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| {{Use mdy dates|date=January 2014}}
| | == Louis Vuitton Trainers Replica Discover the magic of mulch == |
| {{Infobox index
| |
| |name = Dow Jones Industrial Average
| |
| |logo = [[File:Dow Jones logo 2013.png|220px]]
| |
| |image =[[File:DJIA historical graph to jan09 (log).svg|283px|alt=A historical graph. From its record low of under 30 in the late 1890s to a high reached above 14,000 in mid-2011, the Dow rises periodically through the decades with corrections along the way eventually settling in the mid-10,000 range within the last 10 years.]]
| |
| |caption =Historical logarithmic graph of the DJIA from 1896 to July 2011.
| |
| |foundation = DJIA: May 26, 1896<ref name=djiafs>[http://www.djindexes.com/mdsidx/downloads/fact_info/Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average_Fact_Sheet.pdf Dow Jones Industrial Average Fact Sheet]</ref><br>(DJA: February 16, 1885)<ref>[http://articles.philly.com/1995-02-24/news/25702996_1_blue-chip-stocks-industrial-shares-index Dow Record Book Adds Another First]. Philly.com. Retrieved 2013-07-08.</ref>
| |
| |operator = [[S&P Dow Jones Indices]]
| |
| |exchanges = [[New York Stock Exchange]] <br> [[NASDAQ]]
| |
| |constituents = 30
| |
| |cap_level =
| |
| |mcap =
| |
| |weighting = [[Price-weighted index|Price-weighted]]
| |
| |related =
| |
| |homepage =[http://www.djaverages.com/index.cfm?go=industrial-overview Dow Jones Averages]
| |
| }}
| |
|
| |
|
| The '''Dow Jones Industrial Average''' {{IPAc-en|,|d|aʊ|_|'|dʒ|əʊ|n|z}}, also called the '''Industrial Average''', the '''Dow Jones''', the '''Dow Jones Industrial''', the '''Dow 30''', or simply the '''Dow''', is a [[stock market index]], and one of several indices created by ''[[The Wall Street Journal|Wall Street Journal]]'' editor and [[Dow Jones & Company]] co-founder [[Charles Dow]]. The industrial average was first calculated on May 26, 1896.<ref name=djiafs/> Currently owned by [[S&P Dow Jones Indices]], which is majority owned by [[McGraw-Hill Financial]], it is the most notable of the Dow Averages, of which the first (non-industrial) was first published on February 16, 1885. The averages are named after Dow and one of his business associates, statistician [[Edward Jones (statistician)|Edward Jones]]. It is an index that shows how 30 large publicly owned companies based in the United States have traded during a standard trading session in the [[stock market]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Sullivan | first = Arthur | coauthors = Steven M. Sheffrin | title = Economics: Principles in action | publisher = Pearson Prentice Hall | year = 2003 | location = Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 | page = 290 | url = http://www.pearsonschool.com/index.cfm?locator=PSZ3R9&PMDbSiteId=2781&PMDbSolutionId=6724&PMDbCategoryId=&PMDbProgramId=12881&level=4| isbn = 0-13-063085-3}}</ref> It is the second oldest U.S. market index after the [[Dow Jones Transportation Average]], which was also created by Dow.
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| The ''Industrial'' portion of the name is largely historical, as many of the modern 30 components have little or nothing to do with traditional heavy industry. The average is [[Price-weighted index|price-weighted]], and to compensate for the effects of stock splits and other adjustments, it is currently a [[Weighted mean|scaled average]]. The value of the Dow is not the actual average of the prices of its component stocks, but rather the sum of the component prices divided by a [[DJIA divisor|divisor]], which changes whenever one of the component stocks has a stock split or stock dividend, so as to generate a consistent value for the index. Since the divisor is currently less than one, the value of the index is larger than the sum of the component prices.
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| Along with the [[NASDAQ Composite]], the [[S&P 500]] Index, and the [[Russell 2000]] Index, the Dow is among the most closely watched U.S. benchmark indices tracking targeted stock market activity. Equivalent indices, such as the [[FT 30]], have largely become redundant in favor of more representative and neutral indices, such as the [[S&P 100]]. Components of the Dow trade on both the [[NASDAQ OMX]] and the [[NYSE Euronext]], two of the largest stock market companies. [[Derivative (finance)|Derivatives]] of the Dow trade on the [[Chicago Board Options Exchange]] and through the [[CME Group]], the world's largest [[futures exchange]] company. CME Group owns 24.4% of [[S&P Dow Jones Indices]], which maintains the Industrial Average.<ref>Jewell, Mark (November 4, 2011). [http://news.yahoo.com/venture-combine-ownership-dow-p-indexes-150923658.html "Venture will combine ownership of Dow, S&P indexes"]</ref>
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| ==Components== | | == Uk Oakley But if the law is put to rest by the Supreme Court == |
| Beginning after the close on September 20, 2013, the Dow Jones Industrial Average consists of the following 30 major American companies:
| |
| {| class="wikitable sortable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width:10px;"|
| |
| ! Symbol
| |
| ! Company
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[File:3M wordmark.svg|40px]]
| |
| |[[3M]]
| |
| |[[New York Stock Exchange|NYSE]]
| |
| |{{Nyse1|MMM}}
| |
| |[[Conglomerate (company)|Conglomerate]]
| |
| | 1976-08-09
| |
| |as Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[File:American Express logo.svg|40px]]
| |
| |[[American Express]]
| |
| |[[New York Stock Exchange|NYSE]]
| |
| |{{Nyse1|AXP}}
| |
| |[[Consumer finance]]
| |
| | 1982-08-30
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |
| |
