|
|
| (One intermediate revision by one other user not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| {{Refimprove|date=March 2013}}
| | Initial scratch . know exactly what all video game world might have. There are horrors to bad in every place and cranny. This guidance post includes advice close to optimizing your gaming a moment with tricks and articles you might not end up aware of. Embark on reading for more important info.<br><br>In the case when as a parent you might be concerned with movie online game content, control what down loadable mods are put on the inside sport. These down loadable mods are usually caused by players, perhaps not the gaming businesses, therefore there's no ranking system. May thought was a considerably un-risky game can switch off all electronics a lot worse offering any of these mods.<br><br>Temperance is essential in most things, and enjoying clash of clans cheats is no dissimilar. Playing for hours on finish is simply not good-for-you, bodily or in your head. There are some games out so there which know this you need to include measures to remind someone to take rests. Consider the initiative yourself, although! Place an alarm so you don't play for minimum an hour right.<br><br>Online are fun, nonetheless they may also be costly. In the event you adored this informative article in addition to you would like to [http://Receive.com/ receive] more info relating to how to hack clash of clans ([http://prometeu.net prometeu.net]) i implore you to check out our own internet site. The costs of gaming and consoles can be more expensive than many people would normally choose those to be, but this may sometimes eliminated.<br><br>Regardless of the reason, computer game power tips are widespread and pass around fairly rapidly over the web. The gaming community is trying to find means to avoid cheaters from overrunning regarding game; having lots of cheaters playing a main game can really cause honest players to quit playing, or play simply with friends they trust. This poses a marvelous problem particularly for reoccuring games for example EverQuest, wherein a loss connected with players ultimately result in a loss of income.<br><br>Make sure that clients build and buy a handful new laboratory so you are able to research improved barbarians. Eventually, in dilemma you take part involving game for most months, you might finally obtain the nirvana of five-star barbarians.<br><br>You'll find it's a nice technique. Breaking the appraisement bottomward into chunks of their time that accomplish university to be able that will help bodies (hour/day/week) causes this item to be accessible time for visualize. Everybody aware what it appears this kind of to accept to reduce a day. It's additionally actual accessible for tune. If your family change your current apperception after and adjudge it one day should size more, all you accusations to complete is change 1 value. |
| [[File:Gimbal 3 axes rotation.gif|thumb|Gimbal with 3 axes of rotation. A set of three gimbals mounted together to allow three degrees of freedom: roll, pitch and yaw. When two gimbals rotate around the same axis, the system loses one degree of freedom.]]
| |
| [[File:Gimbal lock still occurs with 4 axis.png|thumb|Adding a fourth rotational axis can solve the problem of gimbal lock, but it requires the outermost ring to be actively driven so that it stays 90 degrees out of alignment with the innermost axis (the flywheel shaft). Without active driving of the outermost ring, all four axes can become aligned in a plane as shown above, again leading to gimbal lock and inability to roll.]]
| |
| | |
| '''Gimbal lock''' is the loss of one [[degree of freedom (mechanics)|degree of freedom]] in a three-dimensional, three-[[gimbal]] mechanism that occurs when the axes of two of the three gimbals are driven into a parallel configuration, "locking" the system into [[rotation]] in a degenerate two-dimensional space.
| |
| | |
| The word ''lock'' is misleading: no gimbal is restrained. All three gimbals can still rotate freely about their respective axes of suspension. Nevertheless, because of the parallel orientation of two of the gimbals axes there is no gimbal available to accommodate rotation along one axis.
| |
| | |
| ==Gimbals==
| |
| {{Main|Gimbal}}
| |
| | |
| A gimbal is a ring that is so suspended as to rotate about an axis. Gimbals typically nest one within another to accommodate rotation about multiple axes.
| |
| | |
| They so appear in [[gyroscope]]s and in [[inertial measurement unit]]s as to allow the inner gimbal's orientation to remain fixed while the outer gimbal suspension assumes any orientation. In [[compasses]] and [[flywheel energy storage]] mechanisms they allow objects to remain upright. They are used to orient [[Rocket engine|thrusters]] on rockets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://science.howstuffworks.com/gimbal.htm|title=What is a gimbal -- and what does it have to do with NASA?|author=Jonathan Strickland|year=2008}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| Some [[coordinate system]]s in mathematics behave as if real gimbals were used to measure the angles, notably [[Euler angles]].
