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| The '''negentropy''', also '''negative entropy''' or '''syntropy''' or '''extropy''' or '''entaxy''',<ref>Wiener, Norbert</ref> of a [[living system]] is the [[entropy]] that it exports to keep its own entropy low; it lies at the intersection of [[entropy and life]]. The concept and phrase "negative entropy" were introduced by [[Erwin Schrödinger]] in his 1944 popular-science book ''[[What is Life? (Schrödinger)|What is Life?]]''<ref>Schrödinger, Erwin, ''What is Life - the Physical Aspect of the Living Cell'', Cambridge University Press, 1944</ref> Later, [[Léon Brillouin]] shortened the phrase to ''negentropy'',<ref>Brillouin, Leon: (1953) "Negentropy Principle of Information", ''J. of Applied Physics'', v. '''24(9)''', pp. 1152-1163
| | == it should understand the point of law ...... Otherwise == |
| </ref><ref>Léon Brillouin, ''La science et la théorie de l'information'', Masson, 1959</ref> to express it in a more "positive" way: a living system imports negentropy and stores it.<ref>Mae-Wan Ho, [http://www.i-sis.org.uk/negentr.php What is (Schrödinger's) Negentropy?], Bioelectrodynamics Laboratory, Open university Walton Hall, Milton Keynes</ref> In 1974, [[Albert Szent-Györgyi]] proposed replacing the term ''negentropy'' with ''syntropy''. That term may have originated in the 1940s with the Italian mathematician [[Luigi Fantappiè]], who tried to construct a unified theory of [[biology]] and [[physics]]. [[Buckminster Fuller]] tried to popularize this usage, but ''negentropy'' remains common.
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| In a note to [[What is Life?]] Schrödinger explained his use of this phrase.
| | 'European police preparation, strike out the wound is diamond, the German production of Prosecco stun gun, the black market [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-2.html 時計 ケイトスペード] is very popular.' Caoya Jie Tao, watching other people's eyes stare somewhat questioned him, he quickly explaining: 'I've seen on electronic gadgets just curious, this thing comparable power firearms, and most mainland police also unclear, thought it was a small homemade knockoff, so ban was not very strict. '<br><br>'Well, vision ...... that right there is the case then what do you think?' Xiaomeng Qi asked.<br><br>'People have this [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-6.html ケイトスペード リボン バッグ] gun, there may Mafia background, and be able to turn away the money, it is not an ordinary thief earth, and look at their modus operandi, seeking money rather than lethal ...... [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-12.html ケイトスペード 財布 値段] it shows their quality not low. 'Caoya Jie Tao.<br><br>'higher quality on this ......?' Li Mei is not convinced.<br><br>'absolute high, robbery and murder is not a concept, it can be seen [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-8.html kate spade 財布 ゴールド] that [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-8.html マザーズバッグ ケイトスペード] they act at least somewhat afraid, since some fear, it should understand the point of law ...... Otherwise, direct wiping his neck good, what is dead both could not speak to the. 'Cao Asia |
| {{cquote|[...] if I had been catering for them [physicists] alone I should have let the discussion turn on ''[[Thermodynamic free energy|free energy]]'' instead. It is the more familiar notion in this context. But this highly technical term seemed linguistically too near to ''[[energy]]'' for making the average reader alive to the contrast between the two things.}}
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| | <ul> |
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| Indeed, negentropy has been used by biologists as the basis for purpose or direction in life, namely cooperative or moral instincts.<ref>[[Jeremy Griffith]]. 2011. ''What is the Meaning of Life?''. In ''The Book of Real Answers to Everything!'' ISBN 9781741290073. From http://www.worldtransformation.com/what-is-the-meaning-of-life/</ref>
| | == pocket phone has been ringing at Zizi == |
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| In 2009, Mahulikar & Herwig redefined negentropy of a dynamically ordered sub-system as the specific entropy deficit of the ordered sub-system relative to its surrounding chaos.<ref>Mahulikar, S.P. & Herwig, H.: (2009) "Exact thermodynamic principles for dynamic order existence and evolution in chaos", ''Chaos, Solitons & Fractals'', v. '''41(4)''', pp. 1939-1948</ref> Thus, negentropy has units [J/kg-K] when defined based on specific entropy per unit mass, and [K<sup>−1</sup>] when defined based on specific entropy per unit energy. This definition enabled: ''i'') scale-invariant thermodynamic representation of dynamic order existence, ''ii'') formulation of physical principles exclusively for dynamic order existence and evolution, and ''iii'') mathematical interpretation of Schrödinger's negentropy debt.