| |[[AT&T]]
| |
| |[[New York Stock Exchange|NYSE]]
| |
| |{{Nyse1|T}}
| |
| |[[Telecommunications]]
| |
| | 1999-11-01
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[File:Boeing wordmark.svg|60px]]
| |
| |[[Boeing]]
| |
| |[[New York Stock Exchange|NYSE]]
| |
| |{{Nyse1|BA}}
| |
| |[[Aerospace manufacturer|Aerospace]] and [[Defense contractor|defense]]
| |
| | 1987-03-12
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[File:Caterpillar logo.svg|60px]]
| |
| |[[Caterpillar Inc.|Caterpillar]]
| |
| |[[New York Stock Exchange|NYSE]]
| |
| |{{Nyse1|CAT}}
| |
| |[[Heavy equipment (construction)|Construction]] and [[Mining|mining equipment]]
| |
| | 1991-05-06
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |
| |
| |[[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]]
| |
| |[[New York Stock Exchange|NYSE]]
| |
| |[http://www.nyse.com/about/listed/quickquote.html?ticker=CVX CVX]
| |
| |[[Hydrocarbon exploration|Oil & gas]]
| |
| | 2008-02-19
| |
| | also 1930-07-18 to 1999-11-01
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[File:Cisco logo.svg|40px]]
| |
| |[[Cisco Systems]]
| |
| |[[NASDAQ]]
| |
| |{{NasdaqSymbol|CSCO}}
| |
| |[[Computer networking]]
| |
| | 2009-06-08
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[File:The Coca-Cola Company logo.svg|80px]]
| |
| |[[The Coca-Cola Company|Coca-Cola]]
| |
| |[[New York Stock Exchange|NYSE]]
| |
| |[http://www.nyse.com/about/listed/quickquote.html?ticker=KO KO]
| |
| |[[Drink|Beverages]]
| |
| | 1987-03-12
| |
| |also 1932-05-26 to 1935-11-20
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[File:DuPont.svg|60px]]
| |
| |[[DuPont]]
| |
| |[[New York Stock Exchange|NYSE]]
| |
| |[http://www.nyse.com/about/listed/quickquote.html?ticker=DD DD]
| |
| |[[Chemical industry]]
| |
| | 1935-11-20
| |
| |also 1924-01-22 to 1925-08-31
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[File:Exxon Mobil Logo.svg|60px]]
| |
| |[[ExxonMobil]]
| |
| |[[New York Stock Exchange|NYSE]]
| |
| |[http://www.nyse.com/about/listed/quickquote.html?ticker=XOM XOM]
| |
| |[[Hydrocarbon exploration|Oil & gas]]
| |
| | 1928-10-01
| |
| |as [[Esso|Standard Oil of New Jersey]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[File:General Electric logo.svg|40px]]
| |
| |[[General Electric]]
| |
| |[[New York Stock Exchange|NYSE]]
| |
| |[http://www.nyse.com/about/listed/quickquote.html?ticker=GE GE]
| |
| |[[Conglomerate (company)|Conglomerate]]
| |
| | 1907-11-07
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[File:Goldman Sachs.svg|40px]]
| |
| |[[Goldman Sachs]]
| |
| |[[New York Stock Exchange|NYSE]]
| |
| |{{nyse1|GS}}
| |
| |[[Banking]], [[Financial services]]
| |
| | 2013-09-20
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[File:TheHomeDepot.svg|40px]]
| |
| |[[The Home Depot]]
| |
| |[[New York Stock Exchange|NYSE]]
| |
| |{{nyse1|HD}}
| |
| |[[Home improvement]] [[Retailing|retailer]]
| |
| | 1999-11-01
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[File:Intel-logo.svg|40px]]
| |
| |[[Intel]]
| |
| |[[NASDAQ]]
| |
| |{{NasdaqSymbol|INTC}}
| |
| |[[Semiconductor]]s
| |
| | 1999-11-01
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[File:IBM logo.svg|40px]]
| |
| |[[IBM]]
| |
| |[[New York Stock Exchange|NYSE]]
| |
| |{{Nyse1|IBM}}
| |
| |[[Computers]] and [[technology]]
| |
| | 1979-06-29
| |
| | also 1932-05-26 to 1939-03-04
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[File:JohnsonandJohnsonLogo.svg|80px]]
| |
| |[[Johnson & Johnson]]
| |
| |[[New York Stock Exchange|NYSE]]
| |
| |[http://www.nyse.com/about/listed/quickquote.html?ticker=JNJ JNJ]
| |
| |[[Pharmaceutical industry|Pharmaceuticals]]
| |
| | 1997-03-17
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[File:J P Morgan Chase Logo 2008 1.svg|80px]]
| |
| |[[JPMorgan Chase]]
| |
| |[[New York Stock Exchange|NYSE]]
| |
| |[http://www.nyse.com/about/listed/quickquote.html?ticker=JPM JPM]
| |
| |[[Banking]]
| |
| | 1991-05-06
| |
| |as J.P. Morgan & Company
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[File:McDonald's Golden Arches.svg|40px]]
| |
| |[[McDonald's]]
| |
| |[[New York Stock Exchange|NYSE]]
| |
| |[http://www.nyse.com/about/listed/quickquote.html?ticker=MCD MCD]
| |
| |[[Fast food]]
| |
| | 1985-10-30
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |
| |
| |[[Merck & Co.|Merck]]
| |
| |[[New York Stock Exchange|NYSE]]
| |
| |[http://www.nyse.com/about/listed/quickquote.html?ticker=MRK MRK]
| |
| |[[Pharmaceutical industry|Pharmaceuticals]]
| |
| | 1979-06-29
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[File:Microsoft.svg|60px]]
| |
| |[[Microsoft]]
| |
| |[[NASDAQ]]
| |
| |{{NasdaqSymbol|MSFT}}
| |
| |[[Software]]
| |
| | 1999-11-01
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[File:Logo NIKE.svg|40px]]
| |
| |[[Nike, Inc.|Nike]]
| |
| |[[New York Stock Exchange|NYSE]]
| |
| |{{nyse1|NKE}}
| |
| |[[Apparel]]
| |
| | 2013-09-20
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[File:Pfizer logo (modern).svg|40px]]
| |
| |[[Pfizer]]
| |
| |[[New York Stock Exchange|NYSE]]
| |
| |[http://www.nyse.com/about/listed/quickquote.html?ticker=PFE PFE]
| |
| |[[Pharmaceutical industry|Pharmaceuticals]]
| |
| | 2004-04-08
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |
| |
| |[[Procter & Gamble]]
| |
| |[[New York Stock Exchange|NYSE]]
| |
| |[http://www.nyse.com/about/listed/quickquote.html?ticker=PG PG]
| |
| |[[Fast moving consumer goods|Consumer goods]]
| |
| | 1932-05-26
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |
| |
| |[[The Travelers Companies|Travelers]]
| |
| |[[New York Stock Exchange|NYSE]]
| |
| |[http://www.nyse.com/about/listed/quickquote.html?ticker=TRV TRV]
| |
| |[[Insurance]]
| |
| | 2009-06-08
| |
| |Property, casualty and personal insurance.
