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| {{correct title|ſ}}
| | If you require to accelerate a PC then you have come to the right region. I will show we, right now, five fast ways to drastically enhance your computer's performance.<br><br>Install an anti-virus software. If you already have that on you computer then carry out a full system scan. If it finds any viruses found on the computer, delete those. Viruses invade the computer and create it slower. To safeguard the computer from many viruses, it is very greater to keep the anti-virus software running whenever you use the web. You might equally fix the security settings of your internet browser. It may block unknown and risky sites and block off any spyware or malware trying to get into the computer.<br><br>Over time your disk will furthermore receive fragmented. Fragmentation causes the computer to slow down considering it takes windows much longer to locate a files place. Fortunately, the PC has a built inside disk defragmenter. You are able to run this system by clicking "Start" - "All Programs" - "Accessories" - "System Tools" - "Disk Defragmenter". We will have the option to choose which forces or partition you need to defragment. This action will take you some time thus it really is advised to do this on a regular basis thus as to avoid further fragmentation and to accelerate your windows XP computer.<br><br>It is normal which the imm32.dll error is caused as a result of a mis-deletion activity. If you cannot find the imm32.dll anywhere on a computer, there is no question which it should be mis-deleted when uninstalling programs or different unneeded files. Hence, we can straight deal it from additional programs or download it from a secure web and then put it on your computer.<br><br>After which, I equally bought the Regtool [http://bestregistrycleanerfix.com/system-mechanic system mechanic professional] Software, and it further secure my computer having system crashes. All my registry difficulties are fixed, and I will function peacefully.<br><br>The program is designed plus built for the purpose of helping you accomplish jobs and not be pestered by windows XP error messages. When there are errors, what do we do? Some people pull their hair plus cry, whilst those sane ones have their PC repaired, while those truly wise ones research to have the errors fixed themselves. No, these errors were not moreover tailored to rob you off your money plus time. There are aspects to do to really prevent this from happening.<br><br>Your disk requirements room inside purchase to run smoothly. By freeing up some space from a disk, you are capable to accelerate a PC a bit. Delete all file in the temporary internet files folder, recycle bin, clear shortcuts and icons from a desktop that we never utilize plus remove programs we do not use.<br><br>There is a lot a advantageous registry cleaner could do for a computer. It will check for and download updates for Windows, Java plus Adobe. Keeping changes present is an significant part of good computer health. It may furthermore protect the personal and company privacy and your online security. |
| {{Distinguish2 | the letter "ʃ" ([[Esh (letter)|Esh]])}}
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| [[File:Long-s-US-Bill-of-Rights.jpg|thumb|250px|An italicized long ''s'' used in the word "Congress" in the [[United States Bill of Rights]] ]]
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| The '''long''', '''medial''', or '''descending''' '''s''' ('''ſ''') is a form of the [[Lower case|minuscule]] letter ''[[s]]'', which was formerly used where ''s'' occurred in the middle or at the beginning of a word (e.g "ſinfulneſs" "sinfulness"). The modern [[letterform]] was called the ''terminal'', ''round'', or ''short'' s.
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| ==History==
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| [[File:Old Roman Cursive S.png|thumb|100px|left|The medial 's' in Old Roman cursive]]
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| [[File:Milton paradise.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Title page]] of [[John Milton]]'s ''[[Paradise Lost]]'', featuring an "ſt" [[ligature (typography)|ligature]]]]
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| [[File:5th6thEdition.jpeg|thumb|5th edition of ''[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]'', 1817, top, compared to the 6th edition of 1823; the only change was the removal of the long s from the font]]
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| The long ''s'' was derived from the old [[Roman cursive]] medial ''s''. When the distinction between [[majuscule]] (uppercase) and [[Letter case|minuscule]] (lowercase) letter forms became established, [[Carolingian miniscule|toward the end of the eighth century]], it developed a more vertical form.<ref name = "A Ox">{{Citation | first = Lyn | last = Davies | title = A is for Ox | place = London | year = 2006 | publisher = Folio Society}}.</ref> During this period, it was occasionally used at the end of a word, a practice that quickly died but that was occasionally revived in [[Italy|Italian]] [[printing]] between about 1465 and 1480. Thus, the general rule that the long 's' "''never'' occurred at the end of a word" is not strictly correct, although the exceptions are rare and archaic. The double s in the middle of a word was often written with a long s and a short s, as in Miſsiſsippi.<ref>Look at this map from 1800. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/LowsUSAmap_1.jpeg</ref> In German [[Blackletter|blackletter]], the rules are more complicated: short ''s'' also appears at the end of each component within a compound word.
