Drug design: Difference between revisions

From formulasearchengine
Jump to navigation Jump to search
← Older edit
en>Monkbot
en>Luky1971
m →‎Ligand fragment link: Fixed spelling error.
 
(One intermediate revision by one other user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Continuum mechanics}}
Sheepskin is fairly simply just one of Mom Nature's great development and the Australian natural washable sheepskin solutions are a special mix of normal fibers on one facet and sheep's leather pores and skin and wool fur on the other aspect. The 100% sheepskin is much better than metal, the wool does not get rid of as it is connected to the skin and is embedded into the leather. It is extremely resistant to snags, tears, wrinkle, soiling and spilling. Owing to its leather / wool blend, it under no circumstances sags and often retains its shape. It is flame resistant, wind proof and retains heat even when soaked. It acts as a all-natural moisturizer due to the large lanolin information in the wool. It is also water resistant and washable.<br><br>They are out there at the foremost Australian outlets example staying Gerry's Sheepskins. This specialised Sydney centered organization is in operation considering that 1980 and is Australian owned. The business makes use of the superlative quality A1 rated Australian sheepskins. They manufacture Ugg Boots, motor vehicle seat address and many other equivalent products some of which are personalized and specially created. The Australian sheepskin products and solutions are very long lasting, comfortable, fashionable as well as lavish. The substantial desire endorses their high quality, pricing and company.<br><br>The footwear ranges are all manufactured in-home employing the best top quality Australian 'Double-Facial area footwear skins'. They have reinforced and strengthened heels, EVB ribbed soles and boots with total duration rear seam. These are available in various types and shades. The Australian created sheepskin Ugg boots are of 100% sheepskin possessing suitable sole with tread, toe and heel reinforcement. Some of the Australian created center-line lace boots are priced at USD $one hundred forty and over.<br><br>The children's footwear is intended for toddler care. They support to continue to keep the feet heat and are commonly not intended for strolling. This kind of footwear is made out of toddler sheepskin in 16 mm wool pile. They have soft sole and are out there generally in pink and blue shades. Such footwear also helps make great present goods. Vehicle seat addresses are designed of one hundred% A1 high quality 25 mm deep pile and are obtainable in 5 colours and three specific designs. The sheepskins are comfy in all climates and deliver the vehicles with a spanking new visual appearance. The car or truck seat covers retains one particular amazing on hot days and warm through chilly temperature. These addresses usually fit most standard automobile and occur with or with out aspect air bags. They are acknowledged to be extremely long lasting.<br><br>The 'throw over' sheepskin seat handles represent of sheepskin on the back rest and head relaxation of the seat. All the addresses are lined to safeguard the first seats. The clinical sheepskin are specifically dealt with for hygienic purposes and applied in hospitals, nursing households, clinics and on wheelchair addresses. These kinds of handles provide ease and comfort and aid to the aged, unwell and bedridden individuals primarily those people suffering from mattress and force sores. These products and solutions are quickly washable and can be taken care of even underneath substantial temperature. They are perfect for individuals investing very long durations in mattress or on wheelchairs as these items cut down stress and absorbs humidity. The gentle at ease and sturdy professional medical sheepskin will come in purely natural yellow shades.<br><br>Australian wool is extensively used in wool mats and wool blankets. The shorter woolen fibers stand up from the area and give the material a furry touch. This purely natural fiber is bio degradable, flame resistant and absorbs h2o. The worsted woolen material surface is sleek to contact and is ideal for creating toddler rugs. The brief wool sheepskin is also ideal for toddler play mats, under lays and ground mats.<br><br>The toddler care shorter wool sheepskins offer a cushion of higher density tender and springy fibers that empower fat to be dispersed around a big place while even now letting air to flow into by way of out the fibers. The Australian sheepskin merchandise for infants have the skill to soak up up to 36% of its dry bodyweight in dampness without experience moist. These solutions are available in many shades and are wonderful for the infants to relaxation and participate in. Delicate and highly snug, they roll up and make traveling satisfying.<br><br>The newborn rugs and sheepskin rugs are equipment washable. They hold toddler pores and skin dry, absorbs perspiration, controls temperature and humidity so that the toddler pores and skin stays heat in winter and cool in summer months. The baby rugs are built of Australian lamb's wool and chrome tanned. It lasts for above 20 several years less than proper treatment and maintenance. The rugs are of the very best high-quality being amongst two inches to 3 feet in thickness. They are washable and available in white shades only. Excess significant rugs are also readily available in picked colours in pink, black, ivory and brown. These tender snugly Australian sheepskin rugs make infants sleep deeply and soundly.<br><br>The sheepskin mats, far too, are made to accommodate all apps. They can be washed and are readily available in beautiful shades. These products are built of small wool Australian sheepskins and are particularly well known and are greatest price for income. The cot less than lays for toddlers and the pram liner can be used on the flooring as enjoy mats for toddlers. The pram liner, as well, is created of limited wool. These things now out offer the outdated models owing to its toughness. The wool mats and wool blankets are washable and are exported entire world huge.<br><br>The Australian sheepskin merchandise are popular as they are natural solutions, sanitized for hygienic functions and advertise snooze and overall body peace. All the solutions are processed under the latest know-how. This implies that all sheepskin items are washable, extended long lasting and tricky carrying. They may possibly be accessible in a dyed shade complete or in a natural un-dyed complete. Colors may well vary dependent on the dye batch. The extensive range of solutions suits all age groups ranging from new born toddlers to the disabled and aged people.<br><br>Now, the most common sheepskin items are the healthcare products and solutions, limited boots, floor mats, blankets and the substantial temperature resistant underneath lays. These particular person products have received really favorable ratings from their content buyers.<br><br>In the event you loved this information in addition to you wish to obtain guidance regarding [http://tinyurl.com/k7shbtq http://tinyurl.com/k7shbtq] kindly go to the web-site.
The expression '''Gay-Lussac's law''' is used for each of the two relationships named after the French chemist [[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]] and which concern the properties of [[gases]], though it is more usually applied to his law of combining volumes, the first listed here. The first law relates to volumes before and after a chemical reaction while the second concerns the pressure and temperature relationship for a sample of gas often known as '''[[Gay-Lussac's law#Pressure-temperature law|Amontons' Law]]'''.
 
