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| :''This article is about the theories and mathematics of climate modeling. For computer-driven prediction of Earth's climate, see [[Global climate model]].''
| | MILAN — With lighting above the front entrance that looks like tire treads and an enormous Pirelli signal inside, there is no doubt whose store that is — although there are not any tires on the market among the €one hundred twenty rubber boots, €690 Kevlar jackets, watches and bicycles.<br><br>Principally there are two things to remember when considering used tires One, you do not know precisely what you are getting. Even when the tire seems to be nice it could have hidden problems. Two, there is no such thing as a guarantee. You may be caught with what you get. If you have any concerns relating to where and how you can utilize [http://rz9.de/tiresforsale32603 buy tires online], you can call us at our webpage. Conrad's understands that. So, you may appreciate Conrad's Tire Specific the place you may get your tires placed on with precision and pace, and head out the door. 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You will additionally find tandem beach cruiser bikes on the market that are nice if you wish to take a toddler or your sweetheart alongside on a leisurely bike trip.<br><br>The 'drawing' device, meant for drawing completely different shapes, must be used to create a cylindrical form - tire of the automotive. Four cylindrical shapes can be required to create 4 tires of your virtual automotive. You'll have to regulate the size of these cylindrical shapes by means of the 'sizing' instrument. Pirelli, for instance, has had the PZero brand since 2002, promoting in division and clothes shops all over the world, together with Harrods in London. The corporate will not say whether or not PZero is profitable — but it is part of the 1 % of the company's €4.8 billion, or $6.5 billion, in 2010 sales that did not come from tires. That places PZero's revenue at less than €forty eight million. 1.5 Major Markets of the Tire Industry 3.1.5 Value added by Tire Recycling<br><br>To this point I am very happy with these tires. They're not as quiet as I expected based mostly on previous critiques, but not obnoxiously loud both. For a tire with an off street look, they positively do superb on freeway driving. In my use nearly all of my driving is highway, however the limited time the truck goes off highway it's extremely necessary for my application that it still has good traction. We haven't seen winter with these but so I nonetheless have a wait and see outlook, but to date I like what I see." - BALLSTON SPA, NY<br><br>Tires └ Wheels, Tires & Components └ Car & Truck Components └ Parts & Accessories └ eBay Motors All Classes Antiques Art Baby Books Business & Industrial Cameras & Photograph Cell Telephones & Accessories Clothing, Footwear & Equipment Coins & Paper Money Collectibles Computers/Tablets & Networking Consumer Electronics Crafts Dolls & Bears DVDs & Movies eBay Motors Entertainment Memorabilia Reward Playing cards & Coupons Health & Beauty House & Garden Jewellery & Watches Music Musical Instruments & Gear Pet Supplies Pottery & Glass Actual Estate Specialty Services Sporting Items Sports activities Mem, Cards & Fan Store Stamps Tickets & Experiences Toys & Hobbies Travel Video Video games & Consoles The whole lot Else<br><br>Uniroyal Goodrich was fashioned in 1986 when B.F. 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| [[File:Global Climate Model.png|thumb|right|350px|Climate models are systems of [[differential equations]] based on the basic laws of [[physics]], [[Fluid dynamics|fluid motion]], and [[chemistry]]. To “run” a model, scientists divide the planet into a 3-dimensional grid, apply the basic equations, and evaluate the results. Atmospheric models calculate [[winds]], [[heat transfer]], [[radiation]], [[relative humidity]], and surface [[hydrology]] within each grid and evaluate interactions with neighboring points.]]
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| '''Climate models''' use [[quantitative method]]s to simulate the interactions of the [[Earth's atmosphere|atmosphere]], [[ocean]]s, [[land surface]], and [[cryosphere|ice]]. They are used for a variety of purposes from study of the dynamics of the climate system to projections of future [[climate]]. The most talked-about use of climate models in recent years has been to project temperature changes resulting from increases in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. | |
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| All climate models take account of incoming [[energy]] from the sun as short wave [[electromagnetic radiation]], chiefly [[Visible spectrum|visible]] and short-wave (near) [[infrared]], as well as outgoing energy as long wave (far) [[infrared]] electromagnetic radiation from the earth. Any imbalance results in a [[First law of thermodynamics|change in temperature]].
