Reaction rate - Revision history

en>YiFeiBot: Bot: Migrating interwiki links, now provided by Wikidata on d:q3394849

2014-11-17T14:58:08Z

Bot: Migrating interwiki links, now provided by Wikidata on d:q3394849

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:58, 17 November 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
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en>Tentinator: Reverted 2 good faith edits by 119.154.42.232 using STiki

2014-03-02T14:10:45Z

Reverted 2 good faith edits by 119.154.42.232 using STiki

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:10, 2 March 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	The '''silicon bandgap temperature sensor''' is an extremely common form of temperature sensor ([[thermometer]]) used in electronic equipment. Its main advantage is that it can be included in a silicon [[integrated circuit]] at very low cost. The principle of the sensor is that the forward voltage of a [[silicon]] [[diode]] is temperature-dependent, according to the following equation:
	~~:<math>V_{BE}=V_{G0}\left(1-{\frac{T}{T_0}}\right)+V_{BE0}\left(\frac{T}{T_0}\right)+~~
	~~\left(\frac{nKT}{q}\right)\ln\left(\frac{T_0}{T}\right)+~~
	~~\left(\frac{KT}{q}\right)\ln\left(\frac{I_C}{I_{C0}}\right) \,</math>~~
	~~where~~
	~~:''T'' = temperature in [[kelvin]]~~
	~~:''T<sub>0</sub> = reference temperature~~
	~~:''V''<sub>''G''0</sub> = [[bandgap]] voltage at [[absolute zero]]~~
	~~:''V''<sub>''BE''0</sub> = bandgap voltage at temperature ''T''<sub>0</sub> and current ''I''<sub>C0</sub>~~
	~~:''K'' = [[Boltzmann's constant]]~~
	~~:''q'' = charge on an [[electron]]~~
	~~:''n'' = a device-dependent constant~~

	~~[[Image:Bandgap-reference.svg\|thumb\|Circuit of a [[Brokaw bandgap reference]]]]~~
	~~By comparing the bandgap voltages at two different currents, ''I''<sub>C1</sub> and ''I''<sub>C2</sub>, many of the variables in the above equation can be eliminated, resulting in the relationship:~~
	~~:<math>\Delta V_{BE}=\frac{KT}{q}\cdot\ln\left(\frac{I_{C1}}{I_{C2}}\right) \,</math>~~

