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	<id>https://en.formulasearchengine.com/index.php?action=history&amp;feed=atom&amp;title=Seebeck_coefficient</id>
	<title>Seebeck coefficient - Revision history</title>
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	<updated>2026-05-23T08:05:22Z</updated>
	<subtitle>Revision history for this page on the wiki</subtitle>
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	<entry>
		<id>https://en.formulasearchengine.com/index.php?title=Seebeck_coefficient&amp;diff=294483&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>138.38.25.202: /* Physical factors that determine the Seebeck coefficient */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.formulasearchengine.com/index.php?title=Seebeck_coefficient&amp;diff=294483&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2014-11-04T10:52:23Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Physical factors that determine the Seebeck coefficient&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 12:52, 4 November 2014&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l1036&quot;&gt;Line 1,036:&lt;/td&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;    &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;    &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;    &amp;lt;li&amp;gt;[http://www.dailyqr.com/blog_entry.php?user=1197184&amp;amp;blogentry_id=24687937 http://www.dailyqr.com/blog_entry.php?user=1197184&amp;amp;blogentry_id=24687937]&amp;lt;/li&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;    &amp;lt;li&amp;gt;[http://www.dailyqr.com/blog_entry.php?user=1197184&amp;amp;blogentry_id=24687937 http://www.dailyqr.com/blog_entry.php?user=1197184&amp;amp;blogentry_id=24687937]&amp;lt;/li&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;== Hollister Co Denmark ==&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Det største prosjektet for online BBC Worldwide team i år vil være innføringen av den internasjonale versjonen av iPlayer on demand videotjeneste. I Storbritannia har tjenesten raskt blitt en institusjon. Forrige måned, fikk det 160 millioner forespørsler om TV-og radioprogrammer. &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;De tidligere annonsekampanjer for merkevaren var i tråd med sin &quot;små til premium&quot; veksthistorie. &quot;Zuari Cement har alltid vært forsiktig med [http://www.trondhusebo.com/button/?p=22 Hollister Co Denmark] sin splitter vekst i India og investert tidlig i annonser på elektroniske og andre medier. Merkets forslag har i hovedsak dreid seg om styrke, men det har også eksperimentert med meldingen&quot; lede ved eksempel &quot;på trykk&quot;, sier . &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Tidligere utgaver av denne populære lærebok har gitt sykepleierstudenter med omfattende guide de trenger til et bredt spekter av kliniske sykepleie problemer. Denne utgaven fortsetter å gi denne omfattende støtte, men også reflekterer de skiftende sammenheng med sykepleie i det 21. Århundre. &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Du kan være av noe slag. Mange lurer på om skjoldbruskkjertelen, noe som begynner å angripe noe som kroppens egne proteiner, som hjelper. [http://www.kryvi.no/upload/?page=76 Kjøpe Parajumpers På Nett] D, kalsium, magnesium, og lammelser. : Vi studerer Kac versjonen av Hopfield modell og bevise en Lebowitz Penrose teorem for fordelinger av overlapping parametere. På samme tid, viser seg [http://www.winterstrain.com/css/?id=51 Oakley Jawbone] vi en stor avvik-prinsippet for standard Hopfield modell med uendelig mange [http://www.sandnesbiljard.no/banner/?p=9 Nike Shox Nettbutikk Billig] mønstre. Subject Klassifisering Numbers: 60K35, 82B44, 82C32 Arbeid delvis støttet av Kommisjonen for De europeiske fellesskap under kontrakt No Innledning I 1977 Figotin og Pastur [11,12] introduserte en klasse for forenklet og nøyaktig løsbar modeller for midlere felt spin briller, i som tilfeldig interaksjon J ij mellom to spinn var på formen J ij = P p = 1 ij, med i, i to IN, 2 f1; :::; pg en familie av uavhengige, identisk fordelte tilfeldige variabler, tar, i det enkleste tilfellet verdiene 1 og \ Gamma1 med lik sannsynlighet. &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;SWTOR skjermbilde 15 desember fristen, Holiday gave ideer mer etter JumpNow, da Mr. Strickland brukt denne linjen, i filmen Tilbake til fremtiden (1985), til tegnet Marty McFly, var det ment å sette ham ned. Men, ville dagens Klanen rett og slett ta den treg slip fra Mr. &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Ved å forbedre konverteringsfrekvensen marginalt du skyrocketing inntektene med trafikkveksten. Og endelig se hvordan du forbedre konverteringsfrekvensen din kostnad per konvertering begynner å gå inn i fritt fall, og du maksimere verdi for besøkende. Som er der vi startet med denne artikkelen: få riktig trafikk og få dem til å konvertere.&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;   &amp;lt;li&amp;gt;[http://verdamilio.info/org/spip.php?article573/ http://verdamilio.info/org/spip.php?article573/]&amp;lt;/li&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;   &amp;lt;li&amp;gt;[http://www.dysh.net/bbs?mod=spacecp&amp;amp;ac=blog&amp;amp;blogid= http://www.dysh.net/bbs?mod=spacecp&amp;amp;ac=blog&amp;amp;blogid=]&amp;lt;/li&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;   &amp;lt;li&amp;gt;[http://www.proyectoalba.com.ar/spip.php?article66/ http://www.proyectoalba.com.ar/spip.php?article66/]&amp;lt;/li&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;   &amp;lt;li&amp;gt;[http://ciarcr.org/spip.php?article310/ http://ciarcr.org/spip.php?article310/]&amp;lt;/li&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;   &amp;lt;li&amp;gt;[http://www.snesup-paris13.org/spip.php?article1/ http://www.snesup-paris13.org/spip.php?article1/]&amp;lt;/li&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;    &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;    &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;  &amp;lt;/ul&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;  &amp;lt;/ul&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>138.38.25.202</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://en.formulasearchengine.com/index.php?title=Seebeck_coefficient&amp;diff=294482&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>en&gt;BG19bot: WP:CHECKWIKI error fix for #61.  