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| {{redirect|Chebyshev|other uses|Chebyshev (disambiguation)}}
| | "Why does my computer keep freezing up?" I was asked by a great deal of folks the cause of their pc freeze issues. And I am fed up with spending much time in answering the query time and time again. This article is to tell you the real cause of your PC Freezes.<br><br>Registry is not equally important to rapid computer boot up, however, also important to the performance of the computer. If you have a registry error, we can face blue screen, freezing or even crash. It's necessary to regularly clean up the invalid, lost, junk registry keys to keep the computer healthy and running quick.<br><br>H/w connected error handling - whenever hardware causes BSOD installing newest fixes for the hardware and/ or motherboard will aid. You can also add fresh hardware which is compatible with the system.<br><br>Registry products have been designed for 1 purpose - to wash out the 'registry'. This is the central database that Windows relies on to function. Without this database, Windows wouldn't even exist. It's thus important, that the computer is continually adding plus updating the files inside it, even if you're browsing the Internet (like now). This really is excellent, but the difficulties occur whenever several of those files become corrupt or lost. This occurs a lot, plus it takes a wise tool to fix it.<br><br>Use a [http://bestregistrycleanerfix.com/fix-it-utilities fix it utilities]. This will look a Windows registry for 3 kinds of keys which really can hurt PC performance. These are: duplicate, lost, plus corrupted.<br><br>Active X controls are utilized across the whole spectrum of computer plus internet technologies. These controls are called the building blocks of the internet plus as the glue which puts it all together. It is a standard which is chosen by all programmers to make the internet more useful and interactive. Without these control specifications there would basically be no public web.<br><br>Your registry is the region all a significant configurations for hardware, software and consumer profile configurations plus needs are stored. Every time one of these factors is changed, the database then starts to expand. Over time, the registry may become bloated with unnecessary files. This causes a general slow down however in extreme instances can result important tasks plus programs to stop working all together.<br><br>By changing the technique we use the web you can have access more of your valuable bandwidth. This will eventually give you a quicker surfing experience. Here is a link to 3 techniques to personalize the PC speed online. |
| {{Infobox scientist
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| |name = Pafnuty Chebyshev
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| |image = Chebyshev.jpg
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| |image_size = 240px
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| |caption = Pafnuty Lvovich Chebyshev
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| |birth_date = {{Birth date|1821|05|16}}
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| |birth_place = [[Borovsk]], [[province of Kaluga|Kaluga]], [[Russian Empire]]
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| |nationality = [[Russia]]n
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| |death_date = {{death date and age|1894|12|08|1821|05|16}}
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| |death_place = [[St. Petersburg]], [[Russian Empire]]
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| |field = [[Mathematician]]
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| |work_institution = [[St. Petersburg University]]
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| |alma_mater = [[Moscow University]]
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| |doctoral_advisor = [[Nikolai Brashman]]
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| |doctoral_students = [[Dmitry Grave]]<br />[[Aleksandr Korkin]]<br />[[Aleksandr Lyapunov]]<br />[[Andrey Markov]]<br />[[Vladimir Andreevich Markov]]<br />[[Konstantin Posse]]
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| |known_for = [[probability]], [[statistics]], [[mechanics]], and [[analytical geometry]]
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| |prizes = [[Demidov Prize]] (1849)
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| |footnotes =
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| }}
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| '''Pafnuty Lvovich Chebyshev''' ({{lang-rus|Пафну́тий Льво́вич Чебышёв|p=pɐf'n̪utʲɪ(j) 'lʲvovʲɪt͡ɕ t͡ɕɪbɨ'ʂof}}) ({{OldStyleDate|May 16|1821|May 4}} – {{OldStyleDate|December 8|1894|November 26}})<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9022729/Pafnuty-Lvovich-Chebyshev Pafnuty Lvovich Chebyshev – Britannica Online Encyclopedia]</ref> was a [[Russians|Russian]] [[mathematician]]. His name can be alternatively [[Romanization of Russian|transliterated]] as ''Chebychev'', ''Chebysheff'', ''Chebyshov'', ''Tchebychev'' or ''Tchebycheff'', or ''Tschebyschev'' or ''Tschebyscheff'' (the latter two pairs are French and German transcriptions).
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| == Biography ==
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| One of nine children, Chebyshev was born in the central [[Russia]]n village of Okatovo near [[Borovsk]], to Agrafena Ivanova Pozniakova and Lev Pavlovich Chebyshev. His father had fought as an officer against [[Napoleon Bonaparte]]'s invading army.