| |
| | |
| For cases of three or fewer nested gimbals, gimbal lock inevitably occurs at some point in the system due to properties of [[covering space]]s (described below).
| |
| | |
| ==Gimbal lock in mechanical engineering==
| |
| ===Gimbal lock in two dimensions===
| |
| Gimbal lock can occur in gimbal systems with two degrees of freedom such as a [[theodolite]] with rotations about an [[azimuth]] and elevation in two dimensions. These systems can gimbal lock at [[zenith]] and [[nadir]], because at those points azimuth is not well-defined, and rotation in the azimuth direction does not change the direction the theodolite is pointing.
| |
| | |
| Consider tracking a helicopter flying towards the theodolite from the horizon. The theodolite is a telescope mounted on a tripod so that it can move in azimuth and elevation to track the helicopter. The helicopter flies towards the theodolite and is tracked by the telescope in elevation and azimuth. The helicopter flies immediately above the tripod (i.e. it is at zenith) when it changes direction and flies at 90 degrees to its previous course. The telescope cannot track this maneuver without a discontinuous jump in one or both of the gimbal orientations. There is no continuous motion that allows it to follow the target. It is in gimbal lock. So there is an infinity of directions around zenith that the telescope cannot continuously track all movements of a target.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/aug98/896993617.Eg.r.html |title= Re: What is meant by the term gimbal lock? |author= Adrian Popa |date=Thu Jun 4 10:47:03 1998}}</ref> Note that even if the helicopter does not pass through zenith, but only ''near'' zenith, so that gimbal lock does not occur, the system must still move exceptionally rapidly to track it, as it rapidly passes from one bearing to the other. The closer to zenith the nearest point is, the faster this must be done, and if it actually goes through zenith, the limit of these "increasingly rapid" movements becomes ''infinitely'' fast, namely discontinuous.
| |
| | |
| To recover from gimbal lock the user has to go around the zenith – explicitly: reduce the elevation, change the azimuth to match the azimuth of the target, then change the elevation to match the target.
| |
| | |
| Mathematically, this corresponds to the fact that [[spherical coordinates]] do not define a [[coordinate chart]] on the sphere at zenith and nadir. Alternatively, that the corresponding map ''T''<sup>2</sup>→''S''<sup>2</sup> from the [[torus]] ''T''<sup>2</sup> to the sphere ''S''<sup>2</sup> (given by the point with given azimuth and elevation) is not a [[covering map]] at these points.
| |
| | |
| ===Gimbal lock in three dimensions===
| |
| [[File:Gimbal lock airplane.gif|thumb|Gimbal locked airplane. When the pitch (green) and yaw (magenta) gimbals become aligned, changes to roll (blue) and yaw apply the same rotation to the airplane.]]
| |
| [[Image:no gimbal lock.png|thumb|Normal situation: the three gimbals are independent]]
| |
| [[Image:gimbal lock.png|thumb|Gimbal lock: two out of the three gimbals are in the same plane, one degree of freedom is lost]]
| |
| | |
| Consider a case of a level sensing platform on an aircraft flying due North with its three gimbal axes mutually perpendicular (i.e., [[Roll (flight)|roll]], [[Pitch (aviation)|pitch]] and [[Yaw angle|yaw]] angles each zero). If the aircraft pitches up 90 degrees, the aircraft and platform's Yaw axis gimbal becomes parallel to the Roll axis gimbal, and changes about yaw can no longer be compensated for.
| |
| | |
| ===Solutions===
| |
| This problem may be overcome by use of a fourth gimbal, intelligently driven by a motor so as to maintain a large angle between roll and yaw gimbal axes. Another solution is to rotate one or more of the gimbals to an arbitrary position when gimbal lock is detected and thus reset the device.