	~~A circuit that forces~~ ''I''<~~sub~~>C1<~~/sub~~> ~~and ''I''<sub>C2</sub> to have a fixed N:1 ratio~~,~~<ref name="bryant">~~		If you happen to having trouble seeing a game title while you are playing it, try adjusting our own brightness environment. This will make the display look clear, enhancing your video game players expertise. And let's face it, you won't achieve any kind amongst success if you not able to see what you're doing, so make the play meet your needs.<br><br>Go on the internet for help. Virtually any game has its possess legion of devoted devotees, lots of which spare countless hours crafting wide-range maps and guides. Additionally there are newsgroups where you are speak one on certain with other players. Benefit from this lottery jackpot and it is easy to eventually get past that level you have been trapped in on forever.<br><br>Vehicle which play clash of clans searching ways of getting free gems. The flagstones are very important as they give the player functions and the power increase their gaming experience. As opposed to several other equivalent games in transportable websites, especially those where individuals use various splits in buy to achieve these practical information with regards to free, the nature pertaining to farmville and its represent does not enable your varieties of hacks that a person can put to the game. Everyone is always looking for ways the way get free gems with regard to clash of clans even so the most important thing to perform is to employ a great way to earn these anyone for free, save these kind of suitably and use guilt-ridden after gorging where necessary.<br><br>There are no consequences in the least to attacking other players on top of that losing, so just tackle and savor it. Win or lose, clients may lose the a great deal troops you have within the attack since he or she are only beneficial in order to one mission, nevertheless, an individual can steal more resources with the [http://www.sharkbayte.com/keyword/enemy+commune enemy commune] than it cost in which to make the troops. And you just formulate more troops within your current barracks. It''s per good idea to invest in them queued up in front of you decide to attack and that means most people are rebuilding your militia through the battle.<br><br>My testing has apparent that this appraisement algorithm blueprint consists of a alternation of beeline band clips. They are n't things to consider versions of arced graphs. I will explain as to why later.<br><br>Them construction is what translates to that you can be more a part of any kind of a clan, however it of course houses reinforcement troops. If you have any inquiries pertaining to where and ways to make use of [http://prometeu.net clash of clans cheat engine], you could contact us at our web-page. Click a button to ask your clan to make sure you send you some troops, and they are on the way to be out usually there to make use out of in assaults, or to finally defend your base for you while you're in your weekly LARPing company. Upgrading this getting permits extra troops to be stored for defensive. You may are in need of 20 available slots which will get a dragon. This is a very good base for players looking to shield trophies as well as , never worried about companies. Players will come up with it hard to mop out your city lounge. Most will reduce for the easy get and take out your favorite assets.<br><br>So there is a "start" control to click on all over the wake of keying the wanted traits. When you start shut off Clash of Clans hack hack cheats tool, wait around for a ought to % of moment, slammed refresh and you shall have the means families needed. There is literally nothing at all the wrong type of in working with thjis hack and cheats program. Make utilization related to the Means that an individual have, and exploit this amazing 2013 Clash of Clans hack obtain! The fork out for investment or gems when yourself can get the taken granted for now things with this piece of equipment! Sprint and access your proprietary Clash pertaining to Clans hack software in recent years. The required particulars are only a a small amount of of clicks absent.
	~~James Bryant.~~
	~~[http://www.analog.com/static/imported~~-~~files/rarely_asked_questions/moreInfo_raq_gapTempSensors~~.~~html "IC Temperature Sensors"]~~.
	~~Analog Devices~~.
	~~2008.~~
	<~~/ref~~>
	~~gives the relationship:~~
	:<~~math~~>~~\Delta V_{BE}=\frac{KT}{q}\cdot\ln\left(N\right) \~~,~~</math>~~
	~~An electronic circuit~~, ~~such as~~ the ~~[[Brokaw bandgap reference]],~~ that ~~measures Δ''V''<sub>''BE''</sub>~~ can ~~therefore be used~~ to ~~calculate~~ the ~~temperature~~ of the ~~diode. The result remains valid up~~ to ~~about 200 °C~~ to ~~250 °C, when leakage currents become large enough~~ to ~~corrupt the measurement. Above~~ these ~~temperatures~~, ~~materials such as [[silicon carbide]] can be used instead~~ of ~~silicon.~~

	~~The voltage difference between two [[p–n junction\|p~~-~~n junctions]] (e~~.g. ~~[[diode]]s)~~, ~~operated at different current densities, is '''p'''roportional '''t'''o '''~~a~~'''bsolute '''t'''emperature (PTAT).~~

	~~PTAT circuits using either BJT~~ or ~~CMOS transistors~~ are ~~widely used~~ in ~~temperature sensors (where we want the output~~ to ~~vary~~ with ~~temperature), and also in bandgap voltage references and other temperature-compensating circuits (where we want~~ the ~~same output at every temperature).<ref name="bryant"/><ref>~~
	~~AL.AL, M. B. I. Reaz, S. M. A. Motakabber Mohd Alauddin Mohd Ali.~~
	[http://www.~~waset~~.~~org~~/~~journals~~/~~waset/v64/v64-2~~.~~pdf "A Single-chip Proportional~~ to ~~Absolute Temperature Sensor Using CMOS Technology"]~~.
	~~2012.~~
	<~~/ref~~><~~ref~~>
	C. ~~Rossi, C~~. ~~Galup-Montoro, and M. C. Schneider.~~
	~~[http://iie~~.~~fing.edu.uy/investigacion/grupos/microele/papers/nsti07_ptat.pdf "PTAT Voltage Generator based on an MOS Voltage Divider"].~~
	~~Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show, Technical Proceedings, 2007.~~
	<~~/ref~~><~~ref~~>
	~~Andre Luiz Aita~~ and ~~Cesar Ramos Rodrigues.~~
	[http://~~cobre~~.~~eletrica.ufpr.br/chipin/sbcci/accepted/220.html "PTAT CMOS Current Sources Mismatch over Temperature"~~].
	~~The 26th Symposium~~ on ~~Integrated Circuits and System Design (SBCCI 2013).~~
	~~2013.~~
	~~</ref>~~

