Pure spinor - Revision history

en>Slawekb: /* top */ ce

2014-09-06T22:11:08Z

top: ce

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:11, 7 September 2014
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	Ed is ~~what people call me~~ and ~~my wife doesn~~'~~t like it at all. For~~ many years ~~she's been working as a travel agent~~. ~~Her~~ family members ~~lives in Alaska but her husband desires them to transfer. The favorite hobby for him~~ and his ~~children is to play lacross and he would never give it up~~.<br><br>~~Have a look at~~ my web ~~page~~ - ~~real psychic readings [~~[http://si.~~dgmensa~~.~~org~~/xe/~~index~~.~~php?document_srl=48014&mid=c0102 Find Out More]~~]		Claude is her title and she totally digs that title. I presently reside in Alabama. Playing crochet is some thing that I've done for many years. Bookkeeping is how he supports his family members and his salary has been truly fulfilling.<br><br>Also visit my web-site; [http://www.Nanumgdc.com/forest/board_xUbo69/841259 www.Nanumgdc.com]

en>BD2412: Fixing links to disambiguation pages using AWB

2014-02-23T04:11:36Z

Fixing links to disambiguation pages using AWB

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:11, 23 February 2014
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	~~In [[statistical classification]], the '''Fisher kernel''', named in honour of Sir [[Ronald Fisher]],~~ is a function that [[Similarity measure\|measures the similarity]] of two objects on the basis of sets of measurements for each object and a statistical model. In a classification procedure, the class for a new object (whose real class is unknown) can be estimated by minimising, across classes, an average of the Fisher kernel distance from the new object to each known member of the given class.		Ed is what people call me and my wife doesn't like it at all. For many years she's been working as a travel agent. Her family members lives in Alaska but her husband desires them to transfer. The favorite hobby for him and his children is to play lacross and he would never give it up.<br><br>Have a look at my web page - real psychic readings [[http://si.dgmensa.org/xe/index.php?document_srl=48014&mid=c0102 Find Out More]]

	~~The Fisher kernel was introduced in 1998.<ref>~~
	~~Tommi Jaakkola~~ and ~~David Haussler (1998), Exploiting Generative Models in Discriminative Classifiers. In ''Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 11~~'', pages 487–493. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-11245-1 [http://people.csail.mit.edu/tommi/papers/gendisc.ps PS], [http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/jaakkola98exploiting.html Citeseer]</ref> It combines the advantages of [[Generative model\|generative statistical models]] (like ~~the [[hidden Markov model]]) and those of [[Statistical classification\|discriminative methods]] (like [[support vector machine]]s):~~
	* generative models can process data of variable length (adding or removing data is well-supported)
	* discriminative methods can have flexible criteria and yield better results.

	~~== Derivation ==~~
	~~=== Fisher score ===~~
	~~The Fisher kernel makes use of the~~ '~~''Fisher [[Score (statistics)\|score]]''', defined~~ as

	~~: <math>~~
	~~U_X = \nabla_{\theta} \log P(X\|\theta)~~
	~~</math>~~

	~~with ''θ'' being~~ a ~~set (vector) of parameters~~. ~~The function taking ''θ''~~ to ~~log P(''X''\|''θ'') is the [[log-likelihood]] of the probabilistic model~~.

	~~=== Fisher kernel ===~~
	The ~~'''Fisher kernel'''~~ is ~~defined as~~

	: <~~math~~>
	~~K(X_i, X_j) = U_{X_i}^T I^{-1} U_{X_j}~~
	<~~/math~~>

	~~with ''I'' the [[Fisher information]] matrix.~~

	~~== Applications ==~~
	~~=== Information retrieval ===~~
	~~The Fisher kernel is the kernel for a generative probabilistic model. As such, it constitutes~~ a ~~bridge between generative and probabilistic models of documents.<ref>Cyril Goutte, Eric Gaussier, Nicola Cancedda, Hervé Dejean (2004))[http://www.xrce.xerox.com/Research~~-Development/Publications/2003-0794 "Generative vs Discriminative Approaches to Entity Recognition from Label-Deficient Data"] ''JADT 2004, 7èmes journées internationales analyse statistique des données textuelles'', Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, 10-12 mars 2004</ref> Fisher kernels exist for numerous models, notably [[~~tf–idf]],<ref>{{cite conference \|author=Charles Elkan \|title=Deriving TF-IDF as a fisher kernel \|year=2005 \|conference=SPIRE \|url=~~http://~~lvk~~.cs.~~msu.su/~bruzz/articles~~/~~not_processed~~/~~spire05.pdf}}</ref> [[Naive Bayes]] and [[probabilistic latent semantic analysis]]~~.

	=== ~~Image classification and retrieval ===~~
	The Fisher kernel can also be applied to image representation for classification or retrieval problems. Currently, the most popular [[Bag of words model in computer vision\|bag-of-visual-words]] representation suffers from sparsity and high dimensionality. The Fisher kernel can result in a compact and dense representation, which is more desirable for image classification<ref>Florent Perronnin and Christopher Dance (2007), “Fisher Kernels on Visual Vocabularies for Image Categorization”</ref> and retrieval<ref>Herve Jegou et al. (2010), “Aggregating local descriptors into a compact image representation”</ref> problems.

