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en>Scalhotrod: Reverted 1 pending edit by 207.231.231.99 to revision 640864808 by Ras67: unsourced

2015-01-07T19:50:46Z

Reverted 1 pending edit by 207.231.231.99 to revision 640864808 by Ras67: unsourced

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:50, 7 January 2015
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	My name~~'s Jessie Groce but everybody calls me Jessie~~. I'm ~~from Great Britain~~. I'~~m studying at the high school (1st year) and~~ I ~~play~~ the ~~Lap Steel Guitar for 3 years~~. ~~Usually~~ I ~~choose songs from the famous films~~ :~~). <br>I have two brothers. I love Amateur astronomy, watching movies and Freerunning~~.<br><br>~~My website :~~: [http://qa.~~freshle.com/questions/5376/online-shopping-tips-shop-til-you-drop Online coupons For 4Inkjets~~]

			Satisfied to meet you! My current name is Eusebio Ledbetter. To drive is a complete thing that I'm ultimately addicted to. South Carolina is where options home is and [http://Www.Reddit.com/r/howto/search?q=I+don%27t I don't] plan on transferring it. I used to be unemployed but actually I am a cashier but the promotion absolutely not comes. I'm not good at webdesign but you might want to check my website: http://prometeu.net<br><br>Feel free to visit my web blog: [http://prometeu.net clash of clans trucos android]

en>Gogo Dodo: Rm, per WP:EL

2014-02-09T07:53:07Z

Rm, per WP:EL

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:53, 9 February 2014
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	~~[[Image:Transposition example from Koch.png\|thumb\|350px\|right\|Transposition example from Koch<ref~~ name="Schuijer"/> {{audio\|Transposition example from Koch top.mid\|Play top}} {{audio\|Transposition example from Koch bottom.mid\|Play bottom}}. The melody on the first line is in the key of D, while the melody on the second line is identical except that it is [[major third]] lower, in the key of B{{music\|b}}.]]		My name's Jessie Groce but everybody calls me Jessie. I'm from Great Britain. I'm studying at the high school (1st year) and I play the Lap Steel Guitar for 3 years. Usually I choose songs from the famous films :). <br>I have two brothers. I love Amateur astronomy, watching movies and Freerunning.<br><br>My website :: [http://qa.freshle.com/questions/5376/online-shopping-tips-shop-til-you-drop Online coupons For 4Inkjets]

	~~In [[music]] '''transposition'~~'~~' refers to the process, or [[operation (music)\|operation]], of moving a [[set (music)\|collection]] of [[note]]~~s ~~([[pitch (music)\|pitches]] or [[pitch class]]es) up or down in [[pitch (music)\|pitch]] by a constant [[interval (music)\|interval]]~~.
	{{quote\|The shifting of a [[melody]], a [[chord progression\|harmonic progression]] or an entire musical piece to another key, while maintaining the same tone structure, i.e. the same succession of [[major second\|whole tones]] and [[semitone]]s and remaining melodic intervals.\|'~~'Musikalisches Lexicon'', 879 (1865), [[Heinrich Christoph Koch]] (trans. Schuijer)<ref name="Schuijer">Schuijer, Michiel (2008)~~. '~~'Analyzing Atonal Music'', p.52-54. ISBN 978-1-58046-270-9.</ref>}}~~
	For example, one might transpose an entire [[piece (music)\|piece]] of music into another [[key (music)\|key]]. Similarly, one might transpose a [[tone row]] or an unordered collection of pitches such as a [[chord (music)\|chord]] so that it begins on another pitch.