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| Models can range from relatively simple to quite complex:
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| * A simple [[radiant heat]] transfer model that treats the earth as a single point and averages outgoing energy
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| * this can be expanded vertically (radiative-convective models), or horizontally
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| * finally, (coupled) atmosphere–ocean–[[sea ice]] '''[[global climate model]]s''' discretise and solve the full equations for mass and energy transfer and radiant exchange.
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| This is not a full list; for example "box models" can be written to treat flows across and within ocean basins. Furthermore, other types of modelling can be interlinked, such as [[land use]], allowing researchers to predict the interaction between climate and [[ecosystems]].
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| ==Box models==
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| '''Box models''' are simplified versions of complex systems, reducing them to boxes (or [[reservoir]]s) linked by fluxes. The boxes are assumed to be mixed homogeneously. Within a given box, the concentration of any [[chemical species]] is therefore uniform. However, the abundance of a species within a given box may vary as a function of time due to the input to (or loss from) the box or due to the production, consumption or decay of this species within the box.
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| Simple box models, i.e. box model with a small number of boxes whose properties (e.g. their volume) do not change with time, are often useful to derive analytical formulas describing the dynamics and steady-state abundance of a species. More complex box models are usually solved using numerical techniques.
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| Box models are used extensively to model environmental systems or ecosystems and in studies of [[ocean circulation]] and the [[carbon cycle]].<ref name=Sarmiento1984>{{cite journal
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| | author = Sarmiento, J.L.
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| | coauthors = Toggweiler, J.R.
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| | year = 1984
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| | title = A new model for the role of the oceans in determining atmospheric P CO 2
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| | journal = Nature
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| | volume = 308
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| | pages = 621–24
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| | doi = 10.1038/308621a0
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| | url = http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v308/n5960/abs/308621a0.html
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| | issue=5960
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| |bibcode = 1984Natur.308..621S }}</ref>
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| == Zero-dimensional models ==
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| A very simple model of the [[radiative equilibrium]] of the Earth is
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| :<math>(1-a)S \pi r^2 = 4 \pi r^2 \epsilon \sigma T^4</math>
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| where
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| * the left hand side represents the incoming energy from the Sun
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| * the right hand side represents the outgoing energy from the Earth, calculated from the [[Stefan-Boltzmann law]] assuming a model-fictive temperature, ''T'', sometimes called the 'equilibrium temperature of the Earth', that is to be found,
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| and | |
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| * ''S'' is the [[solar constant]] – the incoming solar radiation per unit area—about 1367 W·m<sup>−2</sup>
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| * ''<math>a</math>'' is the [[Earth]]'s average [[albedo]], measured to be 0.3.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Goode |first=P. R. |coauthors=''et al.'' |year=2001 |title=Earthshine Observations of the Earth’s Reflectance |journal=Geophys. Res. Lett. |volume=28 |issue=9 |pages=1671–4 |doi=10.1029/2000GL012580 |bibcode=2001GeoRL..28.1671G}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Scientists Watch Dark Side of the Moon to Monitor Earth's Climate |url=http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/prrl/prrl0113.html |work=American Geophysical Union | date=April 17, 2001 }}</ref>
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| * ''r'' is Earth's radius—approximately 6.371×10<sup>6</sup >m
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| * ''[[pi|π]]'' is the mathematical constant (3.141...)
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| * ''<math> \sigma </math>'' is the [[Stefan-Boltzmann constant]]—approximately 5.67×10<sup>−8</sup> J·K<sup>−4</sup>·m<sup>−2</sup>·s<sup>−1</sup>
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| * ''<math> \epsilon </math>'' is the effective [[emissivity]] of earth, about 0.612
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| The constant ''πr''<sup>2</sup> can be factored out, giving
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| :<math>(1-a)S = 4 \epsilon \sigma T^4</math>
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| Solving for the temperature,
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| :<math>T = \sqrt[4]{ \frac{(1-a)S}{4 \epsilon \sigma}}</math>
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| This yields an apparent effective average earth temperature of {{convert|288|K|abbr=on|lk=on}}.<ref>[http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/ftp_docs/lithographs/CERES_litho.pdf eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov]</ref> This is because the above equation represents the effective ''radiative'' temperature of the Earth (including the clouds and atmosphere). The use of effective emissivity and albedo account for the [[greenhouse effect]].