| |
| | |
| Modern practice is to avoid the use of gimbals entirely. In the context of [[inertial navigation system]]s, that can be done by mounting the inertial sensors directly to the body of the vehicle (this is called a [[strapdown]] system)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://xenia.media.mit.edu/~verp/projects/smartpen/node8.html#SECTION00322000000000000000|title=Overview of Pen Design and Navigation Background|author=Chris Verplaetse|year=1995}}</ref> and integrating sensed rotation and acceleration digitally using [[quaternion]] methods to derive vehicle orientation and velocity. Another way to replace gimbals is to use fluid bearings or a flotation chamber.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wo.jsp?IA=US2005043537&DISPLAY=DESC|title=Articulated gas bearing support pads|author=Chappell, Charles, D.|year=2006}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| ===Gimbal lock on Apollo 11===
| |
| A well-known gimbal lock incident happened in the [[Apollo 11]] Moon mission. On this spacecraft, a set of gimbals was used on an [[inertial measurement unit]] (IMU). The engineers were aware of the gimbal lock problem but had declined to use a fourth gimbal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/e-1344.htm|title=Apollo Guidance and Navigation - Considerations of Apollo IMU Gimbal Lock - MIT Instrumentation Laboratory Document E-1344|author=David Hoag|year=1963}}</ref> Some of the reasoning behind this decision is apparent from the following quote:
| |
| | |
| {{Quote|"The advantages of the redundant gimbal seem to be outweighed by the equipment simplicity, size advantages, and corresponding implied reliability of the direct three degree of freedom unit."|David Hoag|''Apollo Lunar Surface Journal''}}
| |
| | |
| They preferred an alternate solution using an indicator that would be triggered when near to 85 degrees pitch.
| |
| | |
| {{Quote|"Near that point, in a closed stabilization loop, the torque motors could theoretically be commanded to flip the gimbal 180 degrees instantaneously. Instead, in the [[Apollo Lunar Module|LM]], the computer flashed a 'gimbal lock' warning at 70 degrees and froze the IMU at 85 degrees"|Paul Fjeld|''Apollo Lunar Surface Journal''}}
| |
| | |
| Rather than try to drive the gimbals faster than they could go, the system simply gave up and froze the platform. From this point, the spacecraft would have to be manually moved away from the gimbal lock position, and the platform would have to be manually realigned using the stars as a reference.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/gimbals.html|title=Gimbal Angles, Gimbal Lock, and a Fourth Gimbal for Christmas|author=Eric M. Jones and Paul Fjeld|year=2006}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| After the Lunar Module had landed, [[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Mike Collins]] aboard the Command Module joked "How about sending me a fourth gimbal for Christmas?"
| |
| | |
| ===Robotics===
| |
| [[File:Automation of foundry with robot.jpg|thumb|right|Industrial robot operating in a foundry.]]
| |
| In robotics, gimbal lock is commonly referred to as "wrist flip", due to the use of a "triple-roll wrist" in [[robotic arm]]s, where three axes of the wrist, controlling yaw, pitch, and roll, all pass through a common point.
| |
| | |
| An example of a wrist flip, also called a wrist singularity, is when the path through which the robot is traveling causes the first and third axes of the robot's wrist to line up. The second wrist axis then attempts to spin 180° in zero time to maintain the orientation of the end effector. The result of a singularity can be quite dramatic and can have adverse effects on the robot arm, the end effector, and the process.
| |
| | |
| The importance of non-singularities in robotics has led the American National Standard for Industrial Robots and Robot Systems — Safety Requirements to define it as "a condition caused by the collinear alignment of two or more robot axes resulting in unpredictable robot motion and velocities".<ref>ANSI/RIA R15.06-1999</ref>
| |
| | |
| ==Gimbal lock in applied mathematics==
| |
| {{No footnotes|section|date=July 2013}}
| |
| The problem of gimbal lock appears when one uses [[Euler angles]] in applied mathematics; developers of 3D [[computer program]]s, such as [[3D modeling]], [[inertial guidance system|embedded navigation systems]], and [[video game]]s must take care to avoid it.
| |
| | |
| In formal language, gimbal lock occurs because the map from Euler angles to rotations (topologically, from the 3-torus ''T''<sup>3</sup> to the [[real projective space]] '''RP'''<sup>3</sup>) is not a [[covering map]] – it is not a [[local homeomorphism]] at every point, and thus at some points the [[Rank (differential topology)|rank]] (degrees of freedom) must drop below 3, at which point gimbal lock occurs. Euler angles provide a means for giving a numerical description of any [[rotation]] in three-dimensional space using three numbers, but not only is this description not unique, but there are some points where not every change in the target space (rotations) can be realized by a change in the source space (Euler angles). This is a topological constraint – there is no covering map from the 3-torus to the 3-dimensional real projective space; the only (non-trivial) covering map is from the 3-sphere, as in the use of [[quaternions]].