	~~The transposition of a set ''A'' by ''n'' semitones is designated by '''''T'''''<sub>''n''</sub>(''A''), representing~~ the ~~addition~~ (~~[[modular math\|mod 12]]~~) of an integer ''n'' to each of the pitch class integers of the set ''A''.<ref name="Schuijer"/> Thus the set (''A'') consisting of 0-1-2 transposed by 5 semitones is 5-6-7 ('''''T'''''<sub>''5''</sub>(''A'')) since 0+5=5, 1+5=6, and ~~2+5=7.~~

	~~==Four kinds of transposition==~~
	~~===Chromatic and scalar (diatonic) transposition===~~
	There are two different kinds of transposition, depending on whether one is measuring intervals according to the chromatic scale or some other scale. In '''chromatic transposition''' one shifts every pitch in a collection of notes by a fixed number of semitones. For instance, if one transposes the pitches C4-E4-G4 upwards by four semitones, one obtains the pitches E4-G{{music\|#}}4-B4. In '''scalar transposition''' one shifts every pitch in a collection by a fixed number of [[musical scale\|scale steps]] relative to some scale. For example, if one transposes the pitches C4-E4-G4 up by two steps relative to the familiar C major scale, one obtains the pitches E4-G4-B4. If one transposes the same pitches up by two steps relative to the F major scale, one obtains instead E4-G4-B{{music\|b}}4. Scalar transposition is sometimes called ''diatonic transposition,'' but this term can be misleading, as it suggests transposition with respect to a diatonic scale. However, scalar transposition can occur with respect to any type of scale, not just the diatonic.

	~~===Pitch and pitch class===~~
	There are two further kinds of transposition, by pitch interval or by pitch interval class, applied to pitches or pitch classes, respectively. Transposition may be applied to pitches or to pitch classes.<ref name="Schuijer"/> For example the pitch A4, or 9, transposed by a major third, or the pitch interval 4:
	~~:<math>9 + 4 = 13</math>~~
	~~while that pitch class, 9, tranposed by a major fourth, or the pitch class interval 4:~~
	~~:<math>9 + 4 =13 \equiv 1\pmod{12}</math>.~~

	~~==Sight transposition==~~
	~~[[File:Dvorak 9, trumpet part exerpt.png\|thumb\|Excerpt of the [[trumpet]] part of [[Symphony No. 9 (Dvořák)\|Symphony No. 9]] of [[Antonín Dvořák]], where sight transposition is required.]]~~
	~~Although transpositions are usually written out, musicians are occasionally asked to transpose music "at sight", that is, to read the music in one key while playing in another. Musicians who~~ play [[transposing instrument]]s sometimes have to do this (for example when encountering an unusual transposition, such as clarinet in C), as well as singers' accompanists, since singers sometimes request a different key than the one printed in the ~~music to better fit their vocal range.~~

	~~There are three basic techniques~~ for ~~teaching sight transposition: interval, clef, and numbers~~.

	~~===Interval===~~
	First one determines the interval between the written key and the target key. Then one imagines the notes up (or down) by the corresponding interval. A performer using this method may calculate each note individually, or group notes together (e.g. "a descending chromatic passage starting on F" might become a "descending chromatic passage starting on A" in the ~~target key).~~

	~~===Clef===~~
	[[Clef]] transposition is routinely taught (among other places) in Belgium and France. One imagines a different clef and a different key signature than the ones printed. The change of clef is used so that the lines and spaces correspond to different notes than the lines and spaces of the original score. Seven clefs are used for this: treble (2nd line G-clef), bass (4th line F-clef), baritone (3rd line F-clef or 5th line C-clef, although in France and Belgium sight-reading exercises for this clef, as a preparation for clef transposition practice, are always printed with the 3rd line F-clef), and C-clefs on the four lowest lines; these allow any given [[staff position]] to correspond to each of the seven [[note]] names A through G. The signature is then adjusted for the actual accidental (natural, sharp or flat) one wants on that note. The octave may also have to be adjusted (this sort of practice ignores the conventional octave implication of the clefs), but this is a trivial matter for most musicians.