	~~If high precision is not required it is enough~~ to ~~bias a diode with any constant low current and~~ use ~~its −2 mV/˚C thermal coefficient~~ for ~~temperature calculation, however~~ this ~~requires calibration~~ for ~~each diode type~~. This ~~method~~ is ~~common in monolithic temperature sensors~~.~~[citation required]~~

	~~==References==~~
	~~{{reflist}}~~
	*{{cite journal \| doi = 10.~~1109/PROC~~.~~1967.5396 \| author = R. J. Widlar \|title = An exact expression for~~ the ~~thermal variation~~ of the ~~emitter base voltage~~ of ~~bi-polar transistors\|journal=Proceedings~~ of the ~~IEEE\|volume=55\|issue=1\|pages=96–97\|date=Jan 1967}}~~

	~~== External links ==~~

	* [http://www.~~analog~~.~~com/static/imported-files/application_notes/AN_892.pdf Temperature Sensing Theory~~ and ~~Practical Techniques], Analog Devices~~
	* [http://www.~~national~~.~~com/an/AN/AN-460.pdf Precision Monolithic Temperature Sensors], National Semiconductor~~

	~~[[Category:Thermometers]]~~

41.45.241.248: /* Formal definition of reaction rate */

2013-11-20T17:58:43Z

Formal definition of reaction rate

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:58, 20 November 2013
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~Whether youre trying to lose 30 lbs or those last 5 lbs your diet~~ is ~~going to greatly influence your success~~. ~~No matter how several crunches we do, laps around~~ the ~~track field like Rocky or time invested on~~ the ~~elliptical while checking out~~ the ~~girl~~ on ~~the stair master~~. ~~It can all be for nothing when~~ the ~~diet is not inside check. Dieting is difficult plus depressing~~, ~~but if you plan it out~~ and ~~consistently create changes youll find it~~ can be ~~fun and easy. These steps will help we to design your diet to aid you inside~~ the ~~weight reduction goals.~~<br><br>~~Don~~'~~t provide~~ [http://~~safedietplansforwomen~~.com/~~bmr~~-~~calculator bmr calculator~~] ~~up when you blow the diet for the day~~. ~~Tomorrow is a unique day for eating healthy foods~~. ~~The worst thing we can do is beat yourself up with guilt after overeating or bingeing, plus you're many vulnerable whenever anxious or depressed~~.<br><br>~~If the basal metabolic rate is 2~~,~~300 calories a day~~, 1,200 calories of food consumption is not enough food for we to function properly. Doing this for too lengthy might damage your metabolism! Having a healthy body at a healthy weight and acceptable body fat percentage are the ~~many important details. You need a healthy~~, ~~lean body~~ that ~~can provide you the number one chance to live healthy for a lengthy time.~~<br><br>~~Horsegram is powdered~~ to ~~a nice consistency~~. ~~Heat sour buttermilk and add 100 gm of horsegram powder~~ to ~~this plus make a consistent paste~~. ~~Apply this paste onto fat deposits on the body plus massage vigorously in upward strokes~~. ~~Horsegram is recognized to lower body fat fairly effectively~~.~~Take hot water shower after half an hr~~. ~~Use~~ '~~eladhi choornam~~' ~~rather of soap~~. ~~Add a limited drops of water~~ to ~~this choornam~~ and ~~prepare a thick paste plus utilize it for bathing reasons~~.<br><br>~~The daily bmr and the calories we burn for sport plus different escapades create the total number of calories we burn per day~~. ~~This really is why BMR is so important~~ - ~~it helps you plan a fat reduction or fat gain program~~.<br><br>~~Calories In is easy~~. ~~This really is merely the number of calories you eat~~ and ~~drink each day, regardless of where they come from~~. ~~There are many techniques to look these up~~. ~~Fitday~~.~~com and Calorie-Count~~.~~com are two excellent web resources~~. ~~You do have to track your Calories In~~. ~~Fitday~~.~~com has tools for this, or we can make~~ an ~~Excel spreadsheet, or write them inside a notebook~~. ~~However you do it~~, ~~keep track of the Calories In every day. As a side benefit~~, ~~recognizing we will have to write down which piece of cake assists motivate you to not eat it~~.<br><br>~~Add~~ it ~~up. Take~~ a ~~BMR number~~, ~~add~~ the ~~activity calories~~, ~~then drag a calories from foods~~. ~~If you eat over we burn (BMR + your business is 2000 plus we eat 2400 calories) you should gain weight~~. ~~If you burn over you eat~~, ~~you'll lose weight.~~		The '''silicon bandgap temperature sensor''' is an extremely common form of temperature sensor ([[thermometer]]) used in electronic equipment. Its main advantage is that it can be included in a silicon [[integrated circuit]] at very low cost. The principle of the sensor is that the forward voltage of a [[silicon]] [[diode]] is temperature-dependent, according to the following equation:
			:<math>V_{BE}=V_{G0}\left(1-{\frac{T}{T_0}}\right)+V_{BE0}\left(\frac{T}{T_0}\right)+
			\left(\frac{nKT}{q}\right)\ln\left(\frac{T_0}{T}\right)+
			\left(\frac{KT}{q}\right)\ln\left(\frac{I_C}{I_{C0}}\right) \,</math>
			where
			:''T'' = temperature in [[kelvin]]
			:''T<sub>0</sub> = reference temperature
			:''V''<sub>''G''0</sub> = [[bandgap]] voltage at [[absolute zero]]
			:''V''<sub>''BE''0</sub> = bandgap voltage at temperature ''T''<sub>0</sub> and current ''I''<sub>C0</sub>
			:''K'' = [[Boltzmann's constant]]
			:''q'' = charge on an [[electron]]
			:''n'' = a device-dependent constant

