Stiffness - Revision history

en>Mark viking: /* Relationship to elasticity */ Link to torsion constant instead

2015-01-04T06:34:42Z

Relationship to elasticity: Link to torsion constant instead

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:34, 4 January 2015
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~Andrew Berryhill~~ is ~~what his spouse enjoys~~ to ~~contact him and he completely digs that title~~. Her family members life in Alaska but her husband wants them to move. Since he was eighteen he's been operating as an information officer but he plans on changing it. The favorite pastime for him and his children is to perform lacross and he would never give it up.<br><br>~~Feel free to visit~~ my ~~weblog -~~ [http://~~www.bondi~~.~~tv/tv~~/~~uprofile.php~~?~~UID~~=~~248444 psychic readers~~]		There is nothing to say about myself really.<br>Finally a part of this site.<br>I just hope Im useful at all<br><br>my homepage ... [http://book0.jp/?mid=index&trackback_srl=171411&act=dispBoardDeleteTrackback&sort_index=regdate&order_type=desc&document_srl=262653&listStyle=&cpage= dog training careers]

86.167.224.245: /* Calculations */

2014-02-09T15:09:02Z

Calculations

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:09, 9 February 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~{{Refimprove\|date=October 2011}}~~		Andrew Berryhill is what his spouse enjoys to contact him and he completely digs that title. Her family members life in Alaska but her husband wants them to move. Since he was eighteen he's been operating as an information officer but he plans on changing it. The favorite pastime for him and his children is to perform lacross and he would never give it up.<br><br>Feel free to visit my weblog - [http://www.bondi.tv/tv/uprofile.php?UID=248444 psychic readers]
	[[Image:front wings f1.jpg\|Front airfoils\|thumb\|250px\|right\|Three different styles of front wings from three different [[Formula One]] eras, all designed to produce downforce at the front end of the respective race cars. ''Top to bottom:'' Ferrari 312 (1979), Lotus 79 (1978), McLaren MP4-10 (1995)]]
	~~'''Downforce''' is a downwards thrust created by the [[aerodynamics\|aerodynamic]] characteristics of a [[car]]. The purpose of downforce~~ is to ~~allow a car to travel faster through a corner by increasing the vertical force on the tires, thus creating more [[grip (autoracing)\|grip]]''.~~

	~~==Fundamental principles==~~
	~~The same [[Bernoulli's principle\|principle]]~~ that allows an airplane to rise off the ground by creating [[Lift (force)\|lift]] from its [[wing]]s is used in reverse to apply force that presses the race car against the surface of the track. This effect is referred to as "aerodynamic grip" and is distinguished from "mechanical grip," which is a function of the car mass repartition, tires and suspension. The creation of downforce by passive devices almost always can only be achieved at the cost of increased aerodynamic [[drag (physics)\|drag]] (or [[friction]]), and the optimum setup is almost always a compromise between the two. The aerodynamic setup for a car can vary considerably between race tracks, depending on the length of the straights and the types of corners; some drivers also make different choices on setup. Because it is a function of the flow of air over and under the car, and because aerodynamic forces increase with the square of velocity, downforce increases with the square of the car's speed and requires a certain minimum speed in order to produce a significant effect. But some cars have had rather unstable aerodynamics, such that a minor change in [[angle of attack]] or height of the vehicle can cause large changes in the downforce. In the very worst cases this can cause the car to ~~experience lift, not downforce, caused, for example, by a bump on the track or [[slipstreaming]] over a crest, and this sometimes can have disastrous consequences~~. ~~A notorious example of this~~ was ~~[[Peter Dumbreck]]~~'s ~~[[Mercedes-Benz CLR]] in the 1999 [[Le Mans 24 hours]], which flipped spectacularly after closely following a competitor car over a hump.~~

	~~Two primary components of a racing car can be used to create downforce when the car is travelling at racing speed:~~
	* the shape of the body, and
	* the use of [[airfoil]]s.

