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| {{distinguish|Fluorescence}}
| | If you like to learn how here's the facts. I was about 56 kgs when I got married. Next the upcoming 3 years saw my husband and me getting comfortable with each additional. I gained two kgs each year.<br><br>The average petite proportion for petite size outfits females caters for those under 5 foot plus 4 inches. They have somewhat less broad shoulders and 1 to 1 / 2 inch less wide within the misses' size for the bust, waist and hips measurements. Petite clothes for ladies have the sleeves plus pant length usually half to an inch shorter whilst pant's inseam and skirt length two to 3 inches smaller.<br><br>WHR is waist to height ratio assessed at home with a measuring tape. Divide waist circumference by the cool circumference. A ratio of .83 or less for guys and .71 or less for ladies is considered low risk (age 20-29).<br><br>So what exactly is the value of the BMI? On an individual level, completely none. It is a statistical tool that only holds a small value and that is for use over a big population, so that the heavily muscled athletes with BMIs of 28+ are averaged out by the skinny fat individuals that have the aforementioned BMIs of 18-25 with body fat percentages of 25%. If fat is what you're concerned about, I have the most perfect answer for you. Cut off a leg. You simply lost a advantageous 1/5 of your body weight. Are you happy? Most of the time, weight loss attempts outcome in a smaller variation of the same body, twenty pounds lighter, but nevertheless lookin like a pear.<br><br>The chart given earlier was for guys above the age of 20 and below the age of 60. However, men above the age of 50 could create a note of the fact which, irrespective of your body frame sort, it really is significant for you to reduce found on the fat element of the weight. This can help in protecting we from age-related fat disorders, heart ailments and different wellness issues. The BMI (Body Mass Index) is a wise technique of finding out what the ideal fat range is, or should be. A BMI range of 19 to 25 is considered to be healthy. Anything above 25 would put you in the obese category.<br><br>Your risk of getting a stroke in the next ten years can be estimated based on your gender, blood pressure, smoking status plus in the event you have diabetes.<br><br>Your perfect waist size will be between 45%-47% of the height. In other words, when you're 70 inches tall you're perfect waist is between 31.5 - 33 inches.<br><br>Percentage body fat is anything which is performed at the physicians or by experts inside the region. It is done by measuring fat beneath folds of skin. Usually at the waist, hips and thighs. This can not be actually accurate as folks age because the fat distribution in the body changes as you receive older. Its more exact for people beneath 40 especially but it still works OK till age of 55. The accuracy starts to decrease from the age of 40 onwards.<br><br>If you have any concerns regarding the place and how to use [http://safedietplansforwomen.com/waist-to-height-ratio waist height ratio], you can contact us at the web-site. |
| [[File:Chemoluminescent reaction.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A chemoluminescent reaction carried out in an [[erlenmeyer flask]] producing a large amount of light]]
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| '''Chemiluminescence''' (sometimes "'''chemoluminescence'''") is the emission of light ([[luminescence]]), as the result of a chemical reaction. There may also be limited emission of heat. Given [[reactants]] '''A''' and '''B''', with an excited [[reactive intermediate|intermediate]] '''◊''', | |
| :['''A'''] + ['''B'''] → ['''◊'''] → [''Products''] + [[light]]
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| For example, if [A] is [[luminol]] and [B] is [[hydrogen peroxide]] in the presence of a suitable catalyst we have:
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| :luminol + hydrogen peroxide → 3-APA['''◊'''] → 3-APA + light
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| where:
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| * where 3-APA is [[3-aminophthalate]]
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| * 3-APA['''◊'''] is the [[vibronic spectroscopy|vibronic]] excited state fluorescing as it decays to a lower energy level.
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| The decay of this excited state['''◊'''] to a lower energy level causes light emission. In theory, one photon of light should be given off for each molecule of reactant. This is equivalent to [[Avogadro constant|Avogadro's number]] of photons per mole of reactant. In actual practice, non-enzymatic reactions seldom exceed 1% Q<sub>C</sub>, [[quantum efficiency]].
