets. If an asset's return is even higher than the risk adjusted return, that asset is said to have "positive alpha" or "abnormal returns". Investors are constantly seeking investments that have higher alpha.

			Since [[Eugene Fama]], many academics believe financial markets are too [[Efficient-market hypothesis\|efficient]] to allow for repeatedly earning positive Alpha, unless by chance. To the contrary, empirical studies of mutual funds spearheaded by [[Russ Wermers]] usually confirm managers' stock-picking talent, finding positive Alpha, however this work has been criticized. Among the criticisms is [[survivorship bias]].

			Nevertheless, Alpha is still widely used to evaluate mutual fund and portfolio manager performance, often in conjunction with the [[Sharpe ratio]] and the [[Treynor ratio]].

			==Calculation==
			In the context of CAPM, calculating alpha requires the following inputs:
			* the realized return (on the portfolio),
			* the [[market portfolio\|market return]],
			* the [[risk-free rate]] of return, and
			* the [[Beta coefficient\|beta]] of the portfolio.

			'''''Jensen's alpha = Portfolio Return − [Risk Free Rate + Portfolio Beta * (Market Return − Risk Free Rate)]'''''

			:<math>\alpha_J = R_i - [R_f + \beta_{iM} \cdot (R_M - R_f)]</math>

			An additional way of understanding the definition can be obtained by rewriting it as:

			:<math>\alpha_J = (R_i - R_f) - \beta_{iM} \cdot (R_M - R_f)</math>

			If we define the excess return of the fund (market) over the risk free return as <math>\Delta_R \equiv (R_i - R_f) </math> and <math> \Delta_M \equiv (R_M - R_f)</math> then Jensen's alpha can be expressed as:

			:<math>\alpha_J = \Delta_R - \beta_{iM} \Delta_M </math>

			==Use in Quantitative Finance==

			Jensen's alpha is a statistic that is commonly used in empirical finance to assess the marginal return associated with unit exposure to a given strategy. Generalizing the above definition to the multifactor setting, Jensen's alpha is a measure of the marginal return associated with an additional strategy that is not explained by existing factors.

			We obtain the CAPM alpha if we consider excess market returns as the only factor. If we add in the Fama-French factors, we obtain the 3-factor alpha, and so on. If Jensen's alpha is significant and positive, then the strategy being considered has a history of generating returns on top of what would be expected based on other factors alone. For example, in the 3-factor case, we may regress momentum factor returns on 3-factor returns to find that momentum generates a significant premium on top of size, value, and market returns.<ref>[http://www.quantiphile.com/2010/10/09/jensens-alpha/ Jensen's Alpha in Quantitative Finance]</ref><ref>[http://www.quantiphile.com/2011/02/15/jensens-alpha-revisited/ Addendum, Jensen's Alpha in Quantitative Finance]</ref>

			==References==
			{{reflist}}

			==See also==
			*[[Alpha (investment)]]
			*[[Modigliani risk-adjusted performance]]
			*[[Sharpe ratio]]
			*[[Sortino ratio]]
			*[[Treynor ratio]]
			*[[Upside potential ratio]]

			{{stock market}}

			[[Category:Mathematical finance]]
			[[Category:Financial markets]]

en>Gryllida: F_{x,y,z}/m - 3 equations in 1 line rather than 3

2012-04-29T10:55:19Z

F_{x,y,z}/m - 3 equations in 1 line rather than 3

New page

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