Spherical wedge - Revision history

en>Magioladitis: Replace unicode entity nbsp for character [NBSP] (or space) per WP:NBSP + other fixes, replaced: → using AWB (10331)

2014-07-30T07:50:18Z

Replace unicode entity nbsp for character [NBSP] (or space) per WP:NBSP + other fixes, replaced: → using AWB (10331)

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:50, 30 July 2014
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	~~{{Multiple issues\|~~
	~~{{orphan\|date=February 2012}}~~
	~~{{cleanup\|date=June 2010}}~~
	~~{{expert-subject\|date=June 2010}}~~
	}}

	The '''Vienna Rectifier''' is a [[pulse-width modulation]] rectifier, invented in 1993 by Prof. Johann W. Kolar.<ref>J. W. Kolar, „Dreiphasen-Dreipunkt-Pulsgleichrichter“, filed Dec. 23, 1993, File No.: A2612/93, European Patent Appl.: EP 94 120 245.9-1242 entitled “Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Umformung von Drehstrom in Gleichstrom”.</ref> It provides:
	* [[Three-phase]] three-level three-switch PWM [[rectifier]] with controlled output voltage.<ref>J. W. Kolar, F. C. Zach, “A Novel Three-Phase Utility Interface Minimizing Line Current Harmonics of High-Power Telecommunications Rectifier Modules”, Record of the 16th IEEE International Telecommunications Energy Conference, Vancouver, Canada, Oct. 30 - Nov. 3, pp. 367-374 (1994).</ref>
	* Three-wire input, no connection to neutral.
	* Ohmic mains behaviour {{Citation needed\|date=June 2009}}
	* Boost system (continuous input current).
	* Unidirectional power flow.<ref>J. W. Kolar, H. Ertl, F. C. Zach, “Design and Experimental Investigation of a Three-Phase High Power Density High Efficiency Unity Power Factor PWM (Vienna) Rectifier Employing a Novel Integrated Power Semiconductor Module”, Proceedings of the 11th IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference, San Jose (CA), USA, March 3–7, Vol.2, pp.514-523 (1998).</ref>
	* High power density.
	* Low conducted common-mode EMI emissions.
	* Simple control to stabilize the neutral point potential.<ref>J. W. Kolar, U. Drofenik, F. C. Zach, “Space Vector Based Analysis of the Variation and Control of the Neutral Point Potential of Hysteresis Current Controlled Three-Phase/Switch/Level PWM Rectifier Systems”, Proceedings of the International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems, Singapore, Feb.21-24, Vol.1, pp.22-33 (1995).</ref>
	* Low complexity, low realization effort <ref>J. W. Kolar, H. Ertl, F. C. Zach, “Design and Experimental Investigation of a Three-Phase High Power Density High Efficiency Unity Power Factor PWM (Vienna) Rectifier Employing a Novel Integrated Power Semiconductor Module”, Proceedings of the 11th IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference, San Jose (CA), USA, March 3–7, Vol.2, pp.514-523 (1998).</ref>
	* Low switching losses.<ref>*Report “How to Design a 10kW Three-Phase AC/DC Interface Step by Step” at [http://www.gecko-research.com/downloadFreeTrial/FrontEndComparison_Part_1.html www.gecko-research.com]</ref>
	* Reliable behaviour (guaranteeing ohmic mains behaviour) under heavily unbalanced mains voltages and in case of mains failure.<ref>J. W. Kolar, U. Drofenik, F. C. Zach, “Current Handling Capability of the Neutral Point of a Three-Phase/Switch/Level Boost-Type PWM (Vienna) Rectifier”, Proceedings of the 27th IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, Baveno, Italy, June 24–27, Vol.II, pp.1329-1336 (1996).</ref>

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	~~[[Image:Vienna rectifier schematic.jpg\|thumb\|150px\|Fig. 1: Schematic of~~ a ~~Vienna Rectifier.]]~~
	~~The Vienna Rectifier is a unidirectional three-phase three-switch three-level [[Pulse-width modulation]] (PWM) rectifier. It~~ can ~~be seen as a three-phase [[diode bridge]] with an integrated boost converter.~~