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| In a chemical reaction, reactants collide to form a [[transition state]], the [[Enthalpy|enthalpic]] maximum in a reaction coordinate diagram, which proceeds to the product. Normally, reactants form products of lesser chemical energy. The difference in energy between reactants and products, represented as <math>\Delta H_{rxn}</math>, is turned into heat, physically realized as excitations in the [[Molecular vibration|vibrational state]] of the normal modes of the product. Since vibrational energy is generally much greater than the thermal agitation, it rapidly disperses in the solvent through molecular rotation. This is how [[exothermic]] reactions make their solutions hotter. In a chemiluminescent reaction, the direct product of a reaction is an excited [[electronic state]], which then decays into an electronic ground state through either [[fluorescence]] or [[phosphorescence]], depending partly on the [[Spin (physics)|spin state]] of the electronic excited state formed.
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| Chemiluminescence differs from [[fluorescence]] in that the electronic excited state is derived from the product of a chemical reaction rather than the more typical way of creating electronic excited states, namely [[absorption (electromagnetic radiation)|absorption]]. It is the antithesis of a [[photochemical]] reaction, in which light is used to drive an endothermic chemical reaction. Here, light is ''generated'' from a chemically exothermic reaction.
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| A standard example of chemiluminescence in the laboratory setting is the [[luminol]] test. Here, [[blood]] is indicated by [[luminescence]] upon contact with [[iron]] in hemoglobin. When chemiluminescence takes place in living organisms, the phenomenon is called [[bioluminescence]]. A [[light stick]] emits light by chemiluminescence.
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| ==Liquid-phase reactions==
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| *[[Luminol]] in an alkaline solution with [[hydrogen peroxide]] in the presence of iron or copper,<ref name=luminol1>{{cite web | title=Luminol chemistry laboratory demonstration | url=http://www.3rd1000.com/labs/lumine.htm | accessdate=2006-03-29}}</ref> or an auxiliary oxidant,<ref name=luminol2>{{cite web | title=Investigating luminol | work=Salters Advanced Chemistry | url=http://web.archive.org/web/20040920053056/http://www.york.ac.uk/org/seg/salters/chemistry/ResourceSheets/luminol.PDF | format=PDF | accessdate=2006-03-29}}</ref> produces chemiluminescence. The luminol reaction is
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| '''
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| :luminol + H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> → 3-APA['''◊'''] → 3-APA + light
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| == Gas-phase reactions ==
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| [[Image:Knicklichter.jpg|thumb|Green and blue [[glowstick]]s.]]
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| * One of the oldest known chemoluminescent reactions is that of elemental white [[phosphorus]] oxidizing in moist air, producing a green glow. This is a gas-phase reaction of phosphorus vapor, above the solid, with oxygen producing the excited states (PO)<sub>2</sub> and HPO.<ref name=Rauhut>Rauhut, Michael M. (1985), Chemiluminescence. In Grayson, Martin (Ed) (1985). ''Kirk-Othmer Concise Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology'' (3rd ed), pp 247 John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 0-471-51700-3</ref>
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| * Another gas phase reaction is the basis of [[nitric oxide]] detection in commercial analytic instruments applied to environmental air-quality testing. [[Ozone]] is combined with nitric oxide to form nitrogen dioxide in an activated state.