	~~== See also ==~~
	* [[Fisher information metric]]

	~~== Notes and references ==~~
	~~<references/>~~

	* Nello Cristianini and John Shawe-Taylor. ''An Introduction to Support Vector Machines and other kernel-based learning methods''. Cambridge University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-521-78019-5 ''([http://www.support-vector.net] SVM Book)''

	~~[[Category:Kernel methods for machine learning~~]]

200.27.72.251: /* Pure spinors in string theory */

2013-12-09T19:13:47Z

Pure spinors in string theory

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:13, 9 December 2013
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	~~Alyson~~ is ~~what my husband loves to contact me but I don't like when people use my full title~~. ~~The favorite hobby~~ for ~~him and his children~~ is ~~style and he'll~~ be ~~beginning something else alongside with it~~. ~~My wife~~ and ~~I live~~ in ~~Mississippi and I love each day living here~~. ~~She works as a journey agent but soon she~~'~~ll be~~ [http://~~conniecolin~~.~~com~~/xe/~~community~~/~~24580 psychic readers~~] ~~on her personal~~.<br><br>~~Here~~ is ~~my web blog~~ :~~: tarot card~~ [http://~~black7~~.~~mireene~~.com/~~aqw~~/~~5741 best psychic readings~~] ([http://~~brazil~~.~~amor~~-~~amore~~.~~com~~/~~irboothe~~ http://~~brazil~~.~~amor~~-~~amore~~.~~com/~~])		In [[statistical classification]], the '''Fisher kernel''', named in honour of Sir [[Ronald Fisher]], is a function that [[Similarity measure\|measures the similarity]] of two objects on the basis of sets of measurements for each object and a statistical model. In a classification procedure, the class for a new object (whose real class is unknown) can be estimated by minimising, across classes, an average of the Fisher kernel distance from the new object to each known member of the given class.

			The Fisher kernel was introduced in 1998.<ref>
			Tommi Jaakkola and David Haussler (1998), Exploiting Generative Models in Discriminative Classifiers. In ''Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 11'', pages 487–493. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-11245-1 [http://people.csail.mit.edu/tommi/papers/gendisc.ps PS], [http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/jaakkola98exploiting.html Citeseer]</ref> It combines the advantages of [[Generative model\|generative statistical models]] (like the [[hidden Markov model]]) and those of [[Statistical classification\|discriminative methods]] (like [[support vector machine]]s):
			* generative models can process data of variable length (adding or removing data is well-supported)
			* discriminative methods can have flexible criteria and yield better results.

			== Derivation ==
			=== Fisher score ===
			The Fisher kernel makes use of the '''Fisher [[Score (statistics)\|score]]''', defined as

			: <math>
			U_X = \nabla_{\theta} \log P(X\|\theta)
			</math>

			with ''θ'' being a set (vector) of parameters. The function taking ''θ'' to log P(''X''\|''θ'') is the [[log-likelihood]] of the probabilistic model.

			=== Fisher kernel ===
			The '''Fisher kernel''' is defined as

			: <math>
			K(X_i, X_j) = U_{X_i}^T I^{-1} U_{X_j}
			</math>

			with ''I'' the [[Fisher information]] matrix.

			== Applications ==
			=== Information retrieval ===
			The Fisher kernel is the kernel for a generative probabilistic model. As such, it constitutes a bridge between generative and probabilistic models of documents.<ref>Cyril Goutte, Eric Gaussier, Nicola Cancedda, Hervé Dejean (2004))[http://www.xrce.xerox.com/Research-Development/Publications/2003-0794 "Generative vs Discriminative Approaches to Entity Recognition from Label-Deficient Data"] ''JADT 2004, 7èmes journées internationales analyse statistique des données textuelles'', Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, 10-12 mars 2004</ref> Fisher kernels exist for numerous models, notably [[tf–idf]],<ref>{{cite conference \|author=Charles Elkan \|title=Deriving TF-IDF as a fisher kernel \|year=2005 \|conference=SPIRE \|url=http://lvk.cs.msu.su/~bruzz/articles/not_processed/spire05.pdf}}</ref> [[Naive Bayes]] and [[probabilistic latent semantic analysis]].

			=== Image classification and retrieval ===
			The Fisher kernel can also be applied to image representation for classification or retrieval problems. Currently, the most popular [[Bag of words model in computer vision\|bag-of-visual-words]] representation suffers from sparsity and high dimensionality. The Fisher kernel can result in a compact and dense representation, which is more desirable for image classification<ref>Florent Perronnin and Christopher Dance (2007), “Fisher Kernels on Visual Vocabularies for Image Categorization”</ref> and retrieval<ref>Herve Jegou et al. (2010), “Aggregating local descriptors into a compact image representation”</ref> problems.

			== See also ==
			* [[Fisher information metric]]

			== Notes and references ==
			<references/>

			* Nello Cristianini and John Shawe-Taylor. ''An Introduction to Support Vector Machines and other kernel-based learning methods''. Cambridge University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-521-78019-5 ''([http://www.support-vector.net] SVM Book)''

			[[Category:Kernel methods for machine learning]]

en>Headbomb: Help needed: Subspace, Complex structure, Covariant

2012-08-09T20:34:45Z

Help needed: Subspace, Complex structure, Covariant

New page

Alyson is what my husband loves to contact me but I don't like when people use my full title. The favorite hobby for him and his children is style and he'll be beginning something else alongside with it. My wife and I live in Mississippi and I love each day living here. She works as a journey agent but soon she'll be [http://conniecolin.com/xe/community/24580 psychic readers] on her personal.<br><br>Here is my web blog :: tarot card [http://black7.mireene.com/aqw/5741 best psychic readings] ([http://brazil.amor-amore.com/irboothe http://brazil.amor-amore.com/])