| | Council also wasted effort of. 'Mouse Road.<br><br>'I think this question really is not, smart people will not dare to adventure and I now have a little experience, clever people trying to cheat, then use their [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-1.html ケイトスペード 財布 店舗] smart, so [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-5.html ケイトスペード バッグ 激安] they thought to want [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-12.html ケイトスペードの財布] hesitates, then got into his own cap where Tut ...... tease the old liar great sense of accomplishment, I feel a little bit like this. '<br><br>I sin [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-9.html ケイトスペードバッグセール] himself, and he thought, this time, Bian liar definitely thinking Laotou, Pa prison, prison transfer that horrible word composed of stories that [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-10.html ケイトスペード財布評判] should be stimulated their imagination tossing it difficult to sleep ... .........<br>Bullet<br>Chapter 10 of Volume V of thinking so the head<br><br>pocket phone has been ringing at Zizi, Luojia Long looked at the mouse's phone, direct press out, do not pick up.<br><br>beside him Wang Shen repair has just pressed the phone, is Xiaomeng Qi, but also did not answer. Each press time, both with each other to give a look, eyes that tell each other: I can not pick ah.<br><br>rang the phone, they listened attentively |
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| | <ul> |
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| ==Information theory== | | == the audience quiet == |
| In [[information theory]] and [[statistics]], negentropy is used as a measure of distance to normality.<ref>Aapo Hyvärinen, [http://www.cis.hut.fi/aapo/papers/NCS99web/node32.html Survey on Independent Component Analysis, node32: Negentropy], Helsinki University of Technology
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| Laboratory of Computer and Information Science</ref><ref>Aapo Hyvärinen and Erkki Oja, [http://www.cis.hut.fi/aapo/papers/IJCNN99_tutorialweb/node14.html Independent Component Analysis: A Tutorial, node14: Negentropy], Helsinki University of Technology
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| Laboratory of Computer and Information Science</ref><ref>Ruye Wang, [http://fourier.eng.hmc.edu/e161/lectures/ica/node4.html Independent Component Analysis, node4: Measures of Non-Gaussianity]</ref> Out of all [[Distribution (mathematics)|distributions]] with a given mean and variance, the normal or [[Gaussian distribution]] is the one with the highest entropy. Negentropy measures the difference in entropy between a given distribution and the Gaussian distribution with the same mean and variance. Thus, negentropy is always nonnegative, is invariant by any linear invertible change of coordinates, and vanishes [[if and only if]] the signal is Gaussian.
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| Negentropy is defined as
| | Police kinds of police uniforms consistent armbands different, and [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-7.html ケイトスペード バッグ 新作] white helmet, police whether or formal establishment of the Police Association, in front of the inspectors, I am afraid to take a 'long' word should be low one, saw the stiff , the audience quiet, [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-11.html バッグ ケイトスペード] looked at each other with, afraid of an accident, I want to deliberately stir up trouble, like crime, people under the stern heart, in fact, as early as [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-8.html ハンドバッグ ケイトスペード] I saw the little tricks [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-9.html kate spade 財布 ゴールド] of the crime.<br><br>also deliberately stir up trouble, more than sin disdain with: 'arrogant enough ah, [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-9.html kate spade 財布 ゴールド] you are the police it?'<br><br>'What?' two inspectors stunned, angry, and wondered that this person should not be detained immediately.<br><br>'Police Force Ordinance clearly states: in the performance of official duties, the need to produce documents ...... from my door, you will not walk away triumphantly, wrist those of us desperately frontline players, we have a brother has been lying in the hospital, all anxious not immediately identify the murderer, but someone can stopping, looking at us like prisoners like watching ......... I ask again, you fucking police it? not fake it? documents showed not. 'I sin overcast with a straight face , vagueness talking.<br><br>'right |
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| :<math>J(p_x) = S(\phi_x) - S(p_x)\,</math>
| | <ul> |
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| where <math>S(\phi_x)</math> is the [[differential entropy]] of the Gaussian density with the same [[mean]] and [[variance]] as <math>p_x</math> and <math>S(p_x)</math> is the differential entropy of <math>p_x</math>:
| | <li>[http://www.astarnet.jp/cgi-bin/isaca_bbs1/bbs2.cgi http://www.astarnet.jp/cgi-bin/isaca_bbs1/bbs2.cgi]</li> |
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| :<math>S(p_x) = - \int p_x(u) \log p_x(u) du</math>
| | <li>[http://www.novalug.ca/cgi-bin/index.cgi http://www.novalug.ca/cgi-bin/index.cgi]</li> |
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| Negentropy is used in [[statistics]] and [[signal processing]]. It is related to network [[Information entropy|entropy]], which is used in [[Independent Component Analysis]].<ref>P. Comon, Independent Component Analysis - a new concept?, ''Signal Processing'', '''36''' 287-314, 1994.</ref><ref>Didier G. Leibovici and Christian Beckmann, [http://www.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/analysis/techrep/tr01dl1/tr01dl1/tr01dl1.html An introduction to Multiway Methods for Multi-Subject fMRI experiment], FMRIB Technical Report 2001, Oxford Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain (FMRIB), Department of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Headington, Oxford, UK.</ref>