			[[Image:Bandgap-reference.svg\|thumb\|Circuit of a [[Brokaw bandgap reference]]]]
			By comparing the bandgap voltages at two different currents, ''I''<sub>C1</sub> and ''I''<sub>C2</sub>, many of the variables in the above equation can be eliminated, resulting in the relationship:
			:<math>\Delta V_{BE}=\frac{KT}{q}\cdot\ln\left(\frac{I_{C1}}{I_{C2}}\right) \,</math>

			A circuit that forces ''I''<sub>C1</sub> and ''I''<sub>C2</sub> to have a fixed N:1 ratio,<ref name="bryant">
			James Bryant.
			[http://www.analog.com/static/imported-files/rarely_asked_questions/moreInfo_raq_gapTempSensors.html "IC Temperature Sensors"].
			Analog Devices.
			2008.
			</ref>
			gives the relationship:
			:<math>\Delta V_{BE}=\frac{KT}{q}\cdot\ln\left(N\right) \,</math>
			An electronic circuit, such as the [[Brokaw bandgap reference]], that measures Δ''V''<sub>''BE''</sub> can therefore be used to calculate the temperature of the diode. The result remains valid up to about 200 °C to 250 °C, when leakage currents become large enough to corrupt the measurement. Above these temperatures, materials such as [[silicon carbide]] can be used instead of silicon.

			The voltage difference between two [[p–n junction\|p-n junctions]] (e.g. [[diode]]s), operated at different current densities, is '''p'''roportional '''t'''o '''a'''bsolute '''t'''emperature (PTAT).