== Law of combining volumes ==
[[Image:Law of combining volumes.svg|thumb|150px|right|Under [[Standard conditions for temperature and pressure|STP]], a reaction between three cubic meters of hydrogen gas and one cubic meter of nitrogen gas will produce circa two cubic meters of [[ammonia]]]]
The law of combining volumes states that, when gases react together to form other gases, and all volumes are measured at the same temperature and pressure:
<blockquote>
'''The ratio between the volumes of the reactant gases and the products can be expressed in simple whole numbers.'''
</blockquote>
For example, Gay-Lussac found that 2 volumes of Hydrogen and 1 volume of Oxygen would react to form 2 volume of gaseous water. In addition to Gay-Lussac's results, [[Amedeo Avogadro]] theorized that, at the same temperature and pressure, equal volumes of gas contain equal numbers of molecules ([[Avogadro's law]]). This hypothesis meant that the previously stated result
:2 volumes of Hydrogen + 1 volume of Oxygen = 2 volumes of gaseous water
could also be expressed as
:2 molecules of Hydrogen + 1 molecule of Oxygen = 2 molecules of water.
 
The law of combining gases was made public by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac in 1808.<ref>Gay-Lussac (1809) [http://books.google.com/books?id=hnJKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA207#v=onepage&q&f=false "Mémoire sur la combinaison des substances gazeuses, les unes avec les autres"] (Memoir on the combination of gaseous substances with each other), ''Mémoires de la Société d'Arcueil'' '''2''': 207-234. Available in English at:  [http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/gaylussac.html Le Moyne College].</ref><ref>http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Fe-Ge/Guy-Lussac-Joseph-Louis.html</ref> Avogadro's hypothesis, however, was not initially accepted by chemists until the Italian chemist [[Stanislao Cannizzaro]] was able to convince the First International Chemical Congress in 1860.<ref>Hartley, Harold (1966). "Stanislao Cannizzaro, F.R.S. (1826 – 1910) and the First International Chemical Conference at Karlsruhe". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 21: 56–63. {{doi|10.1098/rsnr.1966.0006}}.</ref>
 