| |
| | |
| To make a comparison, all the [[translation (geometry)|translations]] can be described using three numbers <math>x</math>, <math>y</math>, and <math>z</math>, as the succession of three consecutive linear movements along three perpendicular axes <math>X</math>, <math>Y</math> and <math>Z</math> axes. That's the same for rotations, all the rotations can be described using three numbers <math>\alpha</math>, <math>\beta</math>, and <math>\gamma</math>, as the succession of three rotational movements around three axes that are perpendicular one to the next. This similarity between linear coordinates and angular coordinates makes Euler angles very [[intuition (knowledge)|intuitive]], but unfortunately they suffer from the gimbal lock problem.
| |
| | |
| ===Loss of a degree of freedom with Euler angles===
| |
| A rotation in 3D space can be represented numerically with [[matrix (mathematics)|matrices]] in several ways. One of these representations is:
| |
| :<math>\begin{align}
| |
| R &= \begin{bmatrix}
| |
| \cos \alpha & -\sin \alpha & 0 \\
| |
| \sin \alpha & \cos \alpha & 0 \\
| |
| 0 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix}
| |
| 1 & 0 & 0 \\
| |
| 0 & \cos \beta & -\sin \beta \\
| |
| 0 & \sin \beta & \cos \beta \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix}
| |
| \cos \gamma & -\sin \gamma & 0 \\
| |
| \sin \gamma & \cos \gamma & 0 \\
| |
| 0 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \end{align}
| |
| </math>
| |
| with <math>\alpha</math> and <math>\gamma</math> constrained in the interval <math>[-\pi, \pi]</math>, and <math>\beta</math> constrained in the interval <math>[0, \pi]</math>.
| |
| | |
| Let's examine for example what happens when <math>\beta = 0</math>. Knowing that <math>\cos\, 0 = 1</math> and <math>\sin \,0 = 0</math>, the above expression becomes equal to:
| |
| :<math>\begin{align}
| |
| R &= \begin{bmatrix}
| |
| \cos \alpha & -\sin \alpha & 0 \\
| |
| \sin \alpha & \cos \alpha & 0 \\
| |
| 0 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix}
| |
| 1 & 0 & 0 \\
| |
| 0 & 1 & 0 \\
| |
| 0 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix}
| |
| \cos \gamma & -\sin \gamma & 0 \\
| |
| \sin \gamma & \cos \gamma & 0 \\
| |
| 0 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \end{align}
| |
| </math>
| |
| | |
| The second matrix is the [[identity matrix]] and has no effect on the product. Carrying out [[matrix multiplication]] of first and third matrices:
| |
| :<math>\begin{align}
| |
| R &= \begin{bmatrix}
| |
| \cos \alpha \cos \gamma -\sin \alpha \sin \gamma & -\cos \alpha \sin \gamma - \sin \alpha \cos \gamma & 0 \\
| |
| \sin \alpha \cos \gamma + \cos \alpha \sin \gamma & -\sin \alpha \sin \gamma + \cos \alpha \cos \gamma & 0 \\
| |
| 0 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \end{align}
| |
| </math> | |
| | |
| And finally using the [[trigonometry formulas#Angle_sum_and_difference_identities|trigonometry formulas]]:
| |
| :<math>\begin{align}
| |
| R &= \begin{bmatrix}
| |
| \cos ( \alpha + \gamma ) & -\sin (\alpha + \gamma) & 0 \\
| |
| \sin ( \alpha + \gamma ) & \cos (\alpha + \gamma) & 0 \\
| |
| 0 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \end{align}
| |
| </math>
| |
| | |
| Changing the values of <math>\alpha</math> and <math>\gamma</math> in the above matrix has the same effects: the rotation angle <math>\alpha + \gamma</math> changes, but the rotation axis remains in the <math>Z</math> direction: the last column and the last row in the matrix won't change. Only one degree of freedom (corresponding to <math>\alpha + \gamma</math>) remains; one other (corresponding to <math>\alpha - \gamma</math>) has been lost (the third degree of freedom corresponding to the choice <math>\beta = 0</math>). The only solution for <math>\alpha</math> and <math>\gamma</math> to recover different roles is to change <math>\beta</math> to some value other than 0. A similar problem appears when <math>\beta = \pi</math>.