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[File:UnitedHealth Group logo.jpg|100px]]
| |
| |[[UnitedHealth Group]]
| |
| |[[New York Stock Exchange|NYSE]]
| |
| |[http://www.nyse.com/about/listed/quickquote.html?ticker=UNH UNH]
| |
| |[[Managed health care]]
| |
| | 2012-09-24
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |
| |
| |[[United Technologies Corporation|United Technologies]]
| |
| |[[New York Stock Exchange|NYSE]]
| |
| |[http://www.nyse.com/about/listed/quickquote.html?ticker=UTX UTX]
| |
| |[[Conglomerate (company)|Conglomerate]]
| |
| | 1939-03-14
| |
| |as United Aircraft
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[File:Verizon logo.svg|50px]]
| |
| |[[Verizon Communications|Verizon]]
| |
| |[[New York Stock Exchange|NYSE]]
| |
| |[http://www.nyse.com/about/listed/quickquote.html?ticker=VZ VZ]
| |
| |[[Telecommunication]]
| |
| | 2004-04-08
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[File:Visa Inc. logo.svg|40px]]
| |
| |[[Visa Inc.|Visa]]
| |
| |[[New York Stock Exchange|NYSE]]
| |
| |{{nyse1|V}}
| |
| |[[Consumer banking]]
| |
| | 2013-09-20
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[File:New Walmart Logo.svg|80px]]
| |
| |[[Walmart|Wal-Mart]]
| |
| |[[New York Stock Exchange|NYSE]]
| |
| |[http://www.nyse.com/about/listed/quickquote.html?ticker=WMT WMT]
| |
| |[[Retailing|Retail]]
| |
| | 1997-03-17
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[File:Disney wordmark.svg|50px]]
| |
| |[[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney]]
| |
| |[[New York Stock Exchange|NYSE]]
| |
| |[http://www.nyse.com/about/listed/quickquote.html?ticker=DIS DIS]
| |
| |[[Broadcasting]] and [[entertainment]]
| |
| | 1991-05-06
| |
| |
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Former components==
| | To preface my story I will say this: Just like former Officer Christopher Dorner I used to smile a lot. I loved everyone. I was voted Friendliest Senior of my Sr. Class in High School. I always believed in the system and never got into any trouble. I loved hard and gave to all I could. After Joining the LAPD in 1989 I quickly found out that the world and society had major flaws. I had flaws as well for ever believing that our system of government was obligated to do the right thing. his is what I believed as a young Officer. Without going into major detail, I need you to first assume that I would not surface 16 years later with lies about a situation that has me with PTSD to this very day. The pain forces me to speak as I have yet to shake the Ill's of my experience as an LAPD Officer. Of course I have moved on physically. But mentally and emotionally I still live with flaws.<br><br>Uday Varma, Secretary, Information Broadcasting Ministry says, than Rs 100 crores are being provided to Prasar Bharti for salaries. So they don have to divert revenue from their own revenue for salaries. This is a huge step. Seocndly after long time the government has allowed them to recruit 1000 people, for critical positions. This may be the first step. There might be more permission given, so that Prasar Bharti's issue of shortage of man power is addressed. There are several other things. It [http://www.jacobsgroup.co.uk/construction/images/active.asp?oakley=19 Uk Oakley] has waived its loans, interest has been written off, money they powered to telecom ministry by way of spectrum charges [http://www.silverglitzbengals.co.uk/confuse/mail.asp?v=41 Vibram Five Fingers Kso Mens] have been waived off. So, Prasar Bharti should be able to begin with a clean slate".<br><br>Notwithstanding its intrinsic beauty and initial success, the song was later attacked by churchmen in Cappeau's native France. The reason was not because of the nature or subject of the song. Rather, the attacks were based on the reputations of the lyricist and composer. Late in his life, Cappeau was described as a social radical, a freethinker, a socialist, and a non Christian. Indeed, he adopted some of the more extreme political and<br><br>The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) is the first treaty negotiated under the auspices of the World Health Organization. The WHO FCTC is an evidence based treaty that reaffirms the right of all people to the highest standard of health. The WHO FCTC represents a paradigm shift in developing a regulatory strategy to address addictive substances; in contrast to previous [http://www.silverglitzbengals.co.uk/confuse/mail.asp?v=66 Cheap Vibram Uk] drug control treaties, the WHO FCTC asserts the importance of demand [http://www.aquila-tc.co.uk/competitions/header.asp?p=142-Adidas-Wings-Gold Adidas Wings Gold] reduction strategies as well as supply issues. |
| {{main|Historical components of the Dow Jones Industrial Average}}
| | 相关的主题文章： |
| | | <ul> |
| The components of the DJIA have changed 53 times<!-- as of 20 September 2013 --> in its 128-year history. [[General Electric]] has had the longest continuous presence on the index, with its latest addition being in 1907. More recent changes to the index include the following:
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| | | <li>[http://bbs.wjuzhen.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=461730&fromuid=54257 http://bbs.wjuzhen.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=461730&fromuid=54257]</li> |
| * On September 20, 2013, [[Goldman Sachs]], [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]], and [[Visa Inc.|Visa]] replaced [[Alcoa]], [[Bank of America]], and [[Hewlett-Packard]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323595004579066683443715254.html?mod=WSJ_hpp_LEFTTopStories|title=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323595004579066683443715254.html?mod=WSJ_hpp_LEFTTopStories|last=Barr|first=Collin|date=10 September 2013|accessdate=10 September 2013}}</ref>
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| | | <li>[http://verdamilio.net/tonio/spip.php?article1960/ http://verdamilio.net/tonio/spip.php?article1960/]</li> |
| * On September 24, 2012, [[UnitedHealth Group]] replaced [[Kraft Foods]] following Kraft's spinning off its North American snack food business into [[Mondelēz International]].<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2012/mar/21/kraft-new-company-mondelez-international Kraft spins off snacks business into new Mondelez International company]. ''The Guardian''. Retrieved March 10, 2013.</ref>
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| * On June 8, 2009, [[General Motors]] and [[Citigroup]] were replaced by The [[Travelers Companies]] and [[Cisco Systems]], which became the third company traded on the NASDAQ to be part of the Dow.<ref name="TravCiscoCitiGM">{{cite news |first=E.S. |last=Browning |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Travelers, Cisco Replace Citi, GM in Dow |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124386244318072033.html |work=[[Wall Street Journal]] |publisher=[[Dow Jones & Company]]|date=June 1, 2009 |accessdate=June 2, 2009}}</ref>
| | <li>[http://www.haojiyou1069.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=1121352&fromuid=25723 http://www.haojiyou1069.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=1121352&fromuid=25723]</li> |
| * On September 22, 2008, [[Kraft Foods]] replaced the [[American International Group]] (AIG) in the index.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.djindexes.com/mdsidx/html/pressrelease/press-release-archive.html#20080211|title=Dow Jones to change the composition of the Dow Jones Industrial Average|publisher=Dow Jones|date=February 11, 2008|accessdate=February 11, 2008}}</ref>
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| * On February 19, 2008, [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]] and [[Bank of America]] replaced [[Altria Group]] and [[Honeywell]]. Chevron was previously a Dow component from July 18, 1930, to November 1, 1999. During Chevron's absence, its split-adjusted price per share went from $44 to $85, while the price of petroleum rose from $24 to $100.
| | <li>[http://www.squareconnect.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=8&t=20309 http://www.squareconnect.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=8&t=20309]</li> |
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| ==History== | | <li>[http://l-010.com/service/feedback_look.php?id=278891 http://l-010.com/service/feedback_look.php?id=278891]</li> |
| | | |
| ===Precursor===
| | </ul> |
| [[File:DJIA Trading Volume.png|thumb|DJIA monthly trading volume in shares from 1929 to 2012]] | |
| In 1884, Charles Dow composed his first stock average, which contained nine railroads and two industrial companies that appeared in the ''Customer's Afternoon Letter'', a daily two-page financial news bulletin which was the precursor to ''The Wall Street Journal''. On January 2, 1886, the number of stocks represented in what we now call the ''Dow Jones<!---Note: not industrial--> Average'' dropped from 14 to 12, as the [[Central Pacific Railroad]] and [[Central Railroad of New Jersey]] were dropped from that index. Though comprising the same number of stocks, this index contained only one of the original twelve industrials that would eventually form Dow's most famous index.<ref>[http://www.fool.com/DDow/HistoryOfTheDow.htm History of the Dow: The Dow 1884-1886 - By Randy Befumo]</ref>
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| ===Initial components=== | |
| Dow calculated his first average purely of industrial stocks on May 26, 1896, creating what is now known as the ''Dow Jones Industrial Average''. Of the original 12 industrials, only [[General Electric]] currently remains part of that index.<ref>[http://www.djindexes.com ''Dow Jones Indexes Website'']. [[Dow Jones Indexes]]. Retrieved March 14, 2010.</ref> The other 11 were:<ref>[http://www.djindexes.com/mdsidx/index.cfm?event=showavgDecades&decade=1895 ''What happened to the original 12 companies in the DJIA?'']. [[Dow Jones Indexes]]. Retrieved March 14, 2010.</ref>
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| * '''American Cotton Oil Company''', a predecessor company to [[Hellmann's and Best Foods|Bestfoods]], now part of [[Unilever]].