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| This very simple model is quite instructive, and the only model that could fit on a page. For example, it easily determines the effect on average earth temperature of changes in solar constant or change of albedo or effective earth emissivity.
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| The average emissivity of the earth is readily estimated from available data. The emissivities of terrestrial surfaces are all in the range of 0.96 to 0.99<ref>[http://www.icess.ucsb.edu/modis/EMIS/html/seawater.html icess.ucsb.edu]</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1175/JCLI3720.1 |author=Jin M, Liang S |title=An Improved Land Surface Emissivity Parameter for Land Surface Models Using Global Remote Sensing Observations |journal=J. Climate |volume=19 |issue=12 |pages=2867–81 |date=15 June 2006 |url=http://www.glue.umd.edu/~sliang/papers/Jin2006.emissivity.pdf|bibcode = 2006JCli...19.2867J }}</ref> (except for some small desert areas which may be as low as 0.7). Clouds, however, which cover about half of the earth’s surface, have an average emissivity of about 0.5<ref>{{cite conference |author=T.R. Shippert, S.A. Clough, P.D. Brown, W.L. Smith, R.O. Knuteson, and S.A. Ackerman |title=Spectral Cloud Emissivities from LBLRTM/AERI QME |booktitle=Proceedings of the Eighth Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Science Team Meeting March 1998 Tucson, Arizona |url=http://www.arm.gov/publications/proceedings/conf08/extended_abs/shippert_tr.pdf }}</ref> (which must be reduced by the fourth power of the ratio of cloud absolute temperature to average earth absolute temperature) and an average cloud temperature of about {{convert|258|K|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite conference |author=A.G. Gorelik, V. Sterljadkin, E. Kadygrov, and A. Koldaev |title=Microwave and IR Radiometry for Estimation of Atmospheric Radiation Balance and Sea Ice Formation |booktitle=Proceedings of the Eleventh Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Science Team Meeting March 2001 Atlanta, Georgia |url=http://www.arm.gov/publications/proceedings/conf11/extended_abs/gorelik_ag.pdf }}</ref> Taking all this properly into account results in an effective earth emissivity of about 0.64 (earth average temperature {{convert|285|K|abbr=on}}).
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| This simple model readily determines the effect of changes in solar output or change of earth albedo or effective earth emissivity on average earth temperature. It says nothing, however about what might cause these things to change. Zero-dimensional models do not address the temperature distribution on the earth or the factors that move energy about the earth.
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| == Radiative-convective models ==
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| The zero-dimensional model above, using the solar constant and given average earth temperature, determines the effective earth emissivity of long wave radiation emitted to space. This can be refined in the vertical to a one-dimensional radiative-convective model, which considers two processes of energy transport:
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| * upwelling and downwelling radiative transfer through atmospheric layers that both absorb and emit infrared radiation
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| * upward transport of heat by convection (especially important in the lower [[troposphere]]).
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| The radiative-convective models have advantages over the simple model: they can determine the effects of varying [[greenhouse gas]] concentrations on effective emissivity and therefore the surface temperature. But added parameters are needed to determine local emissivity and albedo and address the factors that move energy about the earth.
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| Effect of ice-albedo feedback on global sensitivity in a one-dimensional radiative-convective climate model.<ref>[http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi?id=wa03100m pubs.giss.nasa.gov]</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
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| | last = Wang
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| | first = W.C.
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| | coauthors = P.H. Stone
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| | title = Effect of ice-albedo feedback on global sensitivity in a one-dimensional radiative-convective climate model
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| | journal = J. Atmos. Sci.
