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| {{cosmology}}
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| '''Tired light''' is a class of hypothetical [[redshift]] mechanisms that was proposed as an alternative explanation for the [[Hubble's law|redshift-distance relationship]]. These models have been proposed as alternatives to the [[metric expansion of space]] of which the [[Big Bang]] and the [[Steady State Theory|Steady State]] [[physical cosmology|cosmologies]] are the most famous examples. The concept was first proposed in 1929 by [[Fritz Zwicky]], who suggested that if photons lost energy over time through collisions with other particles in a regular way, the more distant objects would appear redder than more nearby ones. Zwicky himself acknowledged that any sort of [[scattering]] of light would blur the images of distant objects more than what is seen. Additionally, the [[Tolman surface brightness test|surface brightness of galaxies evolving with time]], [[time dilation]] of cosmological sources, and a thermal spectrum of the [[cosmic microwave background]] have been observed — these effects that should not be present if the cosmological redshift was due to any tired light scattering mechanism.<ref name=nedwright>[[Ned Wright|Wright, E. L.]] ''[http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/tiredlit.htm Errors in Tired Light Cosmology]''.</ref><ref name=treu /><ref name=Peebles>[[Jim Peebles|P. J. E. Peebles]] [http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9806201 The Standard Cosmological Model] in Rencontres de Physique de la Vallee d Aosta (1998) ed. M. Greco p. 7</ref> Despite periodic re-examination of the concept, tired light has not been supported by observational tests<ref name="overduin-2008">
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| {{cite book
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| |title=The light/dark universe: light from galaxies, dark matter and dark energy
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| |first= James Martin
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| |last=Overduin
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| |first2=Paul S.
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| |last2=Wesson page=10 isbn=981-283-441-9 year=2008 publisher=World Scientific Publishing Co.
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| }}</ref> and has lately been consigned to consideration only in the [[fringe physics|fringes of astrophysics]].<ref name=Seife>{{cite news |title="Tired-Light" Hypothesis Gets Re-Tired |author=[[Charles Seife]] |url= http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2001/06/28-01.html|publisher= [[ScienceNow]]|date=28 June 2001 |accessdate=2011-10-20 |quote=Measurements of the cosmic microwave background put the theory firmly on the fringe of physics 30 years ago; still, scientists sought more direct proofs of the expansion of the cosmos.}}</ref>
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| ==History and reception==
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| {{See also|Redshift|Non-standard cosmologies#Static Universe Models}}
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| Tired [[light]] was an idea that came about due to the observation made by [[Edwin Hubble]] that [[galaxy|distant galaxies]] have [[redshift]]s proportional to their [[distance measures (cosmology)|distance]]. Redshift is a shift in the [[astronomical spectroscopy|spectrum]] of the emitted [[electromagnetic radiation]] from an object toward lower energies and frequencies, associated with the phenomenon of the [[Doppler Effect]]. Observers of [[spiral nebula]]e such as [[Vesto Slipher]] observed that regardless of their position in the sky, these objects (now known to be separate [[galaxy|galaxies]]) generally exhibited redshift rather than blueshifts independent of where they were located. Since the relation holds in all directions it cannot be attributed to normal movement with respect to a background which would show an assortment of redshifts and blueshifts. Everything is moving ''away'' from the Milky Way galaxy. Hubble's contribution was to show that the magnitude of the redshift correlated strongly with the distance to the galaxies.
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| Basing on Slipher's and Hubble's data, in 1927 [[Georges Lemaître]] realized that this correlation fit non-static solutions to the equations of Einstein's theory of gravity, the Friedmann–Lemaître solutions. However Lemaître's article was appreciated only after Hubble's publication of 1929. The universal redshift-distance relation in this solution is attributable to the effect an expanding universe has on a photon traveling on a null [[spacetime interval]] (also known as a "light-like" [[geodesic]]). In this formulation, there was still an analogous effect to the [[Doppler Effect]], though relative velocities need to be handled with more care since [[Comoving distance|distances]] can be defined in different ways in [[Metric expansion of space|expanding metrics]].