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| * '''[[American Sugar Refining Company|American Sugar Company]]''', became Domino Sugar in 1900, now [[Domino Foods, Inc.]]
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| * '''[[American Tobacco Company]]''', broken up in a 1911 [[antitrust]] action.
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| * '''Chicago Gas Company''', bought by [[Peoples Gas]] Light in 1897, now an operating subsidiary of [[Integrys Energy Group]].
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| * '''Distilling & Cattle Feeding Company''', now [[Millennium Chemicals]], formerly a division of [[LyondellBasell]], the latter of which recently emerged from [[Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code|Chapter 11 bankruptcy]].<ref>[http://articles.marketwatch.com/2010-04-25/industries/30763461_1_reorganization-plan-bankruptcy-law-unsecured-claim "LyondellBasell to emerge from Chapter 11 at end of month"]. ''[[MarketWatch]]''. Retrieved March 14, 2010.</ref>
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| * '''[[Laclede Gas Company]]''', still in operation as the [[Laclede Group, Inc.]], removed from the Dow Jones Industrial Average in 1899.
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| * '''National Lead Company''', now [[NL Industries]], removed from the Dow Jones Industrial Average in 1916.
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| * '''[[North American Company]]''', an [[electric utility]] [[holding company]], broken up by the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] (SEC) in 1946.
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| * '''[[Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company]]''' in [[Birmingham, Alabama]], bought by [[U.S. Steel]] in 1907; U.S. Steel was removed from the Dow Jones Industrial Average in 1991.
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| * '''[[United States Leather Company|U.S. Leather Company]]''', dissolved in 1952.
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| * '''[[United States Rubber Company]]''', changed its name to [[United States Rubber Company|Uniroyal]] in 1961, merged with private [[Goodrich Corporation|B.F. Goodrich]] in 1986, bought by [[Michelin]] in 1990.
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| ===Early years===
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| When it was first published in the mid-1880s, the index stood at a level of 62.76. It reached a peak of 78.38 during the summer of 1890, but ended up hitting its all-time low of 28.48 in the summer of 1896 during the depths of what later became known as the [[Panic of 1896]]. Many of the biggest percentage price moves in the Dow occurred early in its history, as the nascent industrial economy matured. A brief [[Spanish–American War|war]] in 1898 between the United States and the Spanish Empire might have only had a minor impact in the Dow's direction.{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}
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| The first decade of the 1900s would see the Dow halt its momentum as it worked its way through a pair of cataclysmic financial crises; the [[Panic of 1901]] and the [[Panic of 1907]]. The Dow would remain stuck in a trading range between 53 and 103 points until late 1914. The negativity surrounding the [[1906 San Francisco earthquake]] did little to improve the economic climate. International disturbances such as the [[Russo-Japanese War]] were few and far between and seemed to have little if any influence on the Dow. The average finished the decade at 99.05 points.<ref>[http://www.automationinformation.com/DJIA/dow_jones_closing_prices_1901_to_1910.htm Dow Jones Closing Prices 1901 to 1910]. Automationinformation.com. Retrieved on 2013-08-16.</ref>
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| At the start of the 1910s, the decade would begin with the [[Panic of 1910–1911]] stifling economic growth for a lengthy period of time. History would later take its course on July 30, 1914; as the average stood at a level of 71.42 when a decision was made to close down the [[New York Stock Exchange]], and suspend trading for a span of four and a half months. Some historians believe the exchange closed because of a concern that markets would plunge as a result of panic over the onset of [[World War I]]. An alternative explanation is that the Secretary of the Treasury, [[William Gibbs McAdoo]], closed the exchange because he wanted to conserve the U.S. gold stock in order to launch the [[Federal Reserve System]] later that year, with enough gold to keep the United States at par with the [[gold standard]]. When the markets reopened on December 12, 1914, the index closed at 54, a drop of 24.39%.<ref>[http://www.djindexes.com/mdsidx/index.cfm?event=showavgstats#no4 ''Dow Jones Indexes Events and Statistics'']. [[Dow Jones Indexes]]. Retrieved March 14, 2010.</ref> Also, in trying to explain the huge percentage drop, there was a new recalculation performed on the index in September 1916. Additions to the index raised the number of companies to 20, resulting in a mathematical inconsistency to the average from previous years, including 1914.<ref>"[http://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/26/business/setting-the-record-straight-on-the-dow-drop.html?pagewanted=1 Setting the Record Straight on the Dow Drop]", ''[[New York Times]]'', Retrieved March 22, 2010.</ref> Following World War I, the United States would experience another downturn in economic activity in what became known as the [[post-World War I recession]]. The Dow's performance would remain virtually unchanged from the closing value of the previous decade, adding only 8.26%, from 99.05 points at the beginning of 1910, to a level of 107.23 points at the end of 1919.<ref>[http://www.automationinformation.com/DJIA/dow_jones_closing_prices_1911_to_1920.htm Dow Jones Closing Prices 1911 to 1920]. Automationinformation.com. Retrieved on 2013-08-16.</ref>
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| During the 1920s, specifically in 1928, the components of the Dow were increased to 30 stocks near the economic height of that decade, which was nicknamed the [[Roaring Twenties]]. The prosperous nature of the economic climate, muted the negative influence of an early [[Depression of 1920–21|1920s recession]] plus certain international conflicts such as the [[Polish-Soviet war]], the [[Irish Civil War]], the [[Turkish War of Independence]] and the initial phase of the [[Chinese Civil War]]. The [[Wall Street Crash of 1929|Crash of 1929]] in October and the ensuing [[Great Depression]] over the next several years returned the average to its starting point, almost 90% below its peak. By July 8, 1932, following its intra-day low of 40.56, the Dow would end up closing the session at 41.22. The high of 381.17 on September 3, 1929, would not be surpassed until 1954, in inflation-adjusted numbers. However, the bottom of the 1929 Crash came just 2½ months later on November 13, 1929, when intra-day it was at the 195.35 level, closing slightly higher at 198.69.<ref>{{cite book |title=''Economics and the Public Welfare: A Financial and Economic History of the United States, 1914–1946'' |first=Benjamin |last=Anderson |publisher=LibertyPress (2nd ed., 1979) |year=1949 |page=219 |isbn=0-913966-69-X }}</ref> For the decade, the Dow would end off with a healthy 131.7% gain, from 107.23 points at the beginning of 1920, to a level of 248.48 points at the end of 1929, just before the bulk of the Crash.<ref>[http://www.automationinformation.com/DJIA/dow_jones_closing_prices_1921_to_1930.htm Dow Jones Closing Prices 1921 to 1930]. Automationinformation.com. Retrieved on 2013-08-16.</ref>
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| Marked by global instability and the Great Depression, the 1930s contended with several consequential European and Asian outbreaks of war, leading up to catastrophic [[World War II]] in 1939. Other conflicts during the decade which affected the stock market included the 1936–1939 [[Spanish Civil War]], the 1935–1936 [[Second Italo-Abyssinian War]], the [[Soviet-Japanese Border War (1939)|Soviet-Japanese Border War]] of 1939 and the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] from 1937. On top of that, the United States dealt with a painful recession in [[Recession of 1937–1938|1937 and 1938]] which temporarily brought economic recovery to a halt. The [[List of largest daily changes in the Dow Jones Industrial Average|largest one-day percentage gain]] in the index, 15.34%, happened on March 15, 1933, in the depths of the 1930s [[Market trend|bear market]] when the Dow gained 8.26 points to close at 62.10. However, as a whole throughout the Great Depression, the Dow posted some of its worst performances, for a negative return during most of the 1930s for new and old stock market investors. For the decade, the Dow Jones average was down from 248.48 points at the beginning of 1930, to a stable level of 150.24 points at the end of 1939, a loss of about 40%.<ref>[http://www.automationinformation.com/DJIA/dow_jones_closing_prices_1931_to_1940.htm Dow Jones Closing Prices 1931 to 1940]. Automationinformation.com. Retrieved on 2013-08-16.</ref>
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| ===Post-war years===
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| Post-war reconstruction during the 1940s, along with renewed optimism of peace and prosperity, brought about a 39% surge in the Dow from around the 148 level to 206. The strength in the Dow occurred despite a brief [[Recession of 1949|recession in 1949]] and other global conflicts which started a short time later including the latter stages of the [[Chinese Civil War]], the [[Greek Civil War]], the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]] and the [[1948 Arab-Israeli War]].