			PTAT circuits using either BJT or CMOS transistors are widely used in temperature sensors (where we want the output to vary with temperature), and also in bandgap voltage references and other temperature-compensating circuits (where we want the same output at every temperature).<ref name="bryant"/><ref>
			AL.AL, M. B. I. Reaz, S. M. A. Motakabber Mohd Alauddin Mohd Ali.
			[http://www.waset.org/journals/waset/v64/v64-2.pdf "A Single-chip Proportional to Absolute Temperature Sensor Using CMOS Technology"].
			2012.
			</ref><ref>
			C. Rossi, C. Galup-Montoro, and M. C. Schneider.
			[http://iie.fing.edu.uy/investigacion/grupos/microele/papers/nsti07_ptat.pdf "PTAT Voltage Generator based on an MOS Voltage Divider"].
			Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show, Technical Proceedings, 2007.
			</ref><ref>
			Andre Luiz Aita and Cesar Ramos Rodrigues.
			[http://cobre.eletrica.ufpr.br/chipin/sbcci/accepted/220.html "PTAT CMOS Current Sources Mismatch over Temperature"].
			The 26th Symposium on Integrated Circuits and System Design (SBCCI 2013).
			2013.
			</ref>

			If high precision is not required it is enough to bias a diode with any constant low current and use its −2 mV/˚C thermal coefficient for temperature calculation, however this requires calibration for each diode type. This method is common in monolithic temperature sensors.[citation required]

			==References==
			{{reflist}}
			*{{cite journal \| doi = 10.1109/PROC.1967.5396 \| author = R. J. Widlar \|title = An exact expression for the thermal variation of the emitter base voltage of bi-polar transistors\|journal=Proceedings of the IEEE\|volume=55\|issue=1\|pages=96–97\|date=Jan 1967}}

			== External links ==

			* [http://www.analog.com/static/imported-files/application_notes/AN_892.pdf Temperature Sensing Theory and Practical Techniques], Analog Devices
			* [http://www.national.com/an/AN/AN-460.pdf Precision Monolithic Temperature Sensors], National Semiconductor

			[[Category:Thermometers]]

en>Edgar181: /* Temperature dependence */ unnecessary bold font

2012-08-09T12:51:10Z

Temperature dependence: unnecessary bold font

New page

Whether youre trying to lose 30 lbs or those last 5 lbs your diet is going to greatly influence your success. No matter how several crunches we do, laps around the track field like Rocky or time invested on the elliptical while checking out the girl on the stair master. It can all be for nothing when the diet is not inside check. Dieting is difficult plus depressing, but if you plan it out and consistently create changes youll find it can be fun and easy. These steps will help we to design your diet to aid you inside the weight reduction goals. Don't provide [http://safedietplansforwomen.com/bmr-calculator bmr calculator] up when you blow the diet for the day. Tomorrow is a unique day for eating healthy foods. The worst thing we can do is beat yourself up with guilt after overeating or bingeing, plus you're many vulnerable whenever anxious or depressed. If the basal metabolic rate is 2,300 calories a day, 1,200 calories of food consumption is not enough food for we to function properly. Doing this for too lengthy might damage your metabolism! Having a healthy body at a healthy weight and acceptable body fat percentage are the many important details. You need a healthy, lean body that can provide you the number one chance to live healthy for a lengthy time. Horsegram is powdered to a nice consistency. Heat sour buttermilk and add 100 gm of horsegram powder to this plus make a consistent paste. Apply this paste onto fat deposits on the body plus massage vigorously in upward strokes. Horsegram is recognized to lower body fat fairly effectively.Take hot water shower after half an hr. Use 'eladhi choornam' rather of soap. Add a limited drops of water to this choornam and prepare a thick paste plus utilize it for bathing reasons. The daily bmr and the calories we burn for sport plus different escapades create the total number of calories we burn per day. This really is why BMR is so important - it helps you plan a fat reduction or fat gain program. Calories In is easy. This really is merely the number of calories you eat and drink each day, regardless of where they come from. There are many techniques to look these up. Fitday.com and Calorie-Count.com are two excellent web resources. You do have to track your Calories In. Fitday.com has tools for this, or we can make an Excel spreadsheet, or write them inside a notebook. However you do it, keep track of the Calories In every day. As a side benefit, recognizing we will have to write down which piece of cake assists motivate you to not eat it. Add it up. Take a BMR number, add the activity calories, then drag a calories from foods. If you eat over we burn (BMR + your business is 2000 plus we eat 2400 calories) you should gain weight. If you burn over you eat, you'll lose weight.