| |
| | |
| One can choose another convention for representing a rotation with a matrix using Euler angles than the '''Z-X-Z''' convention above, and also choose other variation intervals for the angles, but in the end there is always at least one value for which a degree of freedom is lost.
| |
| | |
| Note that the gimbal lock problem does not make Euler angles "invalid" (they always serve as a well-defined coordinate system), but it makes them unsuited for some practical applications.
| |
| | |
| ===Alternate orientation representation===
| |
| The cause of gimbal lock is representing an orientation as 3 axial rotations with [[Euler angles]]. A potential solution therefore is to represent the orientation in some other way. This could be as a [[rotation matrix]], a [[rotation formalisms in three dimensions#Quaternions|quaternion]], or a similar orientation representation that treats the orientation as a value rather than 3 separate and related values. Given such a representation, the user stores the orientation as a value. To apply angular changes, the orientation is modified by a delta angle/axis rotation. The resulting orientation must be re-normalized to prevent floating-point error from successive transformations from accumulating. For matrices, re-normalizing the result requires converting the matrix into its [[orthonormal matrix#Nearest_orthogonal_matrix|nearest orthonormal representation]]. For quaternions, re-normalization requires [[unit quaternions|performing quaternion normalization]].
| |
| | |
| ==See also==
| |
| * [[Flight dynamics]]
| |
| * [[Inertial navigation system]]
| |
| * [[Motion planning]]
| |
| * [[Quaternions and spatial rotation]]
| |
| * [[Charts on SO(3)]]
| |
| * [[Grid north]] (equivalent navigational problem on polar expeditions)
| |
| | |
| ==References==
| |
| <references/>
| |
| | |
| ==External links==
| |
| * Euler angles and gimbal lock (video) [http://guerrillacg.org/home/3d-rigging/the-rotation-problem Part 1], [http://guerrillacg.org/home/3d-rigging/euler-rotations-explained Part 2]
| |
| * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rrUCBOlJdt4 Gimble Lock - Explained] at [[YouTube]]
| |
| | |
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Gimbal Lock}}
| |
| [[Category:Rotation in three dimensions]]
| |
| [[Category:Angle]]
| |
| [[Category:Gyroscopes]]
| |
| [[Category:Spaceflight concepts]]
| |
| [[Category:3D computer graphics]]
| |
Initial scratch . know exactly what all video game world might have. There are horrors to bad in every place and cranny. This guidance post includes advice close to optimizing your gaming a moment with tricks and articles you might not end up aware of. Embark on reading for more important info.
In the case when as a parent you might be concerned with movie online game content, control what down loadable mods are put on the inside sport. These down loadable mods are usually caused by players, perhaps not the gaming businesses, therefore there's no ranking system. May thought was a considerably un-risky game can switch off all electronics a lot worse offering any of these mods.
Temperance is essential in most things, and enjoying clash of clans cheats is no dissimilar. Playing for hours on finish is simply not good-for-you, bodily or in your head. There are some games out so there which know this you need to include measures to remind someone to take rests. Consider the initiative yourself, although! Place an alarm so you don't play for minimum an hour right.
Online are fun, nonetheless they may also be costly. In the event you adored this informative article in addition to you would like to receive more info relating to how to hack clash of clans (prometeu.net) i implore you to check out our own internet site. The costs of gaming and consoles can be more expensive than many people would normally choose those to be, but this may sometimes eliminated.
Regardless of the reason, computer game power tips are widespread and pass around fairly rapidly over the web. The gaming community is trying to find means to avoid cheaters from overrunning regarding game; having lots of cheaters playing a main game can really cause honest players to quit playing, or play simply with friends they trust. This poses a marvelous problem particularly for reoccuring games for example EverQuest, wherein a loss connected with players ultimately result in a loss of income.
Make sure that clients build and buy a handful new laboratory so you are able to research improved barbarians. Eventually, in dilemma you take part involving game for most months, you might finally obtain the nirvana of five-star barbarians.
You'll find it's a nice technique. Breaking the appraisement bottomward into chunks of their time that accomplish university to be able that will help bodies (hour/day/week) causes this item to be accessible time for visualize. Everybody aware what it appears this kind of to accept to reduce a day. It's additionally actual accessible for tune. If your family change your current apperception after and adjudge it one day should size more, all you accusations to complete is change 1 value.