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| During the 1950s, the [[Korean War]], the [[Algerian War]], the [[Cold War]] and other political tensions such as the [[Cuban Revolution]], as well as widespread political and economic changes in Africa during the initial stages of [[Decolonization of Africa|European Decolonization]], did not stop the Dow's bullish climb higher. Additionally, the U.S. would also make its way through two grinding recessions; [[Recession of 1953|one in 1953]] and [[Recession of 1958|another in 1958]]. A 200% increase in the average from a level of 206 to 616 ensued over the course of that decade.
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| [[File:DJIA Black Monday 1987.svg|thumb|left|The Dow fell 22.61% on [[Black Monday (1987)]] from about the 2,500 level to around 1,750. Two days later, it rose 10.15% above the 2,000 level for a mild recovery attempt.]]
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| The Dow's bullish behavior began to stall during the 1960s as the U.S. became entangled with foreign political issues. U.S. military excursions included the [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]] involving [[Cuba]], the [[Vietnam War]], the [[Portuguese Colonial War]], the [[Colombian civil war (1964–present)|Colombian civil war]] which the U.S. assisted with short-lived counter-guerrilla campaigns, as well as domestic issues such as the [[African-American Civil Rights Movement|Civil Rights Movement]] and several influential [[1960s#Assassinations|political assassinations]]. For the decade though, and despite a mild recession between [[Recession of 1960-61|1960 and 1961]], the average still managed a respectable 30% gain from the 616 level to 800.
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| The 1970s marked a time of economic uncertainty and troubled relations between the U.S. and certain Middle-Eastern countries.
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| To begin with, the decade started off with the ongoing [[Recession of 1969–70]]. Following that, the [[1970s Energy Crisis]] ensued which included the [[1973–75 recession]], the [[1973 Oil Crisis]] as well as the [[1979 energy crisis]] beginning as a prelude to a disastrous economic climate injected with [[stagflation]]; the combination between high unemployment and high inflation. However, on November 14, 1972, the average closed above the 1,000 mark (1,003.16) for the first time, during a brief relief rally in the midst of a lengthy bear market. Between January 1973 and December 1974, the average lost 48% of its value in what became known as the [[1973–1974 stock market crash|1973–1974 Stock Market Crash]]; with the situation being exacerbated by the events surrounding the [[Yom Kippur War]]. Although the Vietnam War ended in 1975, new tensions arose towards [[Iran]] surrounding the [[Iranian Revolution]] in 1979. Other notable disturbances such as the [[Lebanese Civil War]], the [[Ethiopian Civil War]], the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] and the [[Angolan Civil War]] which the U.S. and [[Soviet Union]] considered critical to the global balance of power, seemed to have had little influence towards the financial markets. Performance-wise for the decade, gains remained virtually flat, rising less than 5% from about the 800 level to 838.
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| The 1980s saw a rapid increase in the average as a result of changes in U.S. law that permitted [[pension funds|pension fund]] and [[money-market fund]] investments in the stock market. Severe corrections did occur along the way though. The [[List of largest daily changes in the Dow Jones Industrial Average|largest one-day percentage drop]] occurred on [[Black Monday (1987)|Black Monday]]; October 19, 1987, when the average fell 22.61%. There were no clear reasons given to explain the crash, but [[program trading]] may have been a major contributing factor. On October 13, 1989, the Dow stumbled into another downfall, the [[Friday the 13th mini-crash|1989 Mini-Crash]] which initiated the collapse of the [[junk bond]] market as the Dow registered a loss of almost 7%. However, for the rest of the 1980s as a whole, the Dow made a 228% increase from the 838 level to 2,753; despite the market crashes, [[Silver Thursday]], an [[early 1980s recession]], the [[1980s oil glut]], the [[Japanese asset price bubble]] and other political distractions such as the [[Soviet war in Afghanistan]], the [[Falklands War]], the [[Iran-Iraq War]], the [[Second Sudanese Civil War]] and the [[First Intifada]] in the Middle East.
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| ===Dot-com boom===
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| The 1990s brought on rapid advances in technology along with the introduction of the dot-com era. To start off, the markets contended with the [[1990 oil price shock]] compounded with the effects of the [[Early 1990s recession]] and a brief European situation surrounding [[Black Wednesday]]. Certain influential foreign conflicts such as the [[1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt]] which took place as part of the initial stages of the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|Dissolution of the USSR]] and the [[Revolutions of 1989|Fall of Communism]]; the [[First Chechen War|First]] and [[Second Chechen War]]s, the [[Gulf War|Persian Gulf War]] and the [[Yugoslav Wars]] failed to dampen economic enthusiasm surrounding the ongoing [[Information Age]] and the ''"[[Irrational Exuberance]]"'' (a phrase coined by [[Alan Greenspan]]) of the [[Internet boom|Internet Boom]]. Even the occurrences of the [[Rwandan Genocide]] and the [[Second Congo War]], termed as ''"Africa's World War"'' that involved 8 separate African nations which together between the two killed over 5 million people; didn't seem to have any noticeable negative financial impact on the Dow either. Between late 1992 and early 1993, the Dow staggered through the 3,000 level making only modest gains as the [[Biotechnology]] sector suffered through the downfall of the Biotech Bubble; as many biotech companies saw their share prices rapidly rise to record levels and then subsequently fall to new all-time lows.