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| | volume = 37
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| | pages = 545–52
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| | year = 1980
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| | url = http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi?id=wa03100m
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| | doi = 10.1175/1520-0469(1980)037<0545:EOIAFO>2.0.CO;2
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| | accessdate = 2010-04-22
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| | bibcode=1980JAtS...37..545W
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| }}</ref><ref>[http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/258.htm grida.no]</ref>
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| == Higher-dimension models ==
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| The zero-dimensional model may be expanded to consider the energy transported horizontally in the atmosphere. This kind of model may well be [[Zonal and meridional|zonally]] averaged. This model has the advantage of allowing a rational dependence of local albedo and emissivity on temperature – the poles can be allowed to be icy and the equator warm – but the lack of true dynamics means that horizontal transports have to be specified.<ref>[http://www.shodor.org/master/environmental/general/energy/application.html shodor.org]</ref>
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| == EMICs (Earth-system models of intermediate complexity) ==
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| Depending on the nature of questions asked and the pertinent time scales, there are, on the one extreme, conceptual, more inductive models, and, on the other extreme, [[general circulation model]]s operating at the highest spatial and temporal resolution currently feasible. Models of intermediate complexity bridge the gap. One example is the Climber-3 model. Its atmosphere is a 2.5-dimensional statistical-dynamical model with 7.5° × 22.5° resolution and time step of half a day; the ocean is MOM-3 ([[Modular Ocean Model]]) with a 3.75° × 3.75° grid and 24 vertical levels.<ref>[http://www.pik-potsdam.de/emics/ pik-potsdam.de]</ref>
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| == GCMs (global climate models or general circulation models) ==
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| {{Main|Global climate model}}
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| Three (or more properly, four since time is also considered) dimensional GCM's discretise the equations for fluid motion and energy transfer and integrate these over time. They also contain parametrisations for processes—such as convection—that occur on scales too small to be resolved directly.
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| Atmospheric GCMs (AGCMs) model the atmosphere and impose [[sea surface temperature]]s as boundary conditions. Coupled atmosphere-ocean GCMs (AOGCMs, e.g. [[HadCM3]], [[EdGCM]], [[GFDL CM2.X]], ARPEGE-Climat)<ref>[http://www.cnrm.meteo.fr/gmgec/site_engl/arpege/arpege_en.html cnrm.meteo.fr]</ref> combine the two models. The first general circulation climate model that combined both oceanic and atmospheric processes was developed in the late 1960s at the [[NOAA]] [[Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory]]<ref>[http://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/breakthroughs/climate_model/welcome.html celebrating200years.noaa.gov]</ref> AOGCMs represent the pinnacle of complexity in climate models and internalise as many processes as possible. However, they are still under development and uncertainties remain. They may be coupled to models of other processes, such as the [[carbon cycle]], so as to better model feedback effects.
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| == Research and development ==
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| There are three major types of institution where climate models are developed, implemented and used:
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| * National meteorological services. Most national weather services have a [[climatology]] section.
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| * Universities. Relevant departments include atmospheric sciences, meteorology, climatology, and geography.
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| * National and international research laboratories. Examples include the [[National Center for Atmospheric Research]] (NCAR, in [[Boulder, Colorado]], USA), the [[Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory]] (GFDL, in [[Princeton, New Jersey]], USA), the [[Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research]] (in [[Exeter]], UK), the [http://www.mpimet.mpg.de Max Planck Institute for Meteorology] in Hamburg, Germany, or the Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), France, to name but a few.
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| The [[World Climate Research Programme]] (WCRP), hosted by the [[World Meteorological Organization]] (WMO), coordinates research activities on climate modelling worldwide.