== Pressure-temperature law ==
This law is often referred to as '''Amontons' Law of Pressure-Temperature''' after [[Guillaume Amontons]], who, between 1700 and 1702, discovered the relationship between the pressure and temperature of a fixed mass of gas kept at a constant volume<ref>{{citation | author = Barnett, Martin K. | date = Aug 1941 | title = A brief history of thermometry | journal = Journal of Chemical Education | volume = 18 | issue = 8 | page = 358|bibcode = 1941JChEd..18..358B |doi = 10.1021/ed018p358 }}. [http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ed018p358 Extract.]</ref><ref>http://web.fccj.org/~ethall/gaslaw/gaslaw.htm</ref><ref>See:
*  Amontons, G. (presented 1699, published 1732) [http://books.google.com/books?id=_czOAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA114#v=onepage&q&f=false "Moyens de substituer commodément l'action du feu à la force des hommes et des chevaux pour mouvoir les machines"] (Ways to conveniently substitute the action of fire for the force of men and horses in order to power machines), ''Mémoires de l’Académie des sciences de Paris'', 112-126; see especially pages 113-117.
*  Amontons, G. (presented 1702, published 1743) [http://books.google.com/books?id=P_Wgj2sMY-4C&pg=PA155#v=onepage&q&f=false "Discours sur quelques propriétés de l'Air, & le moyen d'en connoître la température dans tous les climats de la Terre"] (Discourse on some properties of air and on the means of knowing the temperature in all climates of the Earth), ''Mémoires de l’Académie des sciences de Paris'', 155-174.
*  See also:  Fontenelle, B. B. (1743) [http://books.google.com/books?id=P_Wgj2sMY-4C&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q=Amontons&f=false "Sur une nouvelle proprieté de l'air, et une nouvelle construction de Thermométre"] (On a new property of the air and a new construction of thermometer), ''Histoire de l'Academie royale des sciences'', 1-8.</ref> Amontons discovered this while building an "air thermometer".
 
<blockquote>
'''The pressure of a gas of fixed [[mass]] and fixed [[volume]] is [[Proportionality (mathematics)|directly proportional]] to the gas's absolute temperature.'''
</blockquote>
[[File:Temperature Pressure law.svg|thumb|Illustration of pressure varying with temperature.]]
Simply put, if a gas's temperature increases, then so does its pressure if the mass and volume of the gas are held constant. The law has a particularly simple mathematical form if the temperature is measured on an absolute scale, such as in [[kelvin]]s. The law can then be expressed mathematically as:
 
:<math>{P}\propto{T}</math>
or
:<math>\frac{P}{T}=k</math>
 
where:
 
:''P'' is the [[pressure]] of the gas
:''T'' is the [[temperature]] of the gas (measured in [[Kelvin]]).
:''k'' is a [[Constant (mathematics)|constant]].
 
This law holds true because temperature is a measure of the average [[kinetic energy]] of a substance; as the kinetic energy of a gas increases, its particles collide with the container walls more rapidly, thereby exerting increased pressure.
 
For comparing the same substance under two different sets of conditions, the law can be written as:
 
:<math>\frac{P_1}{T_1}=\frac{P_2}{T_2} \qquad \mathrm{or} \qquad {P_1}{T_2}={P_2}{T_1}.</math>
 