	~~===Numbers===~~
	~~Transposing by numbers means, one determines the [[degree (music)\|scale degree]] of the written note (e.g. first, fourth, fifth, etc.~~) ~~in the given key~~. ~~The performer then plays the corresponding scale degree of the target chord.~~

	~~==Transpositional equivalence~~<~~!--[[Transpositional invariance]], [[Transpositional equivalency]], and [[Transpositionally equivalent]] redirect directly here.--~~>==
	~~Two musical objects are '''transpositionally equivalent''' if one can be transformed into another by transposition~~. ~~It is similar to [[enharmonic equivalence]] and [[octave equivalence]]. In many musical contexts~~, ~~transpositionally equivalent chords are thought to be similar. Transpositional equivalence is a feature of [[set theory (music)\|musical set theory]]. The terms ''transposition''~~ and ~~''transposition equivalence'' allow the concept to be discussed as both an [[operation (music)\|operation]] and [[relation (music)\|relation]], an activity and a state of being~~. ~~Compare with [[modulation (music)\|modulation]] and [[related key]].~~

	~~Using [[integer notation]] and [[modular arithmetic\|modulo]] 12, to transpose a pitch ''x'' by ''n'' semitones:~~
	:<~~math~~>~~T^p_n (x) = x+n~~<~~/math~~>
	or
	:~~<math>T^p_n (x) \rightarrow x+n</math>~~
	~~For pitch class transposition by a pitch class interval~~:
	~~:<math>T_n (x) = x+n \pmod{12}</math>~~
	<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Rahn \|first=John \|title=Basic atonal theory \|publisher=Schirmer Books \|location=New York \|year=1987 \|pages={{Page needed\|date=May 2010}} \|isbn=0-02-873160-3 \|oclc=54481390}}</ref>

	~~==Twelve-tone transposition==~~

	[~~[Milton Babbitt]] defined the "transformation" of transposition within the twelve-tone technique as follows~~:
	By applying the transposition operator (T) to a [twelve-tone] set we will mean that every p of the set P is mapped homomorphically (with regard to order) into a T(p) of the set T(P) according to the following operation:
	~~:<math>T_o(p_{i,j})=p_{i,j}+I_o<~~/~~math>~~
	~~where T<sub>o<~~/~~sub> is any integer 0-11 inclusive, where, of course, the T<sub>o</sub> remains fixed for a given transposition~~. ~~The + sign indicates ordinary transposition~~.
	::<ref>Babbitt (1992). ''The Function of Set Structure in the Twelve-Tone System'', p.10. PhD dissertation, Princeton University [1946]. cited in Schuijer (2008), p.55. p=element, P=twelve-tone series, i=order number, j=pitch-class number.</~~ref>~~

	~~Allen Forte defines transposition so as to apply to unordered sets of other than twelve pitches:~~
	~~:the addition mod 12 of any integer k in S to every integer p of P.~~
	~~thus giving, "12 transposed forms of P".<ref>Forte (1964). "A Theory of Set-Complexes for Music", p.149, ''Journal of Music Theory'' 8~~/~~2:136-83. cited in Schuijer (2008), p.57. p=element, P=pitch class set, S=universal set.<~~/~~ref>~~

	~~==Fuzzy transposition==~~
	~~Straus created the concept of '''fuzzy transposition''', and [[fuzzy inversion]], to express transposition as a [[voice~~-~~leading]] event, "the 'sending' of each element of a given PC set to its '''''T'''''<sub>n</sub>~~-correspondent...[enabling] him to relate PC sets of two adjacent chords in terms of a transposition, even when not all of the 'voices' participated fully in the transpositional move.".<ref>Straus, Joseph N. (April 11, 2003). "Voice Leading in Atonal Music", unpublished lecture for the Dutch Society of Music Theory. Royal Flemish Conservatory of Music, Ghent, Belgium. or Straus, Joseph N. (1997). "Voice Leading in Atonal Music" in ''Music Theory in Concept and Practice'', ed. James M. Baker, David W. Beach, and Jonathan W. Bernard, 237-~~74. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press. Cited in Schuijer (2008), p.61~~-~~62.</ref> A transformation within voice~~-~~leading space rather than [[pitch-class space]] as in pitch class transposition.~~

	~~==See also==~~
	*[[Modulation (music)]]
	*[[Pitch shift]]
	*[[Transposing instrument]]