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| On November 21, 1995, the DJIA closed above the 5,000 level (5,023.55) for the first time. Over the following two years, the Dow would rapidly tower above the 6,000 level during the month of October in 1996, and the 7,000 level in February 1997. On its march higher into record territory, the Dow easily made its way through the 8,000 level in July 1997. However, later in that year during October, the events surrounding the [[1997 Asian financial crisis|Asian Financial Crisis]] plunged the Dow into a 554-point loss to a close of 7,161.15; a retrenchment of 7.18% in what became known as the [[October 27, 1997 mini-crash|1997 Mini-Crash]]. Although internationally there was negativity surrounding the [[1998 Russian financial crisis]] along with the subsequent fallout from the 1998 collapse of the derivatives [[Long-Term Capital Management]] hedge fund involving bad bets placed on the movement of the [[Russian ruble]], the Dow would go on to surpass the 9,000 level during the month of April in 1998, making its sentimental push towards the symbolic 10,000 level. On March 29, 1999, the average closed above the 10,000 mark (10,006.78) after flirting with it for two weeks. This prompted a celebration on the trading floor, complete with party hats. The scene at the exchange made front page headlines on many U.S. newspapers such as ''[[The New York Times]]''. On May 3, 1999, the Dow achieved its first close above the 11,000 mark (11,014.70). Total gains for the decade exceeded 315%; from the 2,753 level to 11,497.
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| The Dow averaged a 5.3% return compounded annually for the 20th century, a record [[Warren Buffett]] called "a wonderful century"; when he calculated that to achieve that return again, the index would need to close at about 2,000,000 by December 2099.<ref>{{cite web|last=Buffett|first=Warren|title=Letter to Shareholders|url=http://www.berkshirehathaway.com/letters/2007ltr.pdf|publisher=[[Berkshire Hathaway]]|date=February 2008|format=PDF|accessdate=March 4, 2008}}</ref> Even during the height of the dot-com era, authors [[James K. Glassman]] and [[Kevin A. Hassett]] went so far as to publish a book entitled ''[[Dow 36,000|Dow 36,000: The New Strategy for Profiting From the Coming Rise in the Stock Market]]''. Their theory was to imply that stocks were still cheap and it was not too late to benefit from rising prices during the Internet boom.
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| Characterized by fear on the part of newer investors, the uncertainty of the 2000s (decade) brought on a significant bear market. There was indecision on whether the cyclical [[Market trend|bull market]] represented a prolonged temporary bounce or a new long-term trend. Ultimately, there was widespread resignation and disappointment as the lows were revisited, and in some cases, surpassed near the end of the decade.
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| ===Post internet-bubble era===
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| [[File:DJIA during 911.svg|thumb|left|The Dow fell 14.3% from the mid-9,000 level to the low 8,000 level after the [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001 attacks]]. Exchanges were closed between September 11 and 17.]]
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| The [[List of largest daily changes in the Dow Jones Industrial Average|third largest one-day point drop]] in DJIA history, and largest at the time, occurred on September 17, 2001, the first day of trading after the [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001 attacks]], when the Dow fell 684.81 points, or 7.1%. However, the Dow had been in a downward trend for virtually all of 2001 prior to September 11, losing well over 1000 points between January 2 and September 10, and had lost 187.51 points on September 6, followed by losing 235.4 points on September 7.<ref>[http://finance.yahoo.com/q/hp?s=^DJI&a=10&b=1&c=2000&d=08&e=19&f=2001&g=d&z=66&y=132 ''Dow Jones Industrial Average Historical Prices'']. [[Yahoo Finance]]. Retrieved March 14, 2010.</ref> By the end of that week, the Dow had fallen 1,369.70 points, or 14.3%. However, the Dow began an upward trend shortly after the attacks and quickly regained all lost ground to close above the 10,000 level for the year.
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| During 2002, the average remained subdued without making substantial gains due to the [[stock market downturn of 2002]] as well as the lingering effects of the [[dot-com bubble]]. In 2003, the Dow held steady within the 7,000 to 9,000-point level range by the [[early 2000s recession]], the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|Afghan War]] and the [[Iraq War]]. But by December of that year, the Dow remarkably returned to the 10,000 mark. In October 2006, four years after its bear market low, the DJIA set fresh record theoretical, intra-day, daily close, weekly, and monthly highs for the first time in almost seven years, closing above the 12,000 level for the first time on the 19th anniversary of [[Black Monday (1987)|Black Monday]] (1987). On February 27, 2007, the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell 3.3% (415.30 points), its biggest point drop since 2001. The initial drop was caused by a global sell-off after [[SSE Composite|Chinese stocks]] experienced a [[Chinese correction|mini-crash]], yet by April 25, the Dow passed the 13,000 level in trading and closed above that milestone for the first time. On July 19, 2007, the average passed the 14,000 level, completing the fastest 1,000-point advance for the index since 1999. One week later, a 450-point intra-day loss, owing to turbulence in the U.S. [[Subprime lending|sub-prime mortgage]] market and the soaring value of the [[Chinese yuan|yuan]],<ref>McHugh, Robert D. (July 1, 2007). [http://www.gold-eagle.com/editorials_05/mchugh072707.html July 26, 2007…Black Thursday?]. ''Gold Eagle Financial News''. Retrieved February 14, 2010.</ref><ref>Murchie, Kay (August 17, 2007). [http://www.financemarkets.co.uk/2007/08/17/black-thursday-on-stock-market/ Black Thursday on Stock Market]. ''FinanceMarkets.co.uk''. Retrieved February 14, 2010.</ref> initiated another correction falling below the 13,000 mark, about 10% from its highs.
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| On October 9, 2007, the Dow Jones Industrial Average closed at a record high of 14,164.53. Two days later on October 11, the Dow traded at an intra-day level high of 14,198.10,<ref>[http://www.google.com/finance/historical?cid=983582&startdate=Oct+8%2C+2007&enddate=Oct+12%2C+2007 ''Dow Jones Industrial Average Historical Prices'']. [[Google Finance]]. Retrieved March 14, 2010.</ref> a mark which would not be matched until March 2013.<ref>[http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2013/03/05/dow_jones_at_all_time_high.html The Dow Jones Has Never Been Higher]. ''Slate''. Retrieved March 10, 2013.</ref> In what would normally take many years to accomplish; numerous reasons were cited for the Dow's extremely rapid rise from the 11,000 level in early 2006, to the 14,000 level in late 2007. They included future possible [[takeover]]s and [[mergers]], healthy earnings reports particularly in the tech sector, and moderate inflationary numbers; fueling speculation the Federal Reserve would not raise [[interest rates]].
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| On September 15, 2008, a wider financial crisis became evident when [[Lehman Brothers]] filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy along with the economic effect of record high oil prices which reached almost $150 per [[Barrel of oil equivalent|barrel]] two months earlier. On that day, the DJIA lost more than 500 points for only the sixth time in history, returning to its mid-July lows below the 11,000 level. A series of "bailout" packages, including the [[Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008]], proposed and implemented by the [[Federal Reserve System|Federal Reserve]] and [[United States Department of the Treasury|U.S. Treasury]], as well as [[Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation|FDIC]]-sponsored bank mergers, did not prevent further losses. After nearly six months of extreme volatility during which the Dow experienced its largest one day point loss, largest daily point gain, and largest intra-day range (more than 1,000 points), the index closed at a new twelve-year low of 6,547.05 on March 9, 2009 (after an intra-day low of 6,469.95<ref>[http://www.google.com/finance/historical?cid=983582&startdate=Mar+05%2C+2009&enddate=Mar+09%2C+2009 ''Dow Jones Industrial Average Historical Prices'']. [[Google Finance]]. Retrieved March 14, 2010.</ref> during the March 6 session), its lowest close since April 1997, and had lost 20% of its value in only six weeks.