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| The long ''s'' is often confused with the minuscule ''[[F|f]]'', sometimes even having an ''f''-like nub at its middle, but on the left side only, in various [[Roman type|Roman]] [[typeface]]s and in blackletter. There was no nub in its [[Italics|italic]] typeform, which gave the stroke a [[descender]] that curled to the left and which is not possible without [[kerning]] in the other typeforms mentioned. For this reason, the short ''s'' was also normally used in combination with ''f'': for example, in "ſatisfaction".
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| The nub acquired its form in the blackletter style of writing. What looks like one stroke was actually a wedge pointing downward. The wedge's widest part was at that height ([[x-height]]), and capped by a second stroke that formed an [[Ascender (typography)|ascender]] that curled to the right. Those styles of writing and their derivatives in type design had a cross-bar at the height of the nub for letters ''f'' and ''t'', as well as for ''k''. In Roman type, except for the cross bar on medial ''s'', all other cross bars disappeared.
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| The long ''s'' was used in [[ligature (typography)|ligatures]] in various languages. Three examples were for ''si'', ''ss'', and ''st'', besides the [[German alphabet|German]] letter ''[[ß]]''.
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| The long ''s'' fell out of use in Roman and italic typefaces well before the middle of the 19th century. In Spain, the change was mainly accomplished between the years 1760 and 1766; in France, the change occurred between 1782 and 1793; in Britain and in the United States, between 1795 and 1810. For example, in Spain, the multi-volume work, ''España Sagrada'', made the switch with volume 16 (1762); [[The Times]] of London made the switch with its issue of September 10, 1803; and in the United States, [[Act of Congress|acts of Congress]] were published with the long ''s'' throughout 1803, switching to the short ''s'' in 1804. But the statutes of Britain's colony, Nova Scotia, used the long ''s'' as late as 1816, and [[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]'s 5th edition, completed in 1817, was the last edition to use the long s.<ref>{{Citation | title = Encyclopedia Britannica | edition = 5h | year = 1817}}.</ref> (Britannica's 6th edition, of 1823, used the modern s). In the U.S., another late use of the long ''s'' was in [[Low's Encyclopaedia]] which was published between 1805 and 1811. Its reprint in 1816 was one of the last such uses in America.
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| This change may have been spurred by the fact that long ''s'' looks somewhat like an ''f'' (in both its Roman and italic forms), whereas short ''s'' did not have this disadvantage, making it easier to identify, especially for people with visual problems.
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| Despite its disappearance from printed works, the long ''s'' in England survived in handwriting into the 1860s. The long ''s'' survives in [[Fraktur (script)|Fraktur]] typefaces.
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| When a font containing the long ''s'' is used, German typographic rules require the common ''s'' to be used when it occurs singly at the end of a syllable, while the long ''s'' is used at the beginning of a syllable (more detailed rules are given for other cases).
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| Greek [[Sigma (letter)|sigma]] also features an initial/medial σ and a final ς, which may have supported the idea of such specialized ''s'' forms. In Renaissance Europe a significant fraction of the literate class was familiar with Ancient Greek.
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| The present-day German letter ''[[ß]]'' (''das Eszett'' "''the ess-zed''", or ''scharfes-ess'' "the sharp S"; also used in [[Low German]] and historical [[Upper Sorbian language|Upper Sorbian]] orthographies) is considered to have originated in a [[ligature (typography)|ligature]] of ''ſz'' (which is supported by the fact that the second part of the ''ß'' [[glyph]] usually resembles a [[Fraktur]] ''z''), or ''ſs'' (see [[ß]] for more), or some [[Tironian note]]s.<ref>{{Citation | first = Max | last = Bollwage | language = German | contribution = Ist das Eszett ein lateinischer Gastarbeiter? | title = Gutenberg-Jahrbuch | trans_title = Gutenberg yearbook | year = 1999 | place = Mainz, [[Germany | DE]] | ISBN = 3-7755-1999-8 | pages = 35–41}}. Cited and discussed in {{Citation | language = German | first = Uta | last = Stötzner | title = Die Geschichte des versalen Eszetts | journal = Signa | volume = 9 | pages = 21–22 | publisher = Grimma | place = DE | year = 2006 | ISBN = 3-933629-17-9}}.</ref>
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| Some old orthographic systems of Slavonic and Baltic languages used ''ſ'' and ''s'' as two separate letters with different phonetic values. For example, the [[Bohorič alphabet]] of the [[Slovene Language|Slovene language]] included ſ /s/, s /z/, ſh /ʃ/, sh /ʒ/. In the original version of the alphabet, magiscule ''S'' was shared by both letters; later a modified character ''Ş'' became counterpart of ''ſ''.