	~~==Sources==~~
	~~<references/>~~

	~~==External links==~~
	* [http://tabtransposer.com/ Chords transposition in song sheets plus showing these chords for different instruments]
	* [http://chords.kytara.cz/transpose-~~music/ Chords transposition]~~
	* [http://www.statistics101.net/chordsmith/ ChordSmith: Java program to transpose chords in song sheets]
	* [http://www.transposer.org/ Online ~~Tool to transpose songs]~~
	* [http://www.chordchanger.com/ Chordchanger.com: online tool to transpose guitar chords]
	~~{{musical notation}}~~

	~~{{DEFAULTSORT:Transposition (Music)}}~~
	~~[[Category:Musical techniques]]~~
	~~[[Category:Pitch (music)]~~]

en>MikeDreams: /* Words per minute */

2014-01-20T19:10:33Z

Words per minute

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:10, 20 January 2014
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	~~Hello~~, ~~dear friend! I am Nathan~~. ~~I am happy~~ that ~~I could join~~ to the ~~whole world~~. ~~I live~~ in ~~Italy~~, in the ~~RM region~~. ~~I dream~~ to ~~see~~ the different ~~countries~~, to ~~look~~ for ~~acquainted~~ with ~~fascinating individuals~~.<br><br>~~Review my page~~: [~~http~~://~~drive~~.~~ilovetheory~~.~~com~~/~~content~~/~~save~~-~~big~~-~~using~~-~~bookbyte~~-~~coupons~~-~~right~~-~~way~~-~~0 Bookbyte Promo Code January 2014~~]		[[Image:Transposition example from Koch.png\|thumb\|350px\|right\|Transposition example from Koch<ref name="Schuijer"/> {{audio\|Transposition example from Koch top.mid\|Play top}} {{audio\|Transposition example from Koch bottom.mid\|Play bottom}}. The melody on the first line is in the key of D, while the melody on the second line is identical except that it is [[major third]] lower, in the key of B{{music\|b}}.]]

			In [[music]] '''transposition''' refers to the process, or [[operation (music)\|operation]], of moving a [[set (music)\|collection]] of [[note]]s ([[pitch (music)\|pitches]] or [[pitch class]]es) up or down in [[pitch (music)\|pitch]] by a constant [[interval (music)\|interval]].
			{{quote\|The shifting of a [[melody]], a [[chord progression\|harmonic progression]] or an entire musical piece to another key, while maintaining the same tone structure, i.e. the same succession of [[major second\|whole tones]] and [[semitone]]s and remaining melodic intervals.\|''Musikalisches Lexicon'', 879 (1865), [[Heinrich Christoph Koch]] (trans. Schuijer)<ref name="Schuijer">Schuijer, Michiel (2008). ''Analyzing Atonal Music'', p.52-54. ISBN 978-1-58046-270-9.</ref>}}
			For example, one might transpose an entire [[piece (music)\|piece]] of music into another [[key (music)\|key]]. Similarly, one might transpose a [[tone row]] or an unordered collection of pitches such as a [[chord (music)\|chord]] so that it begins on another pitch.

			The transposition of a set ''A'' by ''n'' semitones is designated by '''''T'''''<sub>''n''</sub>(''A''), representing the addition ([[modular math\|mod 12]]) of an integer ''n'' to each of the pitch class integers of the set ''A''.<ref name="Schuijer"/> Thus the set (''A'') consisting of 0-1-2 transposed by 5 semitones is 5-6-7 ('''''T'''''<sub>''5''</sub>(''A'')) since 0+5=5, 1+5=6, and 2+5=7.

			==Four kinds of transposition==
			===Chromatic and scalar (diatonic) transposition===
			There are two different kinds of transposition, depending on whether one is measuring intervals according to the chromatic scale or some other scale. In '''chromatic transposition''' one shifts every pitch in a collection of notes by a fixed number of semitones. For instance, if one transposes the pitches C4-E4-G4 upwards by four semitones, one obtains the pitches E4-G{{music\|#}}4-B4. In '''scalar transposition''' one shifts every pitch in a collection by a fixed number of [[musical scale\|scale steps]] relative to some scale. For example, if one transposes the pitches C4-E4-G4 up by two steps relative to the familiar C major scale, one obtains the pitches E4-G4-B4. If one transposes the same pitches up by two steps relative to the F major scale, one obtains instead E4-G4-B{{music\|b}}4. Scalar transposition is sometimes called ''diatonic transposition,'' but this term can be misleading, as it suggests transposition with respect to a diatonic scale. However, scalar transposition can occur with respect to any type of scale, not just the diatonic.