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| A 2012 [[U.S. National Research Council]] report discussed how the large and diverse U.S. climate modeling enterprise could evolve to become more unified.<ref>{{cite web | title=U.S. National Research Council Report, ''A National Strategy for Advancing Climate Modeling'' | url=http://dels.nas.edu/Report/National-Strategy-Advancing-Climate/13430 }}</ref> Efficiencies could be gained by developing a common software infrastructure shared by all U.S. climate researchers, and holding an annual climate modeling forum, the report found.<ref>{{cite web | title=U.S. National Research Council Report-in-Brief, ''A National Strategy for Advancing Climate Modeling'' | url=http://dels.nas.edu/Materials/Report-In-Brief/4291-Climate-Modeling}}</ref>
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| == See also ==
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| * [[Atmospheric Radiation Measurement]] (ARM) (in the US)
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| * [[Climateprediction.net]]
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| * [[GFDL CM2.X]]
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| * [[Numerical Weather Prediction]]
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| * [[Tropical cyclone prediction model]]
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| == Climate models on the web ==
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| * [http://dapper.pmel.noaa.gov/dchart/index.html?cid=AAAAHg@@ Dapper/DChart] — plot and download model data referenced by the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]]. (No longer available)
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| * [http://www.ccsm.ucar.edu/ ccsm.ucar.edu] — [[NCAR]]/[[University Corporation for Atmospheric Research|UCAR]] [[Community Climate System Model]] (CCSM)
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| * [http://www.climateprediction.net climateprediction.net] — do it yourself climate prediction
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| * [http://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/modelE/ giss.nasa.gov] — the primary research GCM developed by NASA/GISS (Goddard Institute for Space Studies)
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| * [http://edgcm.columbia.edu/ edgcm.columbia.edu] — the original NASA/GISS global climate model (GCM) with a user-friendly interface for PCs and Macs
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| * [http://www.cccma.bc.ec.gc.ca/ cccma.be.ec.gc.ca] — [[CCCma]] model info and interface to retrieve model data
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| * [http://nomads.gfdl.noaa.gov/CM2.X/ nomads.gfdl.noaa.gov] — [[NOAA]] / [[Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory]] CM2 global climate model info and model output data files
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| * [http://www.climate.uvic.ca/ climate.uvic.ca] — [[University of Victoria]] Global climate model, free for download. Leading researcher was a contributing author to the recent [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|IPCC]] report on climate change.
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| * [http://vimeo.com/user12523377/videos vimeo.com/user12523377/videos] — Visualizations of climate models of ETH Zurich
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| == Notes and references==
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| {{Reflist|2}}
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| ==Bibliography==
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| * {{cite book |author= Ian Roulstone and John Norbury |title=Invisible in the Storm: the role of mathematics in understanding weather |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Invisible_in_the_Storm.html?id=qnMrFEHMrWwC&redir_esc=y|year=2013 |publisher=Princeton University Press}}
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| ==External links==
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| * [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/313.htm (IPCC 2001 section 8.3)] — on model hierarchy
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| * [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/308.htm (IPCC 2001 section 8)] — much information on coupled GCM's
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| * [http://www-pcmdi.llnl.gov/projects/modeldoc/cmip/index.html Coupled Model Intercomparison Project]
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| * [http://ams.allenpress.com/amsonline/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1175%2F2786.1 On the Radiative and Dynamical Feedbacks over the Equatorial Pacific Cold Tongue]
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| * [http://www.aip.org/history/climate/Radmath.htm Basic Radiation Calculations] — The Discovery of Global Warming
| |
| *{{cite book |author=Henderson-Sellers, A.; Robinson, P. J. |title=Contemporary Climatology |publisher=Longman |location=New York |year=1999 |isbn=0-582-27631-4 |url=http://www.pearsoned.co.uk/Bookshop/detail.asp?item=100000000002249}}
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| * [http://nas-sites.org/climatemodeling/ Climate Modeling 101 website] by the [[U.S. National Research Council]] — This site is a primer on how climate models work. The information is based on expert, consensus reports from the [[U.S. National Research Council]]'s Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate. The most recent is [http://dels.nas.edu/Report/National-Strategy-Advancing-Climate/13430 ''A National Strategy for Advancing Climate Modeling''].
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| {{Global warming}}
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| {{Atmospheric, Oceanographic and Climate Models}}
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| {{Computer modeling}}
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| {{Portal bar|Energy|Global warming}}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Climate Model}}
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| [[Category:Climate change science]]
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| [[Category:Numerical climate and weather models]]
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| [[Category:Climate change modelling| ]]
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If you are on a Lease car and your lease is about to finish, used tires are an effective way to save cash and make sure the requirements on your lease settlement are met. What are one of the best tires to purchase? How subjective is that question? One may ask the query to 20 fully different people and get 20 totally different answers, of who will almost certainly have very reliable and enthusiastic stories to once more up their alternative. To try to classify all tires into these easy categories could be virtually inconceivable due to the numerous devoted forms of tire functions for therefore many specialised kinds of vehicles and service eventualities. Nonetheless once we apply the easy teams to passenger automobiles, gentle vehicles and SUV's it really works fairly nicely. TIRES NEEDED
The seashore cruiser bikes for sale at this time are available a wide range of up to date colours and styles and are available new, trendy versions which can be a nod to some of the modified cruisers that originally turned widespread in the eighties and nineteen nineties. This was a time frame when individuals began to search out the older, authentic model cruisers and modifying them to suit their wants. Now yow will discover seaside cruisers that function speeds from three to 10, giving you the added control that is nice for hilly terrain with the comfort and style of a extra traditional seashore cruiser. You will additionally find tandem beach cruiser bikes on the market that are nice if you wish to take a toddler or your sweetheart alongside on a leisurely bike trip.