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| Also, some Latin alphabets devised in the 1920s for some [[Languages of the Caucasus|Caucasian languages]] used the ''ſ'' for some specific sounds.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://std.dkuug.dk/JTC1/SC2/WG2/docs/n4162.pdf | title = Proposal to encode Latin letters used in the Former Soviet Union (in Unicode) | publisher = DK UUG | format = [[PDF]] | place = [[Denmark |DK]]}}.</ref> These orthographies were in actual use until 1938.<ref>{{Citation | first = Andreas | last = Frings | title = Sowjetische Schriftpolitik zwischen 1917 und 1941 – eine handlungstheoretische Analyse | trans_title = Soviet scripts politics between 1917 and 1941 — an action‐theoretical analysis | place = Stuttgart, DE | language = Germany | year = 2007 | ISBN = 978-3-515-08887-9}}.</ref> Some of these had developed a capital form which roughly resembles a smoothed variant of the letter {{unichar|0295|LATIN LETTER PHARYNGEAL VOICED FRICATIVE}}.
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| [[File:Udin latin alphabet-1934.jpeg|thumb|250px|[[Udi language |Udi]] alphabet table from a 1934 book, showing a capital long s near the end of the 3<sup>rd</sup> column]]
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| ==Modern usage==
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| [[File:CycleDesign Kopie.jpg|thumb|250px|Long ''s'' in [[Berlin]], 2002]] | |
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| In Unicode:
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| {{charmap|17f|name1=Latin small letter long s}}
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| The long ''s'' survives in elongated form, with an italic-styled curled descender, as the [[integral]] symbol {{unicode |∫}} used in [[calculus]]; [[Gottfried Leibniz | Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz]] based the character on the Latin ''summa'' "sum", which he wrote ''ſumma''. This use first appeared publicly in his paper ''De Geometria'', published in ''[[Acta Eruditorum]]'' of June 1686,<ref>{{Citation | title = Mathematics and its History | first = John | last = Stillwell | publisher = Springer | year = 1989 | page = 110}}.</ref> but he had been using it in private manuscripts at least since 1675.<ref>{{Citation | title = Early Mathematical Manuscripts of Leibniz | first = JM | last = Child | publisher = Open Court | year = 1920 | pages = 73–74, 80}}.</ref> The following represents the integral of a function of ''x'' over the interval [''a'',''b'']:
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| :<math>\int\limits_a^b f(x)\;\mathrm{d}x</math>
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| In linguistics, similar character ({{IPA|ʃ}}, called "[[Esh (letter)|esh]]"), is used in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]], in which it represents the [[voiceless postalveolar fricative]], the first sound in the English word ''shun''.
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| In Scandinavian and German-speaking countries, relics of the long ''s'' continue to be seen in signs and logos that use various forms of [[Fraktur (script)|fraktur]] typefaces. Examples include the logos of the Norwegian newspapers ''[[Aftenposten|Aftenpoſten]]'' and ''[[Adresseavisen|Adresſeaviſen]]''; the packaging logo for Finnish ''[[Sisu (candy)|Siſu]]'' pastilles; and the [[Jägermeister|Jägermeiſter]] logo.
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| ==Shilling mark==
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| Another survival of the long ''s'' was the abbreviation used in British English for ''[[Shilling|shilling]]'', as in "5∕–", where the shilling mark "∕" stood in for the long ''s'', which had been long forgotten by all but antiquarians.<ref>{{cite book | last = Fowler | first= Francis George| title= The concise Oxford dictionary of current English| page = 829 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=p35JAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA829&dq="long+s"+shilling}}</ref>
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| ==Humor==
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| The similarity between the printed long ''s'' (''ſ'') and ''f'' and modern-day unfamiliarity with the former letter-form has been the subject of much humour based on the intentional misreading of ''s'' as ''f'', e.g. pronouncing ''[[Greensleeves]]'' as ''Greenfleeves'' and ''song'' as ''fong'' in a [[Flanders and Swann]] monologue<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beachmedia.com/gorbuduc.html| publisher = Beach media | title= The Greensleeves Monologue Annotated}}</ref> or mispronouncing "pursuit of happiness" as "purfuit of happinefs", as Benjamin Franklin did in [[Stan Freberg]]'s skit, "The Declaration of Independence, or, A Man Can't Be Too Careful What He Signs These Days" from ''[[Stan Freberg Presents the United States of America Volume One: The Early Years|Stan Freberg Presents the United States of America, Volume One]]''.