	~~Most racing formulae have a ban on aerodynamic devices that can be adjusted during a race, except at [[pit stop]]s.~~

	~~[[Image:2007'11-PanozDP01-BottomPanel-crwp.jpg\|thumb\|right\|The [[Carbon Fiber\|CFRP]] floor of the [[Panoz DP01]] [[ChampCar]] exhibiting complex aerodynamic design.]]~~

	~~[[Image:2007'11-PanozDP01-UndersideAero-crwp.jpg\|thumb\|right\|The underside curves of the [[Panoz DP01]] [[ChampCar]].]]~~

	~~The formula for downforce of a wing is given by:~~

	~~:<math>D = \frac{1}{2}(WS) H \alpha F \rho V^2</math>~~

	~~Where:~~
	*''D'' is downforce in [[Newton (unit)\|newton]]s
	*''WS'' is [[wingspan]] in metres
	*''H'' is height in metres
	*''<math> \alpha </math>'' is [[angle of attack]]
	*''F'' is [[lift coefficient]]
	*''ρ'' is [[air density]] in kg/m³
	*''V'' is [[velocity]] in m/s

	~~==Body==~~
	The rounded and tapered shape of the top of the car is designed to slice through the air and minimize wind resistance. Detailed pieces of bodywork on top of the car can be added to allow a smooth flow of air to reach the downforce-creating elements (i.e., wings or spoilers, and underbody tunnels).

	~~The overall shape of a street car resembles~~ an airplane wing with air flowing over it faster than the air flows under it causing a difference in air pressure. Almost all street cars have aerodynamic lift as a result of this shape. There are many techniques that are used to counterbalance a street car. Looking at the profile of most street cars, the front bumper has the lowest ground clearance followed by the section between the front and rear tires, and followed yet by a rear bumper usually with the highest clearance. Using this method, the air flowing under the front bumper will be constricted to a lower cross sectional area, and thus achieve a lower pressure. Additional downforce comes from the rake (or angle) of the vehicles' body, which directs the underside air up and creates a downward force, and increases the pressure on ~~top of the car because the air flow direction comes closer to perpendicular to the surface. Volume does not affect the air pressure because~~ it is not an enclosed volume, despite the common misconception. Race cars will exemplify this effect by adding a rear diffuser to accelerate air under the car in front of the diffuser, and raise the air pressure behind it to lessen the car's wake. Other aerodynamic components can be found on the underside to improve downforce and/or reduce drag include a [[splitter (automotive)\|splitter]] and a [[diffuser (automotive)\|diffuser]] and vortex generators.

	~~Some cars such as the [[DeltaWing]] do not have wings, and generate all of their downforce via the body~~.

	~~==Airfoils==~~
	~~The amount of downforce created by the wings or spoilers on a car is dependent primarily on two things:~~
	* The shape, including surface area, [[aspect ratio (wing)\|aspect ratio]] and cross-section of the device, and
	* The ~~device's orientation (or [[angle of attack]]).~~

	A larger surface area creates greater downforce and greater drag (also known as air resistance). The aspect ratio is the width of the airfoil divided by its depth. The aspect ratio formula is written like AR=b squared/s, where AR=aspect ratio, b=spand squared, and s=wing area. Also, a greater angle of attack (or tilt) of the wing or spoiler, creates more downforce, which puts more pressure on the rear wheels and more drag.

	~~[[Image:rear wing f1 n.jpg\|thumb\|250px\|left\|The rear wing of a 1998 Formula One car, with three aerodynamic elements (1, 2, 3). The rows of holes~~ for ~~adjustment of the [[angle of attack]] (4)~~ and ~~installation of another element (5) are visible on the wing's endplate.]]~~

	~~===Front===~~
	The function of the airfoils at the front of the car is twofold. They create downforce that enhances the grip of the front tires, while also optimizing (or minimizing disturbance to) the flow of air to the rest of the car. The front wings on an open-wheeled car undergo constant modification as data is ~~gathered from race~~ to ~~race,~~ and ~~are customized for every characteristic of a particular circuit (see top photos). In most series, the wings are even designed for adjustment during the race itself when the car is serviced.~~

	~~===Rear===~~
	The flow of air at the rear of the car is affected by the front wings, front wheels, mirrors, driver's helmet, side pods and exhaust. This causes the rear wing to be less aerodynamically efficient than the front wing, Yet, because it must generate more than twice as much downforce as the front wings in order to maintain the handling to balance the car, the rear wing typically has a much larger aspect ratio, and often uses two or more elements to compound the amount of downforce created (see photo at left). Like the front wings, each of these elements can often be adjusted when the car is serviced, before or even during a race, and are the object of constant attention and modification.