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| Towards the latter half of 2009, the average rallied towards the 10,000 level amid optimism that the [[Late-2000s recession|Late-2000s (decade) Recession]], the [[United States housing bubble|United States Housing Bubble]] and the [[Global financial crisis of 2008–2009|Global Financial Crisis of 2008–2009]], were easing and possibly coming to an end. For the decade, the Dow saw a rather substantial pullback for a negative return from the 11,497 level to 10,428, a loss of a little over 9%.
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| [[File:DJIA 2000s graph (log).svg|thumb|380px|The DJIA from January 2000 through July 2011.|alt=A recent graph that illustrates a trading range from the mid-7,000 level to the 14,000 level aside from a low in the mid-6,000 level in early 2009. Basically, the average traded at or near the 10,000 range for most of the last decade.]]
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| During the early part of the 2010s, aided somewhat by the [[monetary policy]], the Dow made a notable rally attempt, though with significant volatility due to growing global concerns such as the [[2010 European sovereign debt crisis]], the [[Dubai World 2009 debt standstill|Dubai debt crisis]], and the [[United States debt-ceiling crisis of 2011|United States debt ceiling crisis]]. On May 6, 2010, just after 2:30 pm EDT, the Dow Jones Industrial Average plunged by 998.50 points, its largest intra-day point decline ever, representing an intra-day loss of 9.2%. The event, during which the Dow bottomed out at 9,869 before recovering to end with a 3.2% daily loss at 10,520.32, became known as the [[2010 Flash Crash]].<ref name="Roller">Paradis, Tim (May 6, 2010). [http://finance.yahoo.com/news/Wall-St-rollercoaster-Stocks-apf-892184148.html?x=0 Wall St. rollercoaster: Stocks fall nearly 10 pct]. ''[[Associated Press]]''. Retrieved May 7, 2010.</ref><ref name="Roller" />
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| On May 3, 2013, the Dow surpassed the 15,000 mark for the first time.<ref>Gibson, Kate (May 3, 2013). [http://www.marketwatch.com/story/us-stock-rally-lifts-sp-500-above-1600-2013-05-03?siteid=bulletrss U.S. stock rally lifts S&P 500, Dow to milestones]. ''[[CBS Marketwatch]]''. Retrieved May 3, 2013.</ref> On November 18, 2013, the Dow closed above the 16,000 level.
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| '''Record High Dow Jones Industrial Average Index Values'''
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| ! Type !! Date Set !! Value
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| | Highest Intraday || December 31, 2013 || 16,588.25
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| | Highest Close || December 31, 2013 || 16,576.66
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| |}
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| ==Investing==
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| Investing in the DJIA is made widely accessible in equities through [[exchange-traded fund]]s (ETFs) as well as in [[Derivative (finance)|derivatives]] through [[option (finance)|option contracts]] and [[futures contract]]s.
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| ===Equities===
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| Within equities, [[Investment management|asset manager]] [[State Street Global Advisors|SSgA]], issue a family of ETFs the [http://www.spdrs.com/ SPDRs]; one of which attempts to match the daily performance of the index, the ''DIAMONDS'', introduced in 1998 ({{NYSE Arca|DIA}}). Another asset management firm, ProFunds, issue other related DJIA ETFs through [http://www.proshares.com/ ProShares] such as the ''Inverse Performance'' ({{NYSE Arca|DOG}}) for a bearish strategy on the average. That is, when the Dow trades in negative territory, the ETF trades higher; thus, making it not needed to [[Short (finance)|sell short]] if one has a bearish goal in mind.
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| Due to the advent of [[Extended hours trading|pre-market trading]], the ''DIAMONDS'' ETF provides a very accurate opening value for the average. As an example, if the ETF opens the trading session with a 76¢ loss; then that would strongly indicate roughly a 76-point loss for the Dow within the first few seconds or so, even before all of its components open for trade. Likewise, if the ETF starts the trading session higher by $1.12, then that would signal an approximate gain for the Dow of 112 points at the open, even if some components begin trading at 9:31 am or 9:33 am due to a delay.
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| ===Leveraged equities===
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| ProFunds also issues the ''2x'' ({{NYSE Arca|DDM}}), which attempts to match the daily performance of the DJIA by 200% and the ''Inverse 2x'' ({{NYSE Arca|DXD}}), which attempts to match the [[Inverse exchange-traded fund|inverse daily performance]] by 200%. In the case of 2x performance, the ETF increases the buying power by leveraging money without using [[margin (finance)|margin]]. Currently, there are also ''3x'' performance ETFs issued by ProShares that exist too; which attempt to replicate (300% leverage) against the Dow. For ''3x'' performance, the symbol is ({{NYSE Arca|UDOW}}), and for ''Inverse 3x'' performance, it is ({{NYSE Arca|SDOW}}).<ref>IndexUniverse Staff (February 8, 2010). [http://finance.yahoo.com/news/ProShares-Plans-More-300-indexuniverse-704896806.html?x=0&.v=5 "ProShares Plans More 300% Geared ETFs"]. ''IndexUniverse.com''. Retrieved February 10, 2010.</ref><ref>S.E.C. (February 5, 2010). [http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1174610/000119312510023274/d485bpos.htm "ProShares Registration Statement"]. ''[[Securities and Exchange Commission|S.E.C.]]''. Retrieved February 10, 2010.</ref>
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| ===Futures contracts===
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| In the derivatives market, the CME Group through its subsidiaries the [[Chicago Mercantile Exchange]] (CME) and the [[Chicago Board of Trade]] (CBOT), issues Futures Contracts; including the [http://www.cmegroup.com/trading/equity-index/us-index/e-mini-dow.html E-mini Dow ($5) Futures (YM)], the [http://www.cmegroup.com/trading/equity-index/us-index/dow.html DJIA ($10) Futures (DJ)] and the [http://www.cmegroup.com/trading/equity-index/us-index/big-dow-djia.html Big Dow DJIA ($25) Futures (DD)] which track the average and trade on their exchange floors respectively. Trading is typically carried out in an [[Open outcry|Open Outcry]] auction, or over an electronic network such as CME's Globex platform.
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| ===Options contracts===
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| The Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE) issues Options Contracts on the Dow through the root symbol [http://www.cboe.com/micro/djx/introduction.aspx DJX] in combination with long term expiration options called [http://www.cboe.com/Products/indexopts/djxl_spec.aspx DJX LEAPS]. Concerning equities, the exchange issues options contracts on [http://www.cboe.com/DelayedQuote/QuoteTable.aspx?ticker=dia ''Performance ETFs''], [http://www.cboe.com/DelayedQuote/QuoteTable.aspx?ticker=dog ''Inverse Performance ETFs''], [http://www.cboe.com/DelayedQuote/QuoteTable.aspx?ticker=ddm ''2x Performance ETFs''], [http://www.cboe.com/DelayedQuote/QuoteTable.aspx?ticker=dxd ''Inverse 2x Performance ETFs''], [http://www.cboe.com/DelayedQuote/QuoteTable.aspx?ticker=udow ''3x Performance ETFs''], and [http://www.cboe.com/DelayedQuote/QuoteTable.aspx?ticker=sdow ''Inverse 3x Performance ETFs''].