Because Amontons discovered the law beforehand, Gay-Lussac's name is now generally associated within chemistry with the law of combining volumes discussed in the section above. Some introductory physics textbooks still define the pressure-temperature relationship as Gay-Lussac's law.<ref>Tippens, Paul E. (2007). Physics, 7th ed. McGraw-Hill. 386-387.</ref><ref>Cooper, Crystal (Feb. 11, 2010). "Gay-Lussac's Law". Bright Hub Engineering. Retrieved from http://www.brighthubengineering.com/hvac/26213-gay-lussacs-law/ on July 8, 2013.</ref> Gay-Lussac primarily investigated the relationship between volume and temperature and published it in 1802, but his work did cover some comparison between pressure and temperature.<ref>Crosland, Maurice P. (2004). Gay-Lussac: Scientist and Bourgeois. Cambridge University Press. 119-120.</ref> Given the relative technology to both men, Amonton was only able to work with air as a gas, where Gay-Lussac was able to experiment with multiple types of common gases, such as oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen.<ref>Astimov, Issac (1966). Understanding Physics - Motion, Sound, and Heat. Walker and Co. 191-192.</ref> Gay-Lussac did attribute his findings to [[Jacques Charles]] because he used much of Charles's unpublished data from 1787 - hence, the law became known as [[Charles's law]] or the Law of Charles and Gay-Lussac<ref>Gay-Lussac (1802) [http://books.google.com/books?id=Z6ctSn3TIeYC&pg=PA137#v=onepage&q&f=false "Recherches sur la dilatation des gaz et des vapeurs"] (Researches on the expansion of gases and vapors) ''Annales de Chimie'' '''43''': 137-175. On page 157, Gay-Lussac mentions the unpublished findings of Charles:  "Avant d'aller plus loin, je dois prévenir que quoique j'eusse reconnu un grand nombre de fois que les gaz oxigène, azote, hydrogène et acide carbonique, et l'air atmosphérique se dilatent également depuis 0° jusqu'a 80°, le cit. Charles avait remarqué depuis 15 ans la même propriété dans ces gaz ; mais n'avant jamais publié ses résultats, c'est par le plus grand hasard que je les ai connus."  (Before going further, I should inform [you] that although I had recognized many times that the gases oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbonic acid [i.e., carbon dioxide], and atmospheric air also expand from 0° to 80°, citizen Charles had noticed 15 years ago the same property in these gases; but having never published his results, it is by the merest chance that I knew of them.)  Available in English at:  [http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/gaygas.html#foot1 Le Moyne College].</ref> However, in recent years the term has fallen out of favor.
 
Gay-Lussac's (Amontons') Law, [[Charles' Law]], and [[Boyle's law]] form the [[combined gas law]]. These three gas laws in combination with [[Avogadro's Law]] can be generalized by the [[ideal gas law]].
 
==See also==
{{portal|Underwater diving}}
* [[Avogadro's law]]
* [[Boyle's law]]
* [[Charles' law]]
* [[Combined gas law]]
 
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
 
== Further reading ==
* {{cite book | author=Castka, Joseph F.; Metcalfe, H. Clark; Davis, Raymond E.; Williams, John E. | title=Modern Chemistry | publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston | year=2002 | isbn=0-03-056537-5}}
* {{cite book | author=Guch, Ian | title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to Chemistry | publisher=Alpha, Penguin Group Inc. | year=2003 | isbn=1-59257-101-8}}
* {{cite book | author=Mascetta, Joseph A. | title=How to Prepare for the SAT II Chemistry | publisher=Barron's | year=1998 | isbn=0-7641-0331-8}}
 
==External links==
* [http://www.webqc.org/gay_lussac_gas_law.html Gay-Lussac's law calculator]
* http://www.ausetute.com.au/gaylusac.html
* http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch4/gaslaws3.html#amonton
* http://www.bookrags.com/biography/joseph-louis-gay-lussac-wsd/
 
{{Diving medicine, physiology and physics}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gay-Lussac's Law}}
[[Category:Gas laws]]
 
[[de:Thermische Zustandsgleichung idealer Gase#Gesetz von Gay-Lussac]]

Latest revision as of 02:42, 5 January 2015

Sheepskin is fairly simply just one of Mom Nature's great development and the Australian natural washable sheepskin solutions are a special mix of normal fibers on one facet and sheep's leather pores and skin and wool fur on the other aspect. The 100% sheepskin is much better than metal, the wool does not get rid of as it is connected to the skin and is embedded into the leather. It is extremely resistant to snags, tears, wrinkle, soiling and spilling. Owing to its leather / wool blend, it under no circumstances sags and often retains its shape. It is flame resistant, wind proof and retains heat even when soaked. It acts as a all-natural moisturizer due to the large lanolin information in the wool. It is also water resistant and washable.

They are out there at the foremost Australian outlets example staying Gerry's Sheepskins. This specialised Sydney centered organization is in operation considering that 1980 and is Australian owned. The business makes use of the superlative quality A1 rated Australian sheepskins. They manufacture Ugg Boots, motor vehicle seat address and many other equivalent products some of which are personalized and specially created. The Australian sheepskin products and solutions are very long lasting, comfortable, fashionable as well as lavish. The substantial desire endorses their high quality, pricing and company.