| | Clear of know exactly what a new video game world may contain. There are horrors with bad in every corner and cranny. The post includes advice involving optimizing your gaming time with tricks and hints you might not be a little more aware of. Prolong reading for more specifics.<br><br>To appreciate coins and gems, kind obtain the Clash regarding Clans hack equipment all by clicking on the end up with button. Contingent by the [http://Www.Britannica.com/search?query=operating+framework operating framework] that you're utilizing, you will perform the downloaded document since admin. Furnish the log in Id and select the gadget. Immediately after this, you are enter in the quantity of necklaces or coins that you need to have and start off my Clash of Clans hack into instrument.<br><br>Throne Rush has an exact same for just about all things in Clash. Instead of a Town Hall, it features a Castle. Instead most typically associated with Clans, it has Brotherhoods. Instead of Trophies, it has Morale. Perhaps the one thing it takes to to the next stage is its Immortal Characters. clash of clans has a Barbarian King and that Archer Queen which normally special units that could be reused in battle in they just require numerous hours of time to get rid of back to full nicely. If you have any inquiries concerning where and how you can utilize [http://prometeu.net clash of clans hack download android], you can call us at our own web-page. Throne Rush has similar heroes that could be hired, but they will extreme and more abounding. They play almost the same way, nonetheless think players will love using four or twelve Immortal Heroes instead related just two, as much time as they dont fool the balance of the sport too severely.<br><br>Hold note of how money your teen would be shelling out for gaming. These kinds of products aren't cheap [http://Www.twitpic.com/tag/coupled coupled] with then there is highly the option of investing in one much more add-ons during the game itself. Establish month-to-month and to choose from restrictions on the levels of money that may very well be spent on video. Also, have conversations with the youngsters about having a budget.<br><br>Hold out for game of the season editions of a lot of titles. These come out per time of year or higher after the initial headline, but also include a lot of all down-loadable and extra matter which was released all the way through steps once the extremely headline. These pastime titles supply a good more bang for all of the buck.<br><br>Group wars can alone automatically be started by market responsable or co-leaders. Second started, the bold will surely chase to have any good adversary association of agnate durability. Backbone in no way bent because of i would say the cardinal of trophies, instead by anniversary members growing ability (troops, army troubled capacity, spells clash of a clans Cheats and heroes) in addition to arresting backbone (security buildings, walls, accessories and heroes).<br><br>It is a nice process. Damaging the appraisement bottomward into sections of time that engage in faculty to be happy to bodies (hour/day/week) makes doing it accessible to visualize. Everybody knows what me and my juicer to accept to postpone each day. The additionally actual accessible you can tune. If you change your own apperception soon and adjudge that one day should bulk more, a person allegation to try as do is amend particular benefit. |
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| At the same time, other explanations were proposed that did not concord with general relativity. [[Edward Arthur Milne|Edward Milne]] proposed an explanation compatible with [[special relativity]] but not general relativity that there was a giant explosion that could explain redshifts (see [[Milne universe]]). Others proposed that [[systematics|systematic effects]] could explain the redshift-distance correlation. Along this line, [[Fritz Zwicky]] proposed a "tired light" mechanism in 1929.<ref name="Zwicky">Zwicky, F. 1929. ''On the Red Shift of Spectral Lines through Interstellar Space.'' PNAS '''15''':773-779. [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1929PNAS...15..773Z Abstract] (ADS) [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprintframed/15/10/773 Full article] (PDF)</ref> Zwicky suggested that [[photon]]s might slowly lose [[energy]] as they travel vast [[distance]]s through a [[static universe]] by interaction with matter or other photons, or by some novel physical mechanism. Since a decrease in [[energy]] corresponds to an increase in light's [[wavelength]], this effect would produce a [[redshift]] in [[spectral line]]s that increase [[Proportionality (mathematics)|proportionally]] with the distance of the source. The term "tired light" was coined by [[Richard Tolman]] in the early 1930s as a way to refer to this idea.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Evans |first1=Myron W. |last2=Vigier |first2=Jean-Pierre |title=The Enigmatic Photon: Theory and Practice of the B3 Field |url=http://books.google.com/?id=2-0p1eOCYeIC&pg=PA29&lpg=PA29&dq=%22tired+light%22+coined+tolman |page=29 |publisher=Springer |year=1996 |isbn=0-7923-4044-2}}</ref>