			===Pitch and pitch class===
			There are two further kinds of transposition, by pitch interval or by pitch interval class, applied to pitches or pitch classes, respectively. Transposition may be applied to pitches or to pitch classes.<ref name="Schuijer"/> For example the pitch A4, or 9, transposed by a major third, or the pitch interval 4:
			:<math>9 + 4 = 13</math>
			while that pitch class, 9, tranposed by a major fourth, or the pitch class interval 4:
			:<math>9 + 4 =13 \equiv 1\pmod{12}</math>.

			==Sight transposition==
			[[File:Dvorak 9, trumpet part exerpt.png\|thumb\|Excerpt of the [[trumpet]] part of [[Symphony No. 9 (Dvořák)\|Symphony No. 9]] of [[Antonín Dvořák]], where sight transposition is required.]]
			Although transpositions are usually written out, musicians are occasionally asked to transpose music "at sight", that is, to read the music in one key while playing in another. Musicians who play [[transposing instrument]]s sometimes have to do this (for example when encountering an unusual transposition, such as clarinet in C), as well as singers' accompanists, since singers sometimes request a different key than the one printed in the music to better fit their vocal range.

			There are three basic techniques for teaching sight transposition: interval, clef, and numbers.

			===Interval===
			First one determines the interval between the written key and the target key. Then one imagines the notes up (or down) by the corresponding interval. A performer using this method may calculate each note individually, or group notes together (e.g. "a descending chromatic passage starting on F" might become a "descending chromatic passage starting on A" in the target key).

			===Clef===
			[[Clef]] transposition is routinely taught (among other places) in Belgium and France. One imagines a different clef and a different key signature than the ones printed. The change of clef is used so that the lines and spaces correspond to different notes than the lines and spaces of the original score. Seven clefs are used for this: treble (2nd line G-clef), bass (4th line F-clef), baritone (3rd line F-clef or 5th line C-clef, although in France and Belgium sight-reading exercises for this clef, as a preparation for clef transposition practice, are always printed with the 3rd line F-clef), and C-clefs on the four lowest lines; these allow any given [[staff position]] to correspond to each of the seven [[note]] names A through G. The signature is then adjusted for the actual accidental (natural, sharp or flat) one wants on that note. The octave may also have to be adjusted (this sort of practice ignores the conventional octave implication of the clefs), but this is a trivial matter for most musicians.

			===Numbers===
			Transposing by numbers means, one determines the [[degree (music)\|scale degree]] of the written note (e.g. first, fourth, fifth, etc.) in the given key. The performer then plays the corresponding scale degree of the target chord.

			==Transpositional equivalence<!--[[Transpositional invariance]], [[Transpositional equivalency]], and [[Transpositionally equivalent]] redirect directly here.-->==
			Two musical objects are '''transpositionally equivalent''' if one can be transformed into another by transposition. It is similar to [[enharmonic equivalence]] and [[octave equivalence]]. In many musical contexts, transpositionally equivalent chords are thought to be similar. Transpositional equivalence is a feature of [[set theory (music)\|musical set theory]]. The terms ''transposition'' and ''transposition equivalence'' allow the concept to be discussed as both an [[operation (music)\|operation]] and [[relation (music)\|relation]], an activity and a state of being. Compare with [[modulation (music)\|modulation]] and [[related key]].