The 'drawing' device, meant for drawing completely different shapes, must be used to create a cylindrical form - tire of the automotive. Four cylindrical shapes can be required to create 4 tires of your virtual automotive. You'll have to regulate the size of these cylindrical shapes by means of the 'sizing' instrument. Pirelli, for instance, has had the PZero brand since 2002, promoting in division and clothes shops all over the world, together with Harrods in London. The corporate will not say whether or not PZero is profitable — but it is part of the 1 % of the company's €4.8 billion, or $6.5 billion, in 2010 sales that did not come from tires. That places PZero's revenue at less than €forty eight million. 1.5 Major Markets of the Tire Industry 3.1.5 Value added by Tire Recycling
To this point I am very happy with these tires. They're not as quiet as I expected based mostly on previous critiques, but not obnoxiously loud both. For a tire with an off street look, they positively do superb on freeway driving. In my use nearly all of my driving is highway, however the limited time the truck goes off highway it's extremely necessary for my application that it still has good traction. We haven't seen winter with these but so I nonetheless have a wait and see outlook, but to date I like what I see." - BALLSTON SPA, NY
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Uniroyal Goodrich was fashioned in 1986 when B.F. Goodrich and Uniroyal mixed their tire companies into a joint-venture partnership referred to as the Uniroyal Goodrich Tire Firm. In 1988, B.F. Goodrich offered its 50 p.c interest in the enterprise to a group of investors organized by Clayton & Dubilier of New York. At the moment, B.F. Goodrich acquired a warrant to buy not directly as much as 7 percent of the equity in Uniroyal Goodrich. The warrant was surrendered to Michelin.
All of our tires are GRADE "A" 6+mm ( 75 % of their original tread). All tires are checked & examined rigorously by two specialists(Each specialist has over 10 years of expertise) for defects, separation, and degradation. We won't sell something, we'd not use for our members of the family. We assure to ship exactly what you order. NAME or COME BY – Join the hundreds of different SATISFIED REPEAT CUSTOMERS TOP OF THE RANGE TIRES will help set your business apart from the competition; and drive higher profit margins. Take our problem and we guarantee throughout the first week your gross sales & profit will increase. Radial Farm Tires - Higher Traction, Elevated Gasoline Efficency, Less Compaction, Longer Tread Life and a Smoother Experience. Good Yr Tire Shopping for Guide
Many individuals take tires as a right, noticing them only when one thing goes fallacious. Studies show that 30 % of private autos on the street have a number of tires not less than 8 psi below specification. Regardless of the publicity generated by the Ford Explorer/Firestone tire SUV rollover scandal, millions of individuals don't know how much air is of their tires They're individually called the rear farm tires and front farm tires COMMA respectively T. Due to the larger measurement of the rear farm tires , the backhoes are balanced and pressed whereas the works are being done. Mavis always supplies me with new tires and I like the service that they do to lengthen the lifetime of my tires." - WHITE PLAINS, NY days ago Mavis Low cost Tire, Catskill How you can Mount MINI Cooper Tires
It's possible to look online for used tractor tires in addition to used mechanical components in your tractor. Finding these needed components implies that they can be utilized to boost the overall functionality and operation of a tractor in want of newer tires. There are many tractor tire sellers, internet marketing tires, both new and used. As a way to order such tires, it is crucial to know the size of the tire being replaced and the kind of the tractor being fitted to ensure a precise match.