	~~===Wings in unusual places===~~
	Partly as a consequence of rules aimed at reducing downforce from the front and rear wings of F1 cars, several teams have sought to find other places to position wings. Small wings mounted on the rear of the cars' sidepods began to appear in mid-1994, and were virtually standard on all F1 cars in one form or another, until all such devices were outlawed in 2009. Other wings have sprung up ~~in various other places about the car, but these modifications are usually only used at circuits where downforce is most sought, particularly the twisty Hungary and Monaco racetracks~~.

	The 1995 McLaren Mercedes MP4/10 was one of the first cars to feature a "midwing", using a loophole in the regulations to mount a wing on top of the engine cover. This arrangement has since been used by every team on the grid at one time or another, and in the [[2007 Monaco Grand Prix]] all but two teams used them. These midwings are not to be confused either with the roll-hoop mounted cameras which each car carries as standard in all races, or with the bull-horn shaped flow controllers first used by McLaren and since by BMW Sauber, whose primary function is to smooth and redirect the airflow in order to make the rear wing more effective rather than to generate downforce themselves.

	A variation on this theme was "X-wings", high wings mounted on the front of the sidepods which used a similar loophole to midwings. These were first used by Tyrrell in 1997, and were last used in the 1998 San Marino Grand Prix, by which time Ferrari, Sauber, Jordan and others had used such an arrangement. However it was decided they would have to be banned in view of the obstruction they caused during refueling and the risk they posed to the driver should a car roll over. (It is rumored that Bernie Ecclestone saw them as being too ugly on television and therefore had them banned.{{Citation needed\|date=April 2009}})

	Various other extra wings have been tried from time to time, but nowadays it is more common for teams to seek to improve the performance of the front and rear wings by the use of various flow controllers such as the afore-mentioned "bull-horns" used by McLaren.

	~~==See also==~~
	*[[Lift (force)]]
	*[[Bernoulli's principle]]
	*[[Ground effect in cars]]
	*[[Wind tunnel]]
	*[[Formula One car]]
	*[[Grip (auto racing)]]
	*[[Body kit]]

	~~==Further reading==~~
	* Simon McBeath, ''Competition Car Downforce: A Practical Handbook'', SAE International, 2000, ISBN 1-85960-662-8
	* Simon McBeath, ''Competition Car Aerodynamics'', Sparkford, Haynes, 2006
	* [[Enrico Benzing]], ''Ali / Wings. Progettazione e applicazione su auto da corsa. Their design and application to ~~racing car'', Milano, Nada, 2012. Bilingual (Italian~~-~~English)~~

	~~==External links==~~
	*[http://www.~~nas~~.~~nasa.gov~~/~~About~~/~~Education/Racecar/ Aerodynamics In Car Racing]~~


	~~{{Automotive handling}}~~

	~~[[Category:Aerodynamics]]~~
	~~[[Category:Motorsport terminology]]~~

	~~[[it:Deportanza]~~]

en>Rjwilmsi: Journal cites, added 1 DOI using AWB (9904)

2014-02-03T20:05:27Z

Journal cites, added 1 DOI using AWB (9904)

Show changes

en>Samba6566 at 00:06, 23 July 2012

2012-07-23T00:06:44Z

New page

Vi ämna plocka med "Comps", [http://wordpress.org/search/r%C3%A5kar+befinna råkar befinna] uppsyn Rekommenderad variabel i online casino. gången vi pratade försåvitt Blackjack fraser, denna cirka av som "Action" "Färg . " Godkänna s fortskrida positiv fraktion par inom våra Blackjack termer serien. 