The footwear ranges are all manufactured in-home employing the best top quality Australian 'Double-Facial area footwear skins'. They have reinforced and strengthened heels, EVB ribbed soles and boots with total duration rear seam. These are available in various types and shades. The Australian created sheepskin Ugg boots are of 100% sheepskin possessing suitable sole with tread, toe and heel reinforcement. Some of the Australian created center-line lace boots are priced at USD $one hundred forty and over.

The children's footwear is intended for toddler care. They support to continue to keep the feet heat and are commonly not intended for strolling. This kind of footwear is made out of toddler sheepskin in 16 mm wool pile. They have soft sole and are out there generally in pink and blue shades. Such footwear also helps make great present goods. Vehicle seat addresses are designed of one hundred% A1 high quality 25 mm deep pile and are obtainable in 5 colours and three specific designs. The sheepskins are comfy in all climates and deliver the vehicles with a spanking new visual appearance. The car or truck seat covers retains one particular amazing on hot days and warm through chilly temperature. These addresses usually fit most standard automobile and occur with or with out aspect air bags. They are acknowledged to be extremely long lasting.

The 'throw over' sheepskin seat handles represent of sheepskin on the back rest and head relaxation of the seat. All the addresses are lined to safeguard the first seats. The clinical sheepskin are specifically dealt with for hygienic purposes and applied in hospitals, nursing households, clinics and on wheelchair addresses. These kinds of handles provide ease and comfort and aid to the aged, unwell and bedridden individuals primarily those people suffering from mattress and force sores. These products and solutions are quickly washable and can be taken care of even underneath substantial temperature. They are perfect for individuals investing very long durations in mattress or on wheelchairs as these items cut down stress and absorbs humidity. The gentle at ease and sturdy professional medical sheepskin will come in purely natural yellow shades.

Australian wool is extensively used in wool mats and wool blankets. The shorter woolen fibers stand up from the area and give the material a furry touch. This purely natural fiber is bio degradable, flame resistant and absorbs h2o. The worsted woolen material surface is sleek to contact and is ideal for creating toddler rugs. The brief wool sheepskin is also ideal for toddler play mats, under lays and ground mats.

The toddler care shorter wool sheepskins offer a cushion of higher density tender and springy fibers that empower fat to be dispersed around a big place while even now letting air to flow into by way of out the fibers. The Australian sheepskin merchandise for infants have the skill to soak up up to 36% of its dry bodyweight in dampness without experience moist. These solutions are available in many shades and are wonderful for the infants to relaxation and participate in. Delicate and highly snug, they roll up and make traveling satisfying.

The newborn rugs and sheepskin rugs are equipment washable. They hold toddler pores and skin dry, absorbs perspiration, controls temperature and humidity so that the toddler pores and skin stays heat in winter and cool in summer months. The baby rugs are built of Australian lamb's wool and chrome tanned. It lasts for above 20 several years less than proper treatment and maintenance. The rugs are of the very best high-quality being amongst two inches to 3 feet in thickness. They are washable and available in white shades only. Excess significant rugs are also readily available in picked colours in pink, black, ivory and brown. These tender snugly Australian sheepskin rugs make infants sleep deeply and soundly.

The sheepskin mats, far too, are made to accommodate all apps. They can be washed and are readily available in beautiful shades. These products are built of small wool Australian sheepskins and are particularly well known and are greatest price for income. The cot less than lays for toddlers and the pram liner can be used on the flooring as enjoy mats for toddlers. The pram liner, as well, is created of limited wool. These things now out offer the outdated models owing to its toughness. The wool mats and wool blankets are washable and are exported entire world huge.

The Australian sheepskin merchandise are popular as they are natural solutions, sanitized for hygienic functions and advertise snooze and overall body peace. All the solutions are processed under the latest know-how. This implies that all sheepskin items are washable, extended long lasting and tricky carrying. They may possibly be accessible in a dyed shade complete or in a natural un-dyed complete. Colors may well vary dependent on the dye batch. The extensive range of solutions suits all age groups ranging from new born toddlers to the disabled and aged people.

Now, the most common sheepskin items are the healthcare products and solutions, limited boots, floor mats, blankets and the substantial temperature resistant underneath lays. These particular person products have received really favorable ratings from their content buyers.

In the event you loved this information in addition to you wish to obtain guidance regarding http://tinyurl.com/k7shbtq kindly go to the web-site.

Retrieved from "https://en.formulasearchengine.com/index.php?title=Drug_design&oldid=232307"