	~~==Applications==~~
	~~[[Image:Vienna rectifier real.jpg\|thumb\|200px\|Fig. 2: Top and bottom views~~ of ~~an air-cooled 10kW-Vienna Rectifier (400kHz PWM)~~.]]
	~~The Vienna Rectifier is useful wherever six-switch converters~~ are ~~used for achieving sinusoidal mains current~~ and ~~controlled output voltage, when no energy feedback~~ from the ~~load into~~ the ~~mains is required~~. ~~In practice~~, ~~use~~ of ~~the Vienna Rectifier is advantageous when space is at a sufficient premium~~ to ~~justify the additional hardware cost~~. ~~These include:~~
	* Telecommunications power supplies.
	* [[Uninterruptable power supply\|Uninterruptable power supplies]].
	* Input stages of AC-drive converter systems.
	~~Figure 2 shows~~ the ~~top~~ and ~~bottom views of an air-cooled 10 kW-Vienna Rectifier (400 kHz PWM), with sinusoidal input current s~~ and ~~controlled output voltage~~. ~~Dimensions are 250mm x 120mm x 40mm, resulting in a power density~~ of ~~8.5 kW/dm3. The total weight of the converter~~ is ~~2.1 kg <ref>S. D. Round, P. Karutz, M. L. Heldwein, J. W. Kolar, “Towards~~ a ~~30 kW/liter~~, ~~Three-Phase Unity Power Factor Rectifier”, Proceedings~~ of ~~the 4th Power Conversion Conference (PCC'07), Nagoya, Japan, April 2–5, CD-ROM, ISBN 1-4244-0844-X, (2007)~~.~~</ref>~~

	~~==Current and voltage waveforms==~~
	~~[[Image:vr wave.jpg\|thumb\|200px\|Fig 3:Time variation~~ of ~~voltage-phases ua~~, ~~ub, uc of~~ the ~~current~~-~~phases ia, ib, ic~~.
	~~Fig. 2: From top to bottom: 1) mains voltages ua, ub, uc. 2) mains currents ia, ib, ic. 3) rectifier voltage at uDaM (see Fig. 1), which forms~~ the ~~input current. 4. Midpoint current~~ of the ~~output capacitors (i0 in Fig. 1). 5. Voltage between mains midpoint M and~~ the ~~output voltage midpoint 0~~. ~~Note: Inner mains inductance is not considered~~, ~~and therefore the voltage across the [[filter capacitor]]s is therefore equal to the mains voltage~~.]]

	~~Figure 3 shows the system behavior~~, ~~calculated using the power~~-~~electronics circuit simulator~~.<~~ref~~>~~[http://www~~.~~gecko~~-~~research.com www.gecko~~-~~research~~.~~com]</ref> Between~~ the ~~output voltage midpoint (0)~~ and ~~the mains midpoint (M) the common mode voltage u0M appears, as~~ is ~~characteristic~~ in ~~three-~~phase ~~converter systems~~.

	~~==Current control and balance~~ of ~~the neutral point at the DC~~-~~side==~~
	~~It is possible to separately control~~ the ~~input current shape in each branch~~ of ~~the diode bridge by inserting~~ a bidirectional switch into the node, as shown in Figure 3. The switch Ta controls the current by controlling the magnetization of the inductor. Switched on charges the inductor which drives the current through the bidirectional switch. ~~Deactivating the switch increases causes the current~~ to ~~bypass the switch and flow through the freewheeling diodes Da+ and Da~~-~~. This results in a negative voltage across the inductor and drains it. This demonstrates the ability of the topology~~ to ~~control~~ the ~~current~~ in ~~phase with the mains voltage ([[Power factor correction\|PFC]] capability)~~.

	~~To generate a sinusoidal power input which is in phase with the voltage~~
	<~~math~~> ~~\underline{i}_D = G \star \underline{u}_C \approx G \star \underline{u}_1~~<~~/math~~>
	~~the average voltage space vector over~~ a ~~pulse-period must satisfy:~~
	~~<math> \underline{u}_D\star = \underline{u}-j\omega_1L_1\underline{1}_D</math>~~
	~~For high switching frequencies or low inductivities we require (<math>L1</math>) <math>\underline{u}_D \star \approx \underline{u}_1</math>.~~
	~~The available voltage space vectors required for the input voltage are defined by~~ the ~~switching states~~(~~sa,sb,sc~~) and the ~~direction of~~ the ~~phase currents. For example,~~ for ~~<math>iDa>0,iDb,iDc<0</math>, i.e~~. for the ~~phase-range<math> \phi_1 = -30^\circ~~...~~+30^\circ</math> of the period(~~<~~math~~>~~\phi_1~~<~~/math~~>~~) the phase~~ of the ~~input current space vector is <math>i_D \approx i_1</math>)~~. ~~Fig~~. ~~4 shows the conduction states of the system,~~ and ~~from this we get the input space vectors shows in Fig. 5 <ref>iPES (Interactive Power Electronics Seminar): Java-Applet Animation of the Vienna Rectifier at~~ [http://~~www~~.~~ipes~~.~~ethz.ch/ipes/2002Vienna1~~/~~vr1.html www.ipes.ee.ethz.ch~~]~~</ref>~~