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| Chebyshev was originally home schooled by his mother and his cousin, Avdotia Kvintillianova Soukhareva. He learned [[French language|French]] early in life, which later helped him communicate with other mathematicians. A stunted leg prevented him from playing with other children, leading him to concentrate on his studies instead.
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| Chebyshev studied at the college level at [[Moscow University]], where he earned his [[bachelor's degree]] in 1841. At Moscow University, Chebyshev was a graduate student of [[Nikolai Brashman]].
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| After Chebyshev became a [[professor]] of mathematics in Moscow himself, his two most illustrious graduate students were [[Andrei Andreyevich Markov]] (the elder) and [[Aleksandr Lyapunov]].
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| Later he moved to St. Petersburg, where he founded one of the most important schools of mathematics in Russia, and there is today a research institute in mathematics called the Chebyshev Laboratory in that city.
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| == Mathematical contributions ==
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| Chebyshev is known for his work in the fields of [[probability]], [[statistics]], [[mechanics]], and [[number theory]]. The [[Chebyshev inequality]] states that if <math>X</math> is a [[random variable]] with [[standard deviation]] '''σ''', then the probability that the outcome of <math>X</math> is no less than <math>a\sigma</math> away from its mean is no more than <math>1/a^2</math>:
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| : <math>\Pr(|X - {\mathbf E}(X)| \ge a\,\sigma )\le \frac {1}{a^2}.</math>
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| The Chebyshev inequality is used to prove the [[Law of large numbers#Weak law|Weak Law of Large Numbers]].
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| The [[Bertrand's postulate|Bertrand–Chebyshev theorem]] (1845|1850) states that for any <math>n > 1</math>, there exists a [[prime numbers|prime number]] <math>p</math> such that <math>n < p < 2n</math>. This is a consequence of the Chebyshev inequalities for the number <math>\pi(n)</math> of [[prime numbers]] less than <math>n</math>, which state that <math>\pi(n)</math> is of the order of <math>n/\log(n)</math>. A more precise form is given by the celebrated [[prime number theorem]]: the ''quotient'' of the two expressions approaches 1.0 as <math>n</math> tends to infinity.
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| Chebyshev is also known for the [[Chebyshev polynomial]]s and the [[Chebyshev bias]] – the difference between the number of primes that are 3 (modulo 4) and 1 (modulo 4).
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| == Legacy ==
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| [[Image:Stamp of USSR 1047.jpg|thumb|right|Pafnuty Chebyshev on a stamp of the [[Soviet Union]] in 1946.]]
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| Chebyshev is considered to be a founding father of [[Russia]]n mathematics. Among his well-known students were the prolific mathematicians [[Dmitry Grave]], [[Aleksandr Korkin]], [[Aleksandr Lyapunov]], and [[Andrey Markov|Andrei Markov]]. According to the [[Mathematics Genealogy Project]], Chebyshev has 7,483 mathematical "descendants" as of 2010.<ref>{{MathGenealogy|12542}}</ref>
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| The lunar crater [[Chebyshev (crater)|Chebyshev]] and the [[asteroid]] [[2010 Chebyshev]] were named in his honour.
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| == Publications ==
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| * {{Citation | last1=Tchebychef | first1=P. L. | editor1-last=Markov | editor1-first=Andreĭ Andreevich | editor2-last=Sonin | editor2-first=N. | title=Oeuvres | url=http://www.archive.org/stream/oeuvresdepltche01chebrich | publisher=Commissionaires de l'Académie impériale des sciences | location=New York | mr=0147353 |id=Reprinted by Chelsea 1962 | year=1899 | volume=I}}
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| * {{Citation | last1=Tchebychef | first1=P. L. | editor1-last=Markov | editor1-first=Andreĭ Andreevich | editor2-last=Sonin | editor2-first=N. | title=Oeuvres | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1mBtAAAAMAAJ | publisher=Commissionaires de l'Académie impériale des sciences | location=New York | mr=0147353 |id=Reprinted by Chelsea 1962 | year=1907 | volume=II}}
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| * {{Citation | last1=Butzer | first1 = | title=P. L. Chebyshev (1821–1894): A Guide to his Life and Work | doi=10.1006/jath.1998.3289}}
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| == See also ==
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| * [[Chebyshev cube root]]
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| * [[Chebyshev distance]]
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| * [[Chebyshev filter]], a family of [[filter (signal processing)|analog filter]]s in [[electronics]] and [[signal processing]]
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| * [[Chebyshev function]] in number theory
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| * [[Chebyshev polynomials]] and the "Chebyshev form"
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| * [[Chebyshev's inequality]] in probability and statistics
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| * [[Chebyshev's sum inequality]]
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| * [[Chebyshev equation]]
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| * [[Chebyshev linkage]], a straight line generating [[linkage (mechanical)|linkages]]
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| * [[Roberts–Chebyshev theorem]] on the generation of cognate coupler-curves.