| | <li>[http://jx-meorient.vicp.cc:88/plus/view.php?aid=43809 http://jx-meorient.vicp.cc:88/plus/view.php?aid=43809]</li> |
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| ==Correlation between statistical negentropy and Gibbs' free energy==
| | </ul> |
| [[File:Wykres Gibbsa.svg|275px|thumb|right|[[Willard Gibbs]]’ 1873 '''available energy''' ([[Thermodynamic free energy|free energy]]) graph, which shows a plane perpendicular to the axis of ''v'' ([[volume]]) and passing through point A, which represents the initial state of the body. MN is the section of the surface of [[dissipated energy]]. Qε and Qη are sections of the planes ''η'' = 0 and ''ε'' = 0, and therefore parallel to the axes of ε ([[internal energy]]) and η ([[entropy]]) respectively. AD and AE are the energy and entropy of the body in its initial state, AB and AC its ''available energy'' ([[Gibbs free energy]]) and its ''capacity for entropy'' (the amount by which the entropy of the body can be increased without changing the energy of the body or increasing its volume) respectively.]] | |
| There is a physical quantity closely linked to [[Thermodynamic free energy|free energy]] ([[free enthalpy]]), with a unit of entropy and isomorphic to negentropy known in statistics and information theory. In 1873, [[Josiah Willard Gibbs|Willard Gibbs]] created a diagram illustrating the concept of free energy corresponding to [[free enthalpy]]. On the diagram one can see the quantity called [[capacity for entropy]]. The said quantity is the amount of entropy that may be increased without changing an internal energy or increasing its volume.<ref>Willard Gibbs, [http://www.ufn.ru/ufn39/ufn39_4/Russian/r394b.pdf A Method of Geometrical Representation of the Thermodynamic Properties of Substances by Means of Surfaces], ''Transactions of the Connecticut Academy'', 382-404 (1873)</ref> In other words, it is a difference between maximum possible, under assumed conditions, entropy and its actual entropy. It corresponds exactly to the definition of negentropy adopted in statistics and information theory. A similar physical quantity was introduced in 1869 by [[François Jacques Dominique Massieu|Massieu]] for the [[isothermal process]] <ref>Massieu, M. F. (1869a). Sur les fonctions caractéristiques des divers fluides.
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| ''C. R. Acad. Sci.'' LXIX:858-862.</ref><ref>Massieu, M. F. (1869b). Addition au precedent memoire sur les fonctions
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| caractéristiques. ''C. R. Acad. Sci.'' LXIX:1057-1061.</ref><ref>Massieu, M. F. (1869), ''Compt. Rend.'' '''69''' (858): 1057.</ref> (both quantities differs just with a figure sign) and then [[Max Planck|Planck]] for the [[Isothermal process|isothermal]]-[[Isobaric process|isobaric]] process <ref>Planck, M. (1945). ''Treatise on Thermodynamics''. Dover, New York.</ref> More recently, the Massieu-Planck [[thermodynamic potential]], known also as ''[[free entropy]]'', has been shown to play a great role in the so-called entropic formulation of [[statistical mechanics]],<ref>Antoni Planes, Eduard Vives, [http://www.ecm.ub.es/condensed/eduard/papers/massieu/node2.html Entropic Formulation of Statistical Mechanics], Entropic variables and Massieu-Planck functions 2000-10-24 Universitat de Barcelona</ref> applied among the others in molecular biology<ref>John A. Scheilman, [http://www.biophysj.org/cgi/reprint/73/6/2960.pdf Temperature, Stability, and the Hydrophobic Interaction], ''Biophysical Journal'' '''73''' (December 1997), 2960-2964, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403 USA</ref> and thermodynamic non-equilibrium processes.<ref>Z. Hens and X. de Hemptinne, [http://arxiv.org/pdf/chao-dyn/9604008 Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics approach to Transport Processes in Gas Mixtures], Department of Chemistry, Catholic University of Leuven,
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| Celestijnenlaan 200 F, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium</ref>
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| ::'''<math>J = S_\max - S = -\Phi = -k \ln Z\,</math>'''
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| ::where:
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| ::<math>J</math> - negentropy (Gibbs "capacity for entropy")
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| ::<math>\Phi</math> – [[Free entropy|Massieu potential]]
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| ::<math>Z</math> - [[Partition function (statistical mechanics)|partition function]]
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| ::<math>k</math> - [[Boltzmann constant]]
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| ==Risk management== | |
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| In [[risk management]], negentropy is the force that seeks to achieve effective organizational behavior and lead to a steady predictable state.<ref>[http://www.kent.ac.uk/scarr/events/Grinberg-%20(2).pdf Pedagogical Risk and Governmentality: Shantytowns in Argentina in the 21st Century] (see p. 4).</ref>
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| ==Brillouin's negentropy principle of information==
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| In 1953, Brillouin derived a general equation<ref>Leon Brillouin, The negentropy principle of information, ''J. Applied Physics'' '''24''', 1152-1163 1953</ref> stating that the changing of an information bit value requires at least kT ln(2) energy. This is the same energy as the work [[Leo Szilard]]'s engine produces in the idealistic case. In his book,<ref>Leon Brillouin, ''Science and Information theory'', Dover, 1956</ref> he further explored this problem concluding that any cause of this bit value change (measurement, decision about a yes/no question, erasure, display, etc) will require the same amount of energy.