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| :NO+O<sub>3</sub> → NO<sub>2</sub>['''◊''']+ O<sub>2</sub>
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| :The activated NO<sub>2</sub>['''◊'''] luminesces broadband visible to infrared light as it reverts to a lower energy state. A [[photomultiplier]] and associated electronics counts the photons that are proportional to the amount of NO present. To determine the amount of [[nitrogen dioxide]], NO<sub>2</sub>, in a sample (containing no NO) it must first be converted to nitric oxide, NO, by passing the sample through a converter before the above ozone activation reaction is applied. The ozone reaction produces a photon count proportional to NO that is proportional to NO<sub>2</sub> before it was converted to NO. In the case of a mixed sample that contains both NO and NO<sub>2</sub>, the above reaction yields the amount of NO and NO<sub>2</sub> combined in the air sample, assuming that the sample is passed through the converter. If the mixed sample is not passed through the converter, the ozone reaction produces activated NO<sub>2</sub>['''◊'''] only in proportion to the NO in the sample. The NO<sub>2</sub> in the sample is not activated by the ozone reaction. Though unactivated NO<sub>2</sub> is present with the activated NO<sub>2</sub>['''◊'''], photons are emitted only by the activated species that is proportional to original NO. Final step: Subtract NO from (NO + NO<sub>2</sub>) to yield NO<sub>2</sub><ref>[http://www.fannation.com/blogs/post/300795 Air Zoom | Glowing with Pride]. Fannation.com. Retrieved on 2011-11-22.</ref>
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| == Enhanced chemiluminescence ==<!-- This section is linked from [[Enhanced chemiluminescence]] -->
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| Enhanced chemiluminescence is a common technique for a variety of detection assays in biology. A [[horseradish peroxidase]] enzyme (HRP) is tethered to an antibody that specifically recognizes the molecule of interest. This enzyme complex then catalyzes the conversion of the enhanced chemiluminescent substrate into a sensitized reagent in the vicinity of the molecule of interest, which on further [[oxidation]] by [[hydrogen peroxide]], produces a triplet (excited) [[carbonyl]], which emits light when it decays to the singlet carbonyl. Enhanced chemiluminescence allows detection of minute quantities of a biomolecule. Proteins can be detected down to femtomole quantities,<ref>[http://www.biocompare.com/review/887/SuperSignal(r)-West-Femto-Maximum-Sensitivity-Substrate-From-Pierce.html Enhanced CL review]. Biocompare.com (2007-06-04). Retrieved on 2011-11-22.</ref> well below the detection limit for most assay systems.
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| == Applications ==
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| * Gas analysis: for determining small amounts of impurities or poisons in air. Other compounds can also be determined by this method ([[ozone]], N-oxides, S-compounds). A typical example is NO determination with detection limits down to 1 ppb
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| * Analysis of inorganic species in liquid phase
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| * Analysis of organic species: useful with [[enzyme]]s, where the substrate is not directly involved in chemiluminescence reaction, but the product is
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| * Detection and assay of biomolecules in systems such as [[ELISA]] and [[Western blot]]s
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| * [[DNA sequencing]] using [[pyrosequencing]]
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| * Lighting objects. [[Kite types|Chemiluminescence kites]],<ref>Kinn, John J "Chemiluminescent kite" {{US patent|4715564}}issued 12/29/1987</ref> emergency lighting, glow sticks (party decorations).
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| * Combustion analysis: Certain radical species (such as CH* and OH*) give off radiation at specific wavelengths. The heat release rate is calculated by measuring the amount of light radiated from a flame at those wavelengths. [http://soliton.ae.gatech.edu/people/jseitzma/AIAA-2008-0953.pdf '''Chemiluminescence as a Combustion Diagnostic''']<ref>Venkata Nori and Jerry Seitzman - AIAA - 2008</ref>
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| * Children's toys
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| ==Biological Applications==
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| Biological Applications
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| *Chemiluminescence has been applied by forensic scientists to solve crimes. In this case, they use luminol and hydrogen peroxide. The iron from the blood acts as a catalyst and reacts with the luminol and hydrogen peroxide to produce blue light for about 30 seconds. Because only a small amount of iron is required for chemiluminescence, even the most trace amounts of blood can be observed.
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| *In cancer research, the gene that gives fireflies it glows along with the protein luciferin is used to test the effectiveness of cancer drugs that choke of a tumor’s blood supply. This form of bioluminescence imaging allows scientists to test drugs in the pre-clinical stages cheaply.
