Zero dagger - Revision history

en>Trappist the monk: /* References */replace mr template with mr parameter in CS1 templates; using AWB

2014-09-25T23:33:31Z

References: replace mr template with mr parameter in CS1 templates; using AWB

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:33, 26 September 2014
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	~~The '''Gaisser–Hillas function''~~' is ~~used in [[astroparticle physics]]~~. ~~It [[Parametrization\|parameterizes]] the longitudinal [[particle density]] in~~ a ~~[[cosmic ray]] [[Air shower (physics)\|air shower]]~~. ~~The function was proposed~~ in ~~1977 by Thomas K. Gaisser and Anthony M. Hillas~~.<~~ref name="isbn0-08-016724-1"~~>~~{{cite book \|author=Hillas, A~~. M. \|authorlink= \|editor= \|others= \|title=Cosmic rays \|edition= \|language= \|publisher=Pergamon Press \|location=New York \|year=1972 \|origyear= \|pages= \|quote= \|isbn=0-08-016724-1 \|oclc= \|doi= \|url= \|accessdate=}}</ref>		Alyson Meagher is the title her parents gave her but she doesn't like when people use her full title. To climb is some thing she would by no means give up. Distributing production is how he makes a living. I've always cherished residing in Mississippi.<br><br>my homepage ... telephone psychic ([http://netwk.hannam.ac.kr/xe/data_2/85669 relevant internet page])

	~~The number of particles <math>N~~(~~X)</math> as a function of traversed atmospheric depth <math>X</math> is expressed as~~

	:~~<math>N(X)= N_\text{max}\left(\frac{X-X_0}{X_\text{max}-X_0}\right)^{\frac{X_\text{max}-X_{0}}{\lambda}}\exp\left(\frac{X_\text{max}-X}{\lambda}\right),<~~/~~math>~~

	~~where <math>N_\text{max}</math> is maximum number of particles observed at depth <math>X_\text{max}</math>, and <math>X_0</math> and <math>\lambda<~~/~~math> are primary mass and energy dependent parameters~~.

	~~Using substitutions~~

	~~<math>x=\frac{X-X_0}{\lambda}</math> {{spaces\|5}} and {{spaces\|5}} <math>x_\text{max}=\frac{X_\text{max}-X_0}{\lambda}</math>~~

	the function can be written in an alternative one-parametric form<ref>{{cite journal \|last= \|first= \|authorlink= \|title= Lambert W Function for Applications in Physics\|year= 2012\|version= \|accessdate= \|author1= Darko Veberic \|doi= 10.~~1016/j~~.~~cpc.2012.07.008 \|journal= Computer Physics Communications \|volume= 183 \|issue= 12 \|pages= 2622–2628\|arxiv=1209.0735 }}<~~/~~ref> as~~

	~~:<math>N(x)=N_\text{max}\left[\frac{x}{x_\text{max}}\right]^{x_\text{max}}\exp(x_\text{max}-x).<~~/~~math>~~

	~~==References ==~~
	~~{{reflist}}~~
	~~<div class="references-small">~~
	~~{{cite conference~~
	~~\| last = Gaisser~~
	~~\| first = T.K.~~
	~~\| coauthors = Hillas, A.M.~~
	~~\| title =~~
	~~\| booktitle = Proceedings of the 15th International Cosmic Ray Conference, 13–26 Aug 1977~~
	~~\| place = Plovdiv, Bulgaria~~
	~~\| year = 1977~~
	~~\| volume = 8~~
	~~\| pages = 353~~
	~~\| url =~~
	~~\| accessdate = }}~~
	</~~div>~~

	~~{{DEFAULTSORT:Gaisser-Hillas function}}~~
	~~[[Category:Cosmic rays~~]]