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| ==Notes==
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| {{reflist}}
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| ==See also==
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| * [[Ectropy]]
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| * [[Exergy]]
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| * [[Extropy]]
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| * [[Free entropy]]
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| * [[Entropy in thermodynamics and information theory]]
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| ==External links==
| |
| Eschatos ♦ [http://knol.google.com/k/eschatos/information/1zm6ikqu62pfl/20 Information]
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| [[Category:Thermodynamic entropy]]
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| [[Category:Entropy and information]]
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| [[Category:Statistical deviation and dispersion]]
| |
it should understand the point of law ...... Otherwise
'European police preparation, strike out the wound is diamond, the German production of Prosecco stun gun, the black market 時計 ケイトスペード is very popular.' Caoya Jie Tao, watching other people's eyes stare somewhat questioned him, he quickly explaining: 'I've seen on electronic gadgets just curious, this thing comparable power firearms, and most mainland police also unclear, thought it was a small homemade knockoff, so ban was not very strict. '
'Well, vision ...... that right there is the case then what do you think?' Xiaomeng Qi asked.
'People have this ケイトスペード リボン バッグ gun, there may Mafia background, and be able to turn away the money, it is not an ordinary thief earth, and look at their modus operandi, seeking money rather than lethal ...... ケイトスペード 財布 値段 it shows their quality not low. 'Caoya Jie Tao.
'higher quality on this ......?' Li Mei is not convinced.
'absolute high, robbery and murder is not a concept, it can be seen kate spade 財布 ゴールド that マザーズバッグ ケイトスペード they act at least somewhat afraid, since some fear, it should understand the point of law ...... Otherwise, direct wiping his neck good, what is dead both could not speak to the. 'Cao Asia
相关的主题文章：
pocket phone has been ringing at Zizi
Council also wasted effort of. 'Mouse Road.
'I think this question really is not, smart people will not dare to adventure and I now have a little experience, clever people trying to cheat, then use their ケイトスペード 財布 店舗 smart, so ケイトスペード バッグ 激安 they thought to want ケイトスペードの財布 hesitates, then got into his own cap where Tut ...... tease the old liar great sense of accomplishment, I feel a little bit like this. '
I sin ケイトスペードバッグセール himself, and he thought, this time, Bian liar definitely thinking Laotou, Pa prison, prison transfer that horrible word composed of stories that ケイトスペード財布評判 should be stimulated their imagination tossing it difficult to sleep ... .........
Bullet
Chapter 10 of Volume V of thinking so the head
pocket phone has been ringing at Zizi, Luojia Long looked at the mouse's phone, direct press out, do not pick up.
beside him Wang Shen repair has just pressed the phone, is Xiaomeng Qi, but also did not answer. Each press time, both with each other to give a look, eyes that tell each other: I can not pick ah.
rang the phone, they listened attentively
相关的主题文章：
the audience quiet
Police kinds of police uniforms consistent armbands different, and ケイトスペード バッグ 新作 white helmet, police whether or formal establishment of the Police Association, in front of the inspectors, I am afraid to take a 'long' word should be low one, saw the stiff , the audience quiet, バッグ ケイトスペード looked at each other with, afraid of an accident, I want to deliberately stir up trouble, like crime, people under the stern heart, in fact, as early as ハンドバッグ ケイトスペード I saw the little tricks kate spade 財布 ゴールド of the crime.
also deliberately stir up trouble, more than sin disdain with: 'arrogant enough ah, kate spade 財布 ゴールド you are the police it?'
'What?' two inspectors stunned, angry, and wondered that this person should not be detained immediately.
'Police Force Ordinance clearly states: in the performance of official duties, the need to produce documents ...... from my door, you will not walk away triumphantly, wrist those of us desperately frontline players, we have a brother has been lying in the hospital, all anxious not immediately identify the murderer, but someone can stopping, looking at us like prisoners like watching ......... I ask again, you fucking police it? not fake it? documents showed not. 'I sin overcast with a straight face , vagueness talking.
'right
相关的主题文章：