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| *Also, scientist have been investigating aequorin, a protein found in certain jellyfish, which produces blue light in the presence of calcium). It can be used in molecular biology to assess calcium levels in cells.
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| *What these biological reactions have in common is their use of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) as an energy source. Though the structure of the molecules that produce luminescence is different for each species, they are given the generic name of luciferin.
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| *One example is fireflies’ luciferin can be oxidized, as demonstrated by the diagram to produce an excited complex. Once it falls back down to a ground state a photon is released. It is very similar to the reaction with luminol.
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| *Luciferase = Luciferin + O2 → Oxyluciferin + Light
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| *Many organisms have evolved to produce light. Some vary in color. At the molecular level, the difference in color arises from the degree of conjugation of the molecule, when an electron drops down from the excited state to the ground state. Deep sea organisms have evolved to produce light lure and catch prey, as camouflage or attract others. Some bacteria even use bioluminescence to communicate. The common color for the light emitted by these animals are blue and green because they have shorter wavelength than red and can transmit more easily in water.
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| Notice that chemiluminescence is different from [[fluorescence]]. Hence the application of fluorescent proteins such as [[Green fluorescent protein]] can not be attributed to the biological applications of chemiluminescence.
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| ==See also==
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| * [[Eclox]]
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| * [[Electrochemiluminescence]]
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| * [[Lyoluminescence]]
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| * [[Will-o'-the-wisp]]
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| == References ==
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| {{reflist}}
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| {{Artificial light sources}}
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| [[Category:Luminescence]]
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| [[Category:Spectroscopy]]
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If you like to learn how here's the facts. I was about 56 kgs when I got married. Next the upcoming 3 years saw my husband and me getting comfortable with each additional. I gained two kgs each year.
The average petite proportion for petite size outfits females caters for those under 5 foot plus 4 inches. They have somewhat less broad shoulders and 1 to 1 / 2 inch less wide within the misses' size for the bust, waist and hips measurements. Petite clothes for ladies have the sleeves plus pant length usually half to an inch shorter whilst pant's inseam and skirt length two to 3 inches smaller.
WHR is waist to height ratio assessed at home with a measuring tape. Divide waist circumference by the cool circumference. A ratio of .83 or less for guys and .71 or less for ladies is considered low risk (age 20-29).
So what exactly is the value of the BMI? On an individual level, completely none. It is a statistical tool that only holds a small value and that is for use over a big population, so that the heavily muscled athletes with BMIs of 28+ are averaged out by the skinny fat individuals that have the aforementioned BMIs of 18-25 with body fat percentages of 25%. If fat is what you're concerned about, I have the most perfect answer for you. Cut off a leg. You simply lost a advantageous 1/5 of your body weight. Are you happy? Most of the time, weight loss attempts outcome in a smaller variation of the same body, twenty pounds lighter, but nevertheless lookin like a pear.
The chart given earlier was for guys above the age of 20 and below the age of 60. However, men above the age of 50 could create a note of the fact which, irrespective of your body frame sort, it really is significant for you to reduce found on the fat element of the weight. This can help in protecting we from age-related fat disorders, heart ailments and different wellness issues. The BMI (Body Mass Index) is a wise technique of finding out what the ideal fat range is, or should be. A BMI range of 19 to 25 is considered to be healthy. Anything above 25 would put you in the obese category.
Your risk of getting a stroke in the next ten years can be estimated based on your gender, blood pressure, smoking status plus in the event you have diabetes.
Your perfect waist size will be between 45%-47% of the height. In other words, when you're 70 inches tall you're perfect waist is between 31.5 - 33 inches.
Percentage body fat is anything which is performed at the physicians or by experts inside the region. It is done by measuring fat beneath folds of skin. Usually at the waist, hips and thighs. This can not be actually accurate as folks age because the fat distribution in the body changes as you receive older. Its more exact for people beneath 40 especially but it still works OK till age of 55. The accuracy starts to decrease from the age of 40 onwards.
If you have any concerns regarding the place and how to use waist height ratio, you can contact us at the web-site.