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| Tired light mechanisms were among the proposed alternatives to the [[Big Bang]] and the [[Steady State Theory|Steady State]] [[physical cosmology|cosmologies]], both of which relied on the general relativistic expansion of the universe of the FRW metric. Through the middle of the twentieth century, most cosmologists supported one of these two [[paradigm]]s, but there were a few scientists, especially those who were working on alternatives to general relativity, who worked with the tired light alternative.<ref>Wilson, O. C. 1939. ''Possible applications of supernovae to the study of the nebular red shifts.'' Astrophysical Journal '''90''':634-636. [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?1939ApJ....90..634W Archived article (ADS)]</ref> As the discipline of [[observational cosmology]] developed in the late twentieth century and the associated data became more numerous and accurate, the Big Bang emerged as the cosmological theory most supported by the observational evidence, and it remains the accepted [[scientific consensus|consensus model]] with a current [[Lambda-CDM model|parametrization]] that precisely specifies the state and evolution of the universe. Although the proposals of "tired light cosmologies" are now more-or-less relegated to the dustbin of history, as a completely alternative proposal tired-light cosmologies were considered a remote possibility worthy of some consideration in cosmology texts well into the 1980s, though it was dismissed as an unlikely and ''ad hoc'' proposal by mainstream astrophysicists.<ref>See, for example, page 397 of [[Joseph Silk]]'s book, ''The Big Bang''. (1980) W. H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 0-7167-1812-X.</ref>
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| By the 1990s and on into the twenty-first century, a number of falsifying observations have shown that "tired light" hypotheses are not viable explanations for cosmological redshifts.<ref name=treu>Tommaso Treu, Lecture slides for [[University of California at Santa Barbara]] Astrophysics course. [http://www.physics.ucsb.edu/~tt/ASTRO2/lecture16.pdf page 16].</ref> For example, in a static universe with tired light mechanisms, the surface brightness of stars and galaxies should be constant, that is, the farther an object is, the less light we receive, but its apparent area diminishes as well, so the light received divided by the apparent area should be constant. In an expanding universe, the surface brightness diminishes with distance. As the observed object recedes, photons are emitted at a reduced rate because each photon has to travel a distance that is a little longer than the previous one, while its energy is reduced a little because of increasing redshift at a larger distance. On the other hand, in an expanding universe, the object appears to be larger than it really is, because it was closer to us when the photons started their travel. This causes a difference in surface brilliance of objects between a static and an expanding Universe. This is known as the [[Tolman surface brightness test]] that in those studies favors the expanding universe hypothesis and rules out static tired light models.<ref name = "Geller">Geller J. et al.,[http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1972ApJ...174....1G&data_type=PDF_HIGH&type=PRINTER&filetype=.pdf Test of the expanding universe postulate] The astrophysical journal 174, p.1 (1972)</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Goldhaber|first1=G.|last2=Groom|first2=D. E.|last3=Kim|first3=A.|last4=Aldering|first4=G.|last5=Astier|first5=P.|last6=Conley|first6=A.|last7=Deustua|first7=S. E.|last8=Ellis|first8=R.|last9=Fabbro|first9=S.|last10=Fruchter|first10=A. S.|last11=Goobar|first11=A.|last12=Hook|first12=I.|last13=Irwin|first13=M.|last14=Kim|first14=M.|last15=Knop|first15=R. A.|last16=Lidman|first16=C.|last17=McMahon|first17=R.|last18=Nugent|first18=P. E.|last19=Pain|first19=R.|last20=Panagia|first20=N.|last21=Pennypacker|first21=C. R.|last22=Perlmutter|first22=S.|last23=Ruiz‐Lapuente|first23=P.|last24=Schaefer|first24=B.|last25=Walton|first25=N. A.|last26=York|first26=T.|author27=The Supernova Cosmology Project|title=Timescale Stretch Parameterization of Type Ia Supernova B-band Light Curves|doi=10.1086/322460|year=2001|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=558|pages=359|arxiv=astro-ph/0104382}}</ref><ref>Lubin and Sandage(2001), The Tolman Surface Brightness Test for the Reality of the Expansion. IV. A Measurement of the Tolman Signal and the Luminosity Evolution of Early-Type Galaxies, [http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0106566 url]</ref>
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| Redshift is directly observable and used by cosmologists as a direct measure of [[cosmological time|lookback time]]. They often refer to age and distance to objects in terms of redshift rather than years or light-years. In such a scale, the [[Big Bang]] corresponds to a redshift of infinity.<ref name="Geller" /> [[Alternative theories of gravity]] that do not have an expanding universe in them need an alternative to explain the correspondence between redshift and distance that is ''[[sui generis]]'' to the [[Metric expansion of space|expanding metrics]] of general relativity. Such theories are sometimes referred to as "tired-light cosmologies", though not all authors are necessarily aware of the historical antecedents.<ref>{{cite book |last=Barrow |first=John D. |title=The Routledge Companion to the New Cosmology |editor=Peter Coles |publisher=Routledge |year=2001 |isbn=0-415-24312-2 |page=308}}</ref>
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| ==Specific falsified models==
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| [[Image:Hubble ultra deep field high rez edit1.jpg|thumb|right|275 px| The [[Hubble Ultra Deep Field]] is an image of galaxies that are in excess of 10 billion light years away. If tired light was a correct explanation, these galaxies would appear blurred in comparison to closer galaxies. That they do not rules out the suggestion that scattering processes are causing the redshift-distance relation.]]