			Using [[integer notation]] and [[modular arithmetic\|modulo]] 12, to transpose a pitch ''x'' by ''n'' semitones:
			:<math>T^p_n (x) = x+n</math>
			or
			:<math>T^p_n (x) \rightarrow x+n</math>
			For pitch class transposition by a pitch class interval:
			:<math>T_n (x) = x+n \pmod{12}</math>
			<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Rahn \|first=John \|title=Basic atonal theory \|publisher=Schirmer Books \|location=New York \|year=1987 \|pages={{Page needed\|date=May 2010}} \|isbn=0-02-873160-3 \|oclc=54481390}}</ref>

			==Twelve-tone transposition==

			[[Milton Babbitt]] defined the "transformation" of transposition within the twelve-tone technique as follows:
			By applying the transposition operator (T) to a [twelve-tone] set we will mean that every p of the set P is mapped homomorphically (with regard to order) into a T(p) of the set T(P) according to the following operation:
			:<math>T_o(p_{i,j})=p_{i,j}+I_o</math>
			where T<sub>o</sub> is any integer 0-11 inclusive, where, of course, the T<sub>o</sub> remains fixed for a given transposition. The + sign indicates ordinary transposition.
			::<ref>Babbitt (1992). ''The Function of Set Structure in the Twelve-Tone System'', p.10. PhD dissertation, Princeton University [1946]. cited in Schuijer (2008), p.55. p=element, P=twelve-tone series, i=order number, j=pitch-class number.</ref>

			Allen Forte defines transposition so as to apply to unordered sets of other than twelve pitches:
			:the addition mod 12 of any integer k in S to every integer p of P.
			thus giving, "12 transposed forms of P".<ref>Forte (1964). "A Theory of Set-Complexes for Music", p.149, ''Journal of Music Theory'' 8/2:136-83. cited in Schuijer (2008), p.57. p=element, P=pitch class set, S=universal set.</ref>

			==Fuzzy transposition==
			Straus created the concept of '''fuzzy transposition''', and [[fuzzy inversion]], to express transposition as a [[voice-leading]] event, "the 'sending' of each element of a given PC set to its '''''T'''''<sub>n</sub>-correspondent...[enabling] him to relate PC sets of two adjacent chords in terms of a transposition, even when not all of the 'voices' participated fully in the transpositional move.".<ref>Straus, Joseph N. (April 11, 2003). "Voice Leading in Atonal Music", unpublished lecture for the Dutch Society of Music Theory. Royal Flemish Conservatory of Music, Ghent, Belgium. or Straus, Joseph N. (1997). "Voice Leading in Atonal Music" in ''Music Theory in Concept and Practice'', ed. James M. Baker, David W. Beach, and Jonathan W. Bernard, 237-74. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press. Cited in Schuijer (2008), p.61-62.</ref> A transformation within voice-leading space rather than [[pitch-class space]] as in pitch class transposition.

			==See also==
			*[[Modulation (music)]]
			*[[Pitch shift]]
			*[[Transposing instrument]]

			==Sources==
			<references/>

			==External links==
			* [http://tabtransposer.com/ Chords transposition in song sheets plus showing these chords for different instruments]
			* [http://chords.kytara.cz/transpose-music/ Chords transposition]
			* [http://www.statistics101.net/chordsmith/ ChordSmith: Java program to transpose chords in song sheets]
			* [http://www.transposer.org/ Online Tool to transpose songs]
			* [http://www.chordchanger.com/ Chordchanger.com: online tool to transpose guitar chords]
			{{musical notation}}

			{{DEFAULTSORT:Transposition (Music)}}
			[[Category:Musical techniques]]
			[[Category:Pitch (music)]]

en>ClueBot NG: Reverting possible vandalism by 204.185.98.200 to version by Boilpoil. False positive? Report it. Thanks, ClueBot NG. (1179259) (Bot)

2012-08-22T15:58:15Z

Reverting possible vandalism by 204.185.98.200 to version by Boilpoil. False positive? Report it. Thanks, ClueBot NG. (1179259) (Bot)

New page

Hello, dear friend! I am Nathan. I am happy that I could join to the whole world. I live in Italy, in the RM region. I dream to see the different countries, to look for acquainted with fascinating individuals.<br><br>Review my page: [http://drive.ilovetheory.com/content/save-big-using-bookbyte-coupons-right-way-0 Bookbyte Promo Code January 2014]