	~~{{Physics-stub}}~~

en>Citation bot: [458]Add: isbn, postscript. Tweak: edition, last2. | Josve05a

2013-12-09T10:33:57Z

[458]Add: isbn, postscript. Tweak: edition, last2. | Josve05a

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:33, 9 December 2013
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	~~Alyson~~ is the ~~name people use to call me~~ and ~~I believe it sounds fairly good when you say it~~. ~~To climb is some thing I truly enjoy performing~~. ~~For a whilst I've been in Mississippi but now I'm considering other choices~~. ~~I am presently~~ a ~~travel agent.~~<br><br>~~Feel free to surf to my blog post~~ :~~: are psychics real~~ - ~~[http:~~//~~ustanford.com~~/~~index~~.~~php?do~~=/~~profile~~-~~38218~~/~~info~~/ ~~http~~:/~~/ustanford~~.~~com/index~~.~~php?do~~=/~~profile~~-~~38218/info~~] -		The '''Gaisser–Hillas function''' is used in [[astroparticle physics]]. It [[Parametrization\|parameterizes]] the longitudinal [[particle density]] in a [[cosmic ray]] [[Air shower (physics)\|air shower]]. The function was proposed in 1977 by Thomas K. Gaisser and Anthony M. Hillas.<ref name="isbn0-08-016724-1">{{cite book \|author=Hillas, A. M. \|authorlink= \|editor= \|others= \|title=Cosmic rays \|edition= \|language= \|publisher=Pergamon Press \|location=New York \|year=1972 \|origyear= \|pages= \|quote= \|isbn=0-08-016724-1 \|oclc= \|doi= \|url= \|accessdate=}}</ref>

			The number of particles <math>N(X)</math> as a function of traversed atmospheric depth <math>X</math> is expressed as

			:<math>N(X)= N_\text{max}\left(\frac{X-X_0}{X_\text{max}-X_0}\right)^{\frac{X_\text{max}-X_{0}}{\lambda}}\exp\left(\frac{X_\text{max}-X}{\lambda}\right),</math>

			where <math>N_\text{max}</math> is maximum number of particles observed at depth <math>X_\text{max}</math>, and <math>X_0</math> and <math>\lambda</math> are primary mass and energy dependent parameters.

			Using substitutions

			<math>x=\frac{X-X_0}{\lambda}</math> {{spaces\|5}} and {{spaces\|5}} <math>x_\text{max}=\frac{X_\text{max}-X_0}{\lambda}</math>

			the function can be written in an alternative one-parametric form<ref>{{cite journal \|last= \|first= \|authorlink= \|title= Lambert W Function for Applications in Physics\|year= 2012\|version= \|accessdate= \|author1= Darko Veberic \|doi= 10.1016/j.cpc.2012.07.008 \|journal= Computer Physics Communications \|volume= 183 \|issue= 12 \|pages= 2622–2628\|arxiv=1209.0735 }}</ref> as

			:<math>N(x)=N_\text{max}\left[\frac{x}{x_\text{max}}\right]^{x_\text{max}}\exp(x_\text{max}-x).</math>

			==References ==
			{{reflist}}
			<div class="references-small">
			{{cite conference
			\| last = Gaisser
			\| first = T.K.
			\| coauthors = Hillas, A.M.
			\| title =
			\| booktitle = Proceedings of the 15th International Cosmic Ray Conference, 13–26 Aug 1977
			\| place = Plovdiv, Bulgaria
			\| year = 1977
			\| volume = 8
			\| pages = 353
			\| url =
			\| accessdate = }}
			</div>

			{{DEFAULTSORT:Gaisser-Hillas function}}
			[[Category:Cosmic rays]]


			{{Physics-stub}}

en>Cybercobra: /* External links */

2011-05-18T04:31:38Z

External links

New page

Alyson is the name people use to call me and I believe it sounds fairly good when you say it. To climb is some thing I truly enjoy performing. For a whilst I've been in Mississippi but now I'm considering other choices. I am presently a travel agent.<br><br>Feel free to surf to my blog post :: are psychics real - [http://ustanford.com/index.php?do=/profile-38218/info/ http://ustanford.com/index.php?do=/profile-38218/info] -