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| * [[Chebyshev–Markov–Stieltjes inequalities]]
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| * [[Chebychev–Grübler–Kutzbach criterion]] for the mobility analysis of [[linkage (mechanical)|linkages]]
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| * [[Chebyshev nodes]]
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| * [[Chebyshev rational functions]]
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| * [[Chebyshev's bias]]
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| * [[Discrete Chebyshev polynomials]]
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| * [[Chebyshev integral]]
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| == References ==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| == External links ==
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| * [http://tcheb.ru Mechanisms by Chebyshev] – short 3d films – embodiment of Tchebishev's inventions
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| * {{MathGenealogy |id=12542}}
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| * {{MacTutor Biography|id=Chebyshev}}
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| * {{Worldcat id|lccn-n85-344734}}
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| * [http://www.bashedu.ru/konkurs/tarhov/russian/chebish.htm Biography], [http://www.mathsoc.spb.ru/pantheon/chebyshe/b-e.html another one], and [http://www.univer.omsk.su/omsk/Edu/Math/chchebishev.htm yet another] (all in [[Russian language|Russian]]).
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| * [http://www.archive.org/details/oeuvresdepltche02chebrich ''Œuvres de P.L. Tchebychef''] (in [[French language|French]])
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| {{Persondata
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| | NAME = Chebyshev, Pafnuty
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| | ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Tchebysheff, Pafnufty
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| | SHORT DESCRIPTION = Russian mathematician
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| | DATE OF BIRTH = May 26, 1821 (O.S. May 14, 1821)
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| | PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Borovsk]], [[Province of Kaluga]], [[Russia]]
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| | DATE OF DEATH = December 8, 1894 (O.S. November 26, 1894)
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| | PLACE OF DEATH = [[St. Petersburg, Russia]]
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| }}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Chebyshev, Pafnuty Lvovich}}
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| [[Category:1821 births]]
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| [[Category:1894 deaths]]
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| [[Category:19th-century Russian mathematicians]]
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| [[Category:Probability theorists]]
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| [[Category:Imperial Russian inventors]]
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| [[Category:Number theorists]]
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| [[Category:Numerical analysts]]
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| [[Category:Ballistics experts]]
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| [[Category:Imperial Russian statisticians]]
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| [[Category:Moscow State University alumni]]
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| [[Category:Full Members of the St Petersburg Academy of Sciences]]
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| [[Category:Members of the French Academy of Sciences]]
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| [[Category:Demidov Prize laureates]]
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| [[Category:Foreign Members of the Royal Society]]
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| [[Category:People from Kaluga Oblast]]
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"Why does my computer keep freezing up?" I was asked by a great deal of folks the cause of their pc freeze issues. And I am fed up with spending much time in answering the query time and time again. This article is to tell you the real cause of your PC Freezes.
Registry is not equally important to rapid computer boot up, however, also important to the performance of the computer. If you have a registry error, we can face blue screen, freezing or even crash. It's necessary to regularly clean up the invalid, lost, junk registry keys to keep the computer healthy and running quick.
H/w connected error handling - whenever hardware causes BSOD installing newest fixes for the hardware and/ or motherboard will aid. You can also add fresh hardware which is compatible with the system.
Registry products have been designed for 1 purpose - to wash out the 'registry'. This is the central database that Windows relies on to function. Without this database, Windows wouldn't even exist. It's thus important, that the computer is continually adding plus updating the files inside it, even if you're browsing the Internet (like now). This really is excellent, but the difficulties occur whenever several of those files become corrupt or lost. This occurs a lot, plus it takes a wise tool to fix it.
Use a fix it utilities. This will look a Windows registry for 3 kinds of keys which really can hurt PC performance. These are: duplicate, lost, plus corrupted.
Active X controls are utilized across the whole spectrum of computer plus internet technologies. These controls are called the building blocks of the internet plus as the glue which puts it all together. It is a standard which is chosen by all programmers to make the internet more useful and interactive. Without these control specifications there would basically be no public web.
Your registry is the region all a significant configurations for hardware, software and consumer profile configurations plus needs are stored. Every time one of these factors is changed, the database then starts to expand. Over time, the registry may become bloated with unnecessary files. This causes a general slow down however in extreme instances can result important tasks plus programs to stop working all together.
By changing the technique we use the web you can have access more of your valuable bandwidth. This will eventually give you a quicker surfing experience. Here is a link to 3 techniques to personalize the PC speed online.