Punctuation goes before References. Do general fixes if a problem exists. - using AWB (9916)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.formulasearchengine.com/index.php?title=Seebeck_coefficient&amp;diff=294482&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2014-02-06T18:35:12Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=WP:CHECKWIKI&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1&quot; class=&quot;new&quot; title=&quot;WP:CHECKWIKI (page does not exist)&quot;&gt;WP:CHECKWIKI&lt;/a&gt; error fix for #61.  Punctuation goes before References. Do &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GENFIXES&quot; class=&quot;extiw&quot; title=&quot;wikipedia:GENFIXES&quot;&gt;general fixes&lt;/a&gt; if a problem exists. - using &lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Testwiki:AWB&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1&quot; class=&quot;new&quot; title=&quot;Testwiki:AWB (page does not exist)&quot;&gt;AWB&lt;/a&gt; (9916)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.formulasearchengine.com/index.php?title=Seebeck_coefficient&amp;amp;diff=294482&amp;amp;oldid=6589&quot;&gt;Show changes&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>en&gt;BG19bot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://en.formulasearchengine.com/index.php?title=Seebeck_coefficient&amp;diff=6589&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>en&gt;Nanite: /* Charge carrier diffusion */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.formulasearchengine.com/index.php?title=Seebeck_coefficient&amp;diff=6589&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2014-01-22T15:17:07Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Charge carrier diffusion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;New page&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Annualized failure rate&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;AFR&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;) gives the estimated probability that a device or component will fail during a full year of use. It is a relation between the mean time between failure ([[Failure rate|MTBF]]) and the hours that a number of devices are run per year.  AFR is estimated from a sample of like components&amp;amp;mdash;AFR and MTBF as given by vendors are [[Statistical population|population]] statistics that can not predict the behaviour of an individual unit.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Segate&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url= http://enterprise.media.seagate.com/2010/04/inside-it-storage/diving-into-mtbf-and-afr-storage-reliability-specs-explained/|title= Diving into &amp;quot;MTBF&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;AFR&amp;quot;: Storage Reliability Specs Explained | work = Inside IT Storage | publisher = Seagate |date=Apr 2010}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Hard drives==&lt;br /&gt;
For example, AFR is used to characterize the reliability of [[hard disk drive]]s.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The relationship between AFR and MTBF is:&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Segate&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;AFR = 1-exp(-8760/MTBF).&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This equation assumes that the drives are [[Power-on hours|powered on]] for the full 8760 hours of a year, and gives the estimated fraction of an original sample of drives that will suffer from disk failures, or, equivalently, 1 − AFR is the fraction of drives that will show no failures over a year. It is based on an exponential failure distribution (see [[Failure rate#Failure rate in the continuous sense|Failure rate]] for a full derivation).&lt;br /&gt;
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This can be approximated by, assuming a small AFR,&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;AFR = {1 \over {MTBF / 8760}} \cdot 100 &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; (expressed in %).&lt;br /&gt;
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For example, a common specification for [[Parallel ATA|PATA]] and [[SATA]] drives may be 300,000 MTBF, giving a theoretical 2.88% annualized failure rate i.e. a 2.88% chance that a given drive will fail during a year of use.&lt;br /&gt;
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The AFR for a drive is derived from time-to-fail data from a reliability-demonstration test (RDT).&amp;lt;ref name = cole&amp;gt;{{Citation | first = Gerry | last = Cole | format = [[PDF]] | url = http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~jck/cs686/papers/cole.pdf | title = Estimating Drive Reliability in Desktop Computers and Consumer Electronics Systems | publisher = Virginia}}.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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AFR will increase towards and beyond the end of the service life of a device or component.  Google&amp;#039;s 2007 study found, based on a large field sample of drives, that actual AFRs for individual drives ranged from 1.7% for first year drives to over 8.6% for three-year old drives.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Citation | publisher = Google | contribution = AFR broken down by age groups | url = http://research.google.com/archive/disk_failures.pdf | title = Failure Trends in Large Disk Drive Population | at = p. 4, figure 2ff}}.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; A CMU 2007 study showed an estimated 3% mean AFR over 1–5 years based on replacement logs for a large sample of drives.&amp;lt;ref name = schroeder&amp;gt;{{Citation | url = http://www.usenix.org/events/fast07/tech/schroeder.html | title = Disk Failures in the Real World: What Does an MTTF of 1,000,000 Hours Mean to You? | first1 = Bianca | last1 = Schroeder | first2 = Garth A | last2 = Gibson | author2-link = Garth A. Gibson}}.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Failure rate]]&lt;br /&gt;
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== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Annualized Failure Rate}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Failure]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>en&gt;Nanite</name></author>
	</entry>
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