	~~[[Image:Conduction states vr~~.~~jpg\|thumb\|400px\|Fig 5: Conduction states of the Vienna Rectifier~~, for ~~ia>0, ib,ic<0, valid~~ in a ~~<math> 60^o</math> sector of~~ the ~~period T1~~
	~~sa,sb~~, and ~~sc characterise the switching state of the system~~. ~~The arrows represent the physical direction and value of the current midpoint i0~~.]]

	~~==References==~~
	~~{{Reflist}}~~

	~~[[Category:Electronic circuits]]~~
	~~[[Category:Electrical power conversion]]~~
	~~[[Category:Power electronics]]~~

en>Jackhynes: ungula (primate anatomy) link at top

2012-05-23T12:43:39Z

ungula (primate anatomy) link at top

New page

{{Multiple issues|
{{orphan|date=February 2012}}
{{cleanup|date=June 2010}}
{{expert-subject|date=June 2010}}
}}

The '''Vienna Rectifier''' is a [[pulse-width modulation]] rectifier, invented in 1993 by Prof. Johann W. Kolar.<ref>J. W. Kolar, „Dreiphasen-Dreipunkt-Pulsgleichrichter“, filed Dec. 23, 1993, File No.: A2612/93, European Patent Appl.: EP 94 120 245.9-1242 entitled “Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Umformung von Drehstrom in Gleichstrom”.</ref> It provides:
* [[Three-phase]] three-level three-switch PWM [[rectifier]] with controlled output voltage.<ref>J. W. Kolar, F. C. Zach, “A Novel Three-Phase Utility Interface Minimizing Line Current Harmonics of High-Power Telecommunications Rectifier Modules”, Record of the 16th IEEE International Telecommunications Energy Conference, Vancouver, Canada, Oct. 30 - Nov. 3, pp. 367-374 (1994).</ref>
* Three-wire input, no connection to neutral.
* Ohmic mains behaviour {{Citation needed|date=June 2009}}
* Boost system (continuous input current).
* Unidirectional power flow.<ref>J. W. Kolar, H. Ertl, F. C. Zach, “Design and Experimental Investigation of a Three-Phase High Power Density High Efficiency Unity Power Factor PWM (Vienna) Rectifier Employing a Novel Integrated Power Semiconductor Module”, Proceedings of the 11th IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference, San Jose (CA), USA, March 3–7, Vol.2, pp.514-523 (1998).</ref>
* High power density.
* Low conducted common-mode EMI emissions.
* Simple control to stabilize the neutral point potential.<ref>J. W. Kolar, U. Drofenik, F. C. Zach, “Space Vector Based Analysis of the Variation and Control of the Neutral Point Potential of Hysteresis Current Controlled Three-Phase/Switch/Level PWM Rectifier Systems”, Proceedings of the International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems, Singapore, Feb.21-24, Vol.1, pp.22-33 (1995).</ref>
* Low complexity, low realization effort <ref>J. W. Kolar, H. Ertl, F. C. Zach, “Design and Experimental Investigation of a Three-Phase High Power Density High Efficiency Unity Power Factor PWM (Vienna) Rectifier Employing a Novel Integrated Power Semiconductor Module”, Proceedings of the 11th IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference, San Jose (CA), USA, March 3–7, Vol.2, pp.514-523 (1998).</ref>
* Low switching losses.<ref>*Report “How to Design a 10kW Three-Phase AC/DC Interface Step by Step” at [http://www.gecko-research.com/downloadFreeTrial/FrontEndComparison_Part_1.html www.gecko-research.com]</ref>
* Reliable behaviour (guaranteeing ohmic mains behaviour) under heavily unbalanced mains voltages and in case of mains failure.<ref>J. W. Kolar, U. Drofenik, F. C. Zach, “Current Handling Capability of the Neutral Point of a Three-Phase/Switch/Level Boost-Type PWM (Vienna) Rectifier”, Proceedings of the 27th IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, Baveno, Italy, June 24–27, Vol.II, pp.1329-1336 (1996).</ref>

==Topology==
[[Image:Vienna rectifier schematic.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 1: Schematic of a Vienna Rectifier.]]
The Vienna Rectifier is a unidirectional three-phase three-switch three-level [[Pulse-width modulation]] (PWM) rectifier. It can be seen as a three-phase [[diode bridge]] with an integrated boost converter.