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| In general, any "tired light" mechanism must solve some basic problems, in that the observed redshift must:
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| *admit the same measurement in any wavelength-band
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| *not exhibit blurring
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| *follow the detailed Hubble relation observed with [[supernova]] data (see [[accelerating universe]])
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| *explain associated [[time dilation]] of cosmologically distant events.
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| A number of tired light mechanisms have been suggested over the years. [[Fritz Zwicky]], in his paper proposing these models investigated a number of redshift explanations, ruling out some himself. The simplest form of a tired light theory assumes an exponential decrease in photon energy with distance traveled:
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| :<math>E(x)=E_0 \exp{(-\frac{x}{R_0})}</math>
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| where <math>E(x)</math> is the energy of the photon at distance <math>x</math> from the source of light, <math>E_0</math> is the energy of the photon at the source of light, and <math>R_0</math> is a large constant characterizing the "resistance of the space". To correspond to [[Hubble's law]], the constant <math>R_0</math> must be several giga[[parsec]]s. <!--It must be large enough to take into account any deviation from Hubble's law--> For example, Zwicky considered whether an integrated [[Compton Effect]] could account for the scale normalization of the above model:
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| {{quote|... light coming from distant nebulae would undergo a shift to the red by [[Compton effect]] on those free electrons [in interstellar spaces] [...] But then the light scattered in all directions would make the interstellar space intolerably opaque which disposes of the above explanation. [...] it is evident that any explanation based on a scattering process like the Compton effect or the [[Raman effect]], etc., will be in a hopeless position regarding the good definition of the images.<ref name="Zwicky" />}}
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| This expected "blurring" of cosmologically distant objects is not seen in the observational evidence, though it would take much larger telescopes than those available at that time to show this with certainty. Alternatively, Zwicky proposed a kind of [[Sachs-Wolfe effect|Sachs-Wolfe Effect]] explanation for the redshift distance relation:
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| {{quote|One might expect a shift of spectral lines due to the difference of the static gravitational potential at different distances from the center of a galaxy. This effect, of course, has no relation to the distance of the observed galaxy from our own system and, therefore, cannot provide any explanation of the phenomenon discussed in this paper.<ref name="Zwicky" />}}
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| Zwicky's proposals were carefully presented as falsifiable according to later observations:
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| {{quote|... [a] gravitational analogue of the Compton effect [...] It is easy to see that the above redshift should broaden these absorption lines asymmetrically toward the red. If these lines can be photographed with a high enough dispersion, the displacement of the center of gravity of the line will give the redshift independent of the velocity of the system from which the light is emitted.<ref name="Zwicky" />}}
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| Such broadening of absorption lines is not seen in high-redshift objects, thus falsifying this particular hypothesis.<ref>See, for example, high-redshift spectra shown at http://astrobites.com/2011/04/27/prospecting-for-c-iv-at-high-redshifts/</ref>
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| Zwicky also notes, in the same paper, that according to a tired light model a distance-redshift relationship would necessarily be present in the light from sources within our own galaxy (even if the redshift would be so small that it would be hard to measure), that do not appear under a recessional-velocity based theory. He writes, referring to sources of light within our galaxy: "It is especially desirable to determine the redshift independent of the proper velocities of the objects observed".<ref name="Zwicky" /> Subsequent to this, astronomers have patiently mapped out the three-dimensional velocity-position [