en>Martarius: link

2013-08-07T22:18:04Z

link

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:18, 8 August 2013
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~Hello~~. ~~Allow me introduce~~ the ~~writer~~. ~~Her title~~ is ~~Refugia Shryock~~. ~~Supervising~~ is ~~my occupation~~. ~~To do aerobics~~ is a ~~factor that I'm totally addicted to~~. ~~South Dakota~~ is ~~where me~~ and ~~my spouse reside~~ and ~~my family members enjoys~~ it.<br><br>~~My web~~-~~site [~~http://~~hsmlibrary~~.~~dothome~~.co.kr/xe/~~board_koQG15~~/~~407574~~ http://~~hsmlibrary~~.~~dothome.co~~.kr/xe/~~board_koQG15~~/~~407574~~]		[[Image:Dilatometer.jpg\|thumb\|A simple structure of a dilatometer for the measurement of the thermal expansion of liquids and solids]]
			A ''' dilatometer ''' is a scientific instrument that measures volume changes caused by a physical or chemical process. A familiar application of a dilatometer is the [[mercury-in-glass thermometer]], in which the change in volume of the liquid column is read from a graduated scale. Because mercury has a fairly constant rate of expansion over normal temperature ranges, the volume changes are directly related to temperature.

			==Applications==

			Dilatometers have been used in the fabrication of metallic alloys, compressed and [[Sintering\|sintered]] refractory compounds, glasses, ceramic products, composite materials, and plastics.<ref name = "Lehmann" >Hans Lehmann, refuge Gatzke '' Dilatometrie and differential thermal analysis for the evaluation of processes ''? ? , 1956.</ref>

			Dilatometry is also used to monitor the progress of chemical reactions, particularly those displaying a substantial molar volume change (e.g., polymerisation). A specific example is the rate of phase changes.<ref>{{cite journal \| author = Kastle, J. H. \| coauthors = Kelley, W. P. \| title = On the Rate of Crystallization of Plastic Sulphur \| journal = American Chemical Journal \|date=July 1904 \| volume = 32 \| pages = 483–503 \| url = http://books.google.com/?id=OH0FAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA497&dq=dilatometer+Kopp}}</ref>

			Another common application of a dilatometer is the measurement of [[thermal expansion]]. The thermal expansivity is defined as:

			<math>\alpha = \frac{1}{V} \biggl(\frac{\delta V}{\delta T} \biggr)_{P}\ </math>

			and is an important engineering parameter.

			==Types==

			There are a number of dilatometer types:

			* ''Capacity dilatometers'' possess a parallel plate capacitor with a one stationary plate, and one moveable plate. When the sample length changes, it moves the moveable plate, which changes the gap between the plates. The capacitance is inversely proportional to the gap. Changes in length of 10 [[picometre]]s can be detected.<ref name = neum>J. J. Neumeier, R. K. Bollinger, G. E. Timmins, C. R. Lane, R. D. Krogstad, and J. Macaluso, "Capacitive-based dilatometer cell constructed of fused quartz for measuring the thermal expansion of solids", Review of Scientific Instruments '''79''', 033903 (2008).</ref>
			* ''Connecting rod (push rod) dilatometer'', the sample which can be examined is in the furnace. A connecting rod transfers the thermal expansion to a [[strain gauge]], which measures the shift. Since the measuring system (connecting rod) is exposed to the same temperature as the sample and thereby likewise expands, one obtains a relative value, which must be converted afterwards. Matched low-expansion materials and differential constructions can be used to minimize the influence of connecting rod expansion <ref name = Theta>Theta Industries http://www.theta-us.com/dil/dil1.html</ref>
			* ''High Resolution - Laser Dilatometer'' Highest resolution and absolute accuracy is possible with a Michelson Interferometer type Laser Dilatometer. Resolution goes up to picometres. On top the principle of interference measurement give the possibility for much higher accuracy's and it is an absolute measurement technique with no need of calibration.<ref name = "Linseis" >C.Linseis '' The next step in dilatometry, invention and use of the Linseis Laser Dilatometer '', Linseis Messgeraete GmbH, Selb (Germany)</ref>{{Clarify\|date=June 2010}}
			* ''[[Optical dilatometer]]'' is an instrument that measures dimension variations of a specimen heated at temperatures that generally range from 25 to 1400 °C. The optical dilatometer allows the monitoring of materials’ expansions and contractions by using a non-contact method: optical group connected to a digital camera captures the images of the expanding/contracting specimen as function of the temperature with a resolution of about ±70 micrometre per pixel.<ref name = "pag">M.Paganelli '' The Non-contact Optical dilatometer designed for the behaviour of Ceramic Raw Materials '',
			Expert System Solutions S.r.l., Modena (Italy).</ref> As the system allows to heat up the material and measures its longitudinal/vertical movements without any contact between instrument and specimen, it is possible to analyse the most ductile materials, such as the [[polymers]], as well as the most fragile, such as the incoherent ceramic powders for [[sintering]] process.

			For simpler measurements in a temperature range from 0 to 100 °C, where water is heated up and flow or over the sample. If linear [[coefficients of expansion]] of a metal is to be measured, hot water will running through a pipe made from the metal. The pipe warms up to the temperature of the water and the relative expansion can be determined as a function of the water temperature.

			For the measurement of the volumetric expansion of liquids one takes a large glass container filled with water. In an expansion tank (glass container with an accurate volume scale) with the sample liquid. If one heats the water up, the sample liquid expands and the volume changes is read. However the expansion of the sample container must also be taken into consideration.

			The expansion and retraction coefficient of gases cannot be measured using dilatometer, since the [[pressure]] plays a role here. For such measurements a [[gas thermometer]] is more suitable.

			Dilatometers often include a mechanism for controlling temperature. This may be a [[furnace]] for measurements at elevated temperatures (temperatures to 2000 °C), or a [[cryostat]] for measurements at temperatures below room temperature. Metallurgical applications often involve sophisticated temperature controls capable of applying precise temperature-time profiles for heating and quenching the sample.<ref name = ThetaQuench>http://www.theta-us.com/quench/QuenchInst.html</ref>

			==See also==
			* [[Optical dilatometer]]
			* [[Strain gauge]]

			==References==
			{{Reflist}}

			[[Category:Measuring instruments]]

en>Heron: copyedit

2012-05-14T09:39:48Z

copyedit

New page

Hello. Allow me introduce the writer. Her title is Refugia Shryock. Supervising is my occupation. To do aerobics is a factor that I'm totally addicted to. South Dakota is where me and my spouse reside and my family members enjoys it.<br><br>My web-site [http://hsmlibrary.dothome.co.kr/xe/board_koQG15/407574 http://hsmlibrary.dothome.co.kr/xe/board_koQG15/407574]

Pyrolant - Revision history

en>Martarius: link

en>Heron: copyedit