==Applications==
[[Image:Vienna rectifier real.jpg|thumb|200px|Fig. 2: Top and bottom views of an air-cooled 10kW-Vienna Rectifier (400kHz PWM).]]
The Vienna Rectifier is useful wherever six-switch converters are used for achieving sinusoidal mains current and controlled output voltage, when no energy feedback from the load into the mains is required. In practice, use of the Vienna Rectifier is advantageous when space is at a sufficient premium to justify the additional hardware cost. These include:
* Telecommunications power supplies.
* [[Uninterruptable power supply|Uninterruptable power supplies]].
* Input stages of AC-drive converter systems.
Figure 2 shows the top and bottom views of an air-cooled 10 kW-Vienna Rectifier (400 kHz PWM), with sinusoidal input current s and controlled output voltage. Dimensions are 250mm x 120mm x 40mm, resulting in a power density of 8.5 kW/dm3. The total weight of the converter is 2.1 kg <ref>S. D. Round, P. Karutz, M. L. Heldwein, J. W. Kolar, “Towards a 30 kW/liter, Three-Phase Unity Power Factor Rectifier”, Proceedings of the 4th Power Conversion Conference (PCC'07), Nagoya, Japan, April 2–5, CD-ROM, ISBN 1-4244-0844-X, (2007).</ref>

==Current and voltage waveforms==
[[Image:vr wave.jpg|thumb|200px|Fig 3:Time variation of voltage-phases ua, ub, uc of the current-phases ia, ib, ic.
Fig. 2: From top to bottom: 1) mains voltages ua, ub, uc. 2) mains currents ia, ib, ic. 3) rectifier voltage at uDaM (see Fig. 1), which forms the input current. 4. Midpoint current of the output capacitors (i0 in Fig. 1). 5. Voltage between mains midpoint M and the output voltage midpoint 0. Note: Inner mains inductance is not considered, and therefore the voltage across the [[filter capacitor]]s is therefore equal to the mains voltage.]]

Figure 3 shows the system behavior, calculated using the power-electronics circuit simulator.<ref>[http://www.gecko-research.com www.gecko-research.com]</ref> Between the output voltage midpoint (0) and the mains midpoint (M) the common mode voltage u0M appears, as is characteristic in three-phase converter systems.

==Current control and balance of the neutral point at the DC-side==
It is possible to separately control the input current shape in each branch of the diode bridge by inserting a bidirectional switch into the node, as shown in Figure 3. The switch Ta controls the current by controlling the magnetization of the inductor. Switched on charges the inductor which drives the current through the bidirectional switch. Deactivating the switch increases causes the current to bypass the switch and flow through the freewheeling diodes Da+ and Da-. This results in a negative voltage across the inductor and drains it. This demonstrates the ability of the topology to control the current in phase with the mains voltage ([[Power factor correction|PFC]] capability).

To generate a sinusoidal power input which is in phase with the voltage
<math> \underline{i}_D = G \star \underline{u}_C \approx G \star \underline{u}_1</math>
the average voltage space vector over a pulse-period must satisfy:
<math> \underline{u}_D\star = \underline{u}-j\omega_1L_1\underline{1}_D</math>
For high switching frequencies or low inductivities we require (<math>L1</math>) <math>\underline{u}_D \star \approx \underline{u}_1</math>.
The available voltage space vectors required for the input voltage are defined by the switching states(sa,sb,sc) and the direction of the phase currents. For example, for <math>iDa>0,iDb,iDc<0</math>, i.e. for the phase-range<math> \phi_1 = -30^\circ...+30^\circ</math> of the period(<math>\phi_1</math>) the phase of the input current space vector is <math>i_D \approx i_1</math>). Fig. 4 shows the conduction states of the system, and from this we get the input space vectors shows in Fig. 5 <ref>iPES (Interactive Power Electronics Seminar): Java-Applet Animation of the Vienna Rectifier at [http://www.ipes.ethz.ch/ipes/2002Vienna1/vr1.html www.ipes.ee.ethz.ch]</ref>

[[Image:Conduction states vr.jpg|thumb|400px|Fig 5: Conduction states of the Vienna Rectifier, for ia>0, ib,ic<0, valid in a <math> 60^o</math> sector of the period T1
sa,sb, and sc characterise the switching state of the system. The arrows represent the physical direction and value of the current midpoint i0.]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Electronic circuits]]
[[Category:Electrical power conversion]]
[[Category:Power electronics]]