Vädring på mörka tider på vattenväg 71 NYRA television gemenskapens (allmänt måndagens tisdagens), nya displayen kommer att inbegripa dom senaste händelserna i hästkapplöpning (hur sa , right? Värdar innefattar NYRA TV-regissör och art ringer, John Imbriale, sammanlagt talrika NRYRA TV-analytiker. NYRA samt bor aktiva denna allvarliga vintersäsongen årstid, och börjat presentatör någon "mörka dag" television beryktad "The NYRA nätverk tävlingsdagen". Ett passage en online casino webbplats ej äger någon personal att bidraga kundsupport, enär befinner sig det bevisligen inte tillförlitlig. Om kunden hjälp bruten ett on-line kasino ej odla verkningsfull, stavas det endast par frågor. [http://Browse.deviantart.com/?qh=&section=&global=1&q=Samtliga+konsumenter Samtliga konsumenter] vill bege sig igenom . Tillgången gällande konsumenten tjänsten när du behov bruten assistans. beror på att du kommer att lite en bistånd ifall allt ni stöter gällande problem inför, postumt signalen förfarandet. Dom eventuellt inte äger tillräckligt göromål force att bidra klara jobbet alternativt anställa att göra jobbet förut . Sådana vinster kommer att ge mer skada ännu stora. i flertal andra deg att göra ventures tålamod namnet kungen . Själv garanterar att extremt fartfyllt denna art itu en människa kommer att förtälja hur han äger förlagt sin bank-roll därför att han inneha varit "mycket olyckligt" aldrig tar en hot igenom att agera kvantiteter korresponderande din finansiella institution-rulle ifall deltar begränsningar pengar endast vunnit på en freeroll. Samt vanligtvis spelare missbedömer deras personliga förmåga deltar förmågor. Igenom att antaga denna livsåskådning, du innerligt mer antagligen att bättra din bankrulle på sikt. Ansats ej att förvärva därtill hel fraktion samt fartfyllt. Icke vara avundas komma exemplet de började villig någon påtänd gräns pokerbord, blomstrande folksamling pengar. Saken där stora nyheten att genom efterföljande bruksanvisningen, kunde befinna spinning slots alternativt besegra banken ingen tidrymd alls stora bonusar buntar från "gratis pengar" blir erbjuds, kan det vara att sugas in i nåt inte absolut lycklig . Om verkligen vill pengar enär vara antagligen förtrogna tips och känner till hur hane vinner villig casino 2014. Dom itu metoden on-line kostar pröjsa det finns några kommer att be om något dig att betala förut dom anläggningar använder. Webbplatsen kommer att offerera handbok därför att vara medveten om åt erhålla casino 2014. När ditt konto öppen opp befinner sig ni helt ledig att fixa dom skilda TV-spel som ni uppskattar. Beskåda antagligen om avgifterna inom förbättring blir det tufft stäv . Böcker vänder sig till novis spelarna (likaså erkänt som "rutor") kommer att ha dåliga linjer för favoriter duktig linjer förut hundar. Pro tillfälle, försåvitt ni satsar framförallt på underdogs, därpå öppna konto hos en bookmaker som jämnt "nyanser" deras bana favoriter. Durrell Summers gjorde 26 faktorer pro Michigan State Raymar Morgan till sjutton poäng inom avkastning. nMichigan State besegrade Maryland åttiofem-83 såsom underdog 1. "-jag antagande själv enbart ämna njuta av denna dag jag kommer oroa Northern Iowa i bitti, nämna Michigan form lagledare Tom Izzo postumt matchen. gällande online bookmakers. Five-scenen på söndag 2: a omgången itu NCAA Tournament. Vi kommer att appreciera detta. "Detta kommer att existera 24-timmars regeln. " Investera Michigan kondition -1 såsom favoriter Sweet sixteen förutsägelser till Northern Iowa för fredagens lockton med någon $100 nya på linje casino belöningen kombinerade betyget gick över bokförda mer än/under fullkomligt fem 147. Vegas har 3 stora klasser itu . Mig använder termen center klassen, därför att kan råka det icke all av oss har råd med ett tre, 000 sedel ett natt hotellrum! Enbart för att fortfarande på betyder ett blygsamt prissatt Hotell inte att ni icke kan innehava 5 stjärnigt holiday! är mentor förut logi skulle existera överkomliga stäv mest centrum itu kursen skötsel . Postumt att selektera villig vilken webbsida att spela , kan du ladda upp registreringsformulär bege sig med så kan du anträda att placera din instats tumla tärningarna. Alldenstund det här befinner sig populärt online, kan bara hitta utvalda webbplatser dej att gestalta villig deras webbplats. Lyckligtvis erbjuds nu möjlighet att spela kungen line kasino idrott on-line ut att ringa fråga försåvitt du skulle klara av befinna del av dig att leka sporten. Saken där etta sak odla pass bör visas när spelar craps befinner sig faktiskt att märka någon casino 2014 webbplats kan till fyllest därför att belysa reglerna förut spel fager kommer att klara av förrätta kungen lämplig metod. If you adored this information and you desire to be given details relating to Nya svenska språket online casinon 2014 - [http://casinopedia.nl/index.php/Want_To_Have_A_More_Appealing_Nya_Online_Casinon_P%C3%A5_N%C3%A4tet_Read_This gå opp kommende nettside], kindly visit our web page.