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| ==Calculation==
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| To calculate the DJIA, the sum of the prices of all 30 stocks is divided by a [[divisor]], the [[DJIA divisor|Dow Divisor]]. The divisor is adjusted in case of stock splits, spinoffs or similar structural changes, to ensure that such events do not in themselves alter the numerical value of the DJIA. Early on, the initial divisor was composed of the original number of component companies; which made the DJIA at first, a simple [[arithmetic]] average. The present divisor, after many adjustments, is less than one (meaning the index is larger than the sum of the prices of the components).
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| That is:
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| :<math> \text{DJIA} = {\sum p \over d}</math>
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| where '''''p''''' are the prices of the component stocks and '''''d''''' is the ''Dow Divisor''.
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| Events like [[stock split]]s or changes in the list of the companies composing the index alter the sum of the component prices. In these cases, in order to avoid discontinuity in the index, the Dow Divisor is updated so that the quotations right before and after the event coincide:
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| :<math> \text{DJIA} = {\sum p_\text{old} \over d_\text{old} } = {\sum p_\text{new} \over d_\text{new} }.</math>
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| The Dow Divisor is currently 0.15571590501117 as of September 27, 2013.<ref name=DivisorUpdated>{{cite web|url= http://www.djaverages.com/docs-private/level2/djia-history-divisor.pdf/|title=Dow Jones Industrial Average Historical Divisor Changes|accessdate=November 07, 2013|publisher=CME Group Index Services LLC}}</ref> Presently, every $1 change in price in a particular stock within the average, equates to a 6.42 (1/0.15571590501117) point movement.
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| ==Assessment==
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| ===Market performance===
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| With the current inclusion of only 30 stocks, critics like [[Ric Edelman]] argue that the DJIA is not a very accurate representation of overall market performance. Still, it is the most cited and most widely recognized of the stock market indices.<ref>Edelman, Ric (December 23, 2003). ''The Truth About Money 3rd Edition''. Harper Paperbacks. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-06-056658-6.</ref><ref>[http://www.businessinsider.com/henry-blodget-those-dow-people-sure-are-crappy-stockpickers-2009-4 ''How Dow Jones Wrecked The Dow Jones Industrial Average'']. Business Insider. Retrieved March 14, 2010.</ref> Additionally, the DJIA is criticized for being a [[Price-weighted index|price-weighted]] average, which gives higher-priced stocks more influence over the average than their lower-priced counterparts, but takes no account of the relative industry size or market capitalization of the components. For example, a $1 increase in a lower-priced stock can be negated by a $1 decrease in a much higher-priced stock, even though the lower-priced stock experienced a larger [[percentage]] change. In addition, a $1 move in the smallest component of the DJIA has the same effect as a $1 move in the largest component of the average. The Dow would see the negative effects of this price-weighted average during September–October 2008 with a former component [[AIG]]. Before its reverse-split adjusted stock price change, the stock collapsed from $22.76 on September 8 to $1.35 on October 27; contributing to a roughly 3,000-point drop in the index.<ref>La Monica, Paul (September 15, 2008). [http://money.cnn.com/2008/09/14/markets/thebuzz/ Toss AIG from the Dow!]. ''CNN''. Retrieved September 21, 2010.</ref>
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| As of December 2013, IBM and Visa are among the highest priced stocks in the average and therefore have the greatest influence on it. Alternately, Cisco Systems and Intel are among the lowest priced stocks in the average and have the least amount of sway in the price movement. Many critics of the DJIA recommend the float-adjusted [[capitalization-weighted index|market-value weighted]] [[S&P 500]] or the [[Wilshire 5000]], the latter of which includes all U.S. equity [[Security (finance)|securities]], as better indicators of the U.S. stock market.
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| ===Correlation among components===
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| A quantitative analysis from 72 years of financial data from the Dow Jones Industrial Average reveals that in times of financial crises, stocks start to move in a more synchronised fashion, increasing the risk of a stock portfolio.<ref>{{cite journal | author=[[Tobias Preis]], Dror Y. Kenett, [[H. Eugene Stanley]], [[Dirk Helbing]] and [[Eshel Ben-Jacob]] | title=Quantifying the Behavior of Stock Correlations Under Market Stress | journal=[[Scientific Reports]] | volume= 2 | page=752 | year=2012 | accessdate=October 19, 2012 | url=http://www.nature.com/srep/2012/121018/srep00752/full/srep00752.html}}</ref> The research is published in the journal [[Scientific Reports]]. Financial traders try to reduce the inherent risk of holding only one stock by building portfolios, which carry a lower risk, mainly because individual stocks do not tend to experience daily gains and losses in a completely synchronised manner. [[Tobias Preis]], Dror Y. Kenett, [[H. Eugene Stanley]], [[Dirk Helbing]] and [[Eshel Ben-Jacob]] analyzed daily closing prices of the 30 stocks that form the Dow Jones Industrial Average, from March 1939 to the end of 2010. They found that the average correlation between these stocks increased at the same rate as market stresses. Consequently, the diversification effect, which should protect a portfolio, melts away in times of market losses just when it would be needed most.
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| ==See also==
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| {{Portal|Capitalism|Business and economics}}
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| * [[Closing milestones of the Dow Jones Industrial Average]]
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| * [[Historical Record Closes of the Dow Jones Industrial Average]]
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| * [[S&P Dow Jones Indices]]
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| * [[List of largest daily changes in the Dow Jones Industrial Average]]
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| {{-}}
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
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| ==Further reading==
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| * Stillman, Richard. ''Dow Jones Industrial Average: History and Role in an Investment Strategy'' (1986)
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| ==External links==
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| {{Commons category|Dow Jones Industrial Average}}
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| * [http://www.djaverages.com/?view=industrial&page=overview Official website]
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| * [http://www.nasdaq.com/aspx/infoquotes.aspx?symbol=INDU&selected=INDU Dow Jones Industrial Average at NASDAQ]
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| * [http://www.nyse.com/about/listed/lcddata.html?ticker=DJI Dow Jones Industrial Average at NYSE Euronext]
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| * [http://www.cboe.com/DelayedQuote/SimpleQuote.aspx?ticker=.DJIA Dow Jones Industrial Average at the Chicago Board Options Exchange]
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| * [http://finance.yahoo.com/q/cp?s=%5EDJI Dow Jones Industrial Average Component Quotes] at [[Yahoo! Finance]]
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| {{Dow Jones Industrial Average companies}}
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| {{Stock market indexes}}
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| {{News Corporation}}
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| [[Category:Dow Jones Industrial Average| ]]
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| [[Category:American stock market indices]]
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| [[Category:Dow Jones & Company]]
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| [[Category:1896 establishments in the United States]]
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| [[Category:S&P Dow Jones Indices]]
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