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| ==See also==
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| *[[ß]] (Eszett)
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| *[[Esh (letter)]]
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| *[[Integral sign]]
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| *[[R rotunda]]
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| ==Notes==
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| {{Reflist |64em}}
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| ==External links==
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| {{Wiktionary}}
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| {{Commons|Langes s}}
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| *{{Citation | url = http://typefoundry.blogspot.com/2008/01/long-s.html | first = James | last = Mosley | contribution = Long s | title = Type foundry | type = blog | format = Blogspot | publisher = Google |date=Jan 2008}}.
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| *{{Citation | url = http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a1_110.html | title = Classics | publisher = The Straight Dope | contribution = Long ''s''}}.
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| *{{Citation | first = Andrew | last = West | author-link = Andrew West |date=Jun 2006 | title = Babelstone | publisher = Google | type = blog | url = http://babelstone.blogspot.com/2006/06/rules-for-long-s.html | contribution = The Rules for Long S}}.
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| *{{Citation | first = Andrew | last = West | author-link = Andrew West |date=Jun 2006 | title = Babelstone | publisher = Google | type = blog | url = http://babelstone.blogspot.com/2006/07/long-and-short-of-letter-s.html | contribution = The Long and the Short of the Letter S | author-mask = 3}}.
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| *{{Citation | url = http://www.unknown.nu/misc/declaration | title = The American Declaration of Independence with long s | publisher = Unknown | place = NU}}.
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| {{Latin alphabet}}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:S - Long}}
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| [[Category:History of the English language]]
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| [[Category:Typography]]
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| [[Category:Palaeographic letter variants]]
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| [[Category:Uncommon Latin letters]]
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| {{Link GA|de}}
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If you require to accelerate a PC then you have come to the right region. I will show we, right now, five fast ways to drastically enhance your computer's performance.
Install an anti-virus software. If you already have that on you computer then carry out a full system scan. If it finds any viruses found on the computer, delete those. Viruses invade the computer and create it slower. To safeguard the computer from many viruses, it is very greater to keep the anti-virus software running whenever you use the web. You might equally fix the security settings of your internet browser. It may block unknown and risky sites and block off any spyware or malware trying to get into the computer.
Over time your disk will furthermore receive fragmented. Fragmentation causes the computer to slow down considering it takes windows much longer to locate a files place. Fortunately, the PC has a built inside disk defragmenter. You are able to run this system by clicking "Start" - "All Programs" - "Accessories" - "System Tools" - "Disk Defragmenter". We will have the option to choose which forces or partition you need to defragment. This action will take you some time thus it really is advised to do this on a regular basis thus as to avoid further fragmentation and to accelerate your windows XP computer.
It is normal which the imm32.dll error is caused as a result of a mis-deletion activity. If you cannot find the imm32.dll anywhere on a computer, there is no question which it should be mis-deleted when uninstalling programs or different unneeded files. Hence, we can straight deal it from additional programs or download it from a secure web and then put it on your computer.
After which, I equally bought the Regtool system mechanic professional Software, and it further secure my computer having system crashes. All my registry difficulties are fixed, and I will function peacefully.
The program is designed plus built for the purpose of helping you accomplish jobs and not be pestered by windows XP error messages. When there are errors, what do we do? Some people pull their hair plus cry, whilst those sane ones have their PC repaired, while those truly wise ones research to have the errors fixed themselves. No, these errors were not moreover tailored to rob you off your money plus time. There are aspects to do to really prevent this from happening.
Your disk requirements room inside purchase to run smoothly. By freeing up some space from a disk, you are capable to accelerate a PC a bit. Delete all file in the temporary internet files folder, recycle bin, clear shortcuts and icons from a desktop that we never utilize plus remove programs we do not use.
There is a lot a advantageous registry cleaner could do for a computer. It will check for and download updates for Windows, Java plus Adobe. Keeping changes present is an significant part of good computer health. It may furthermore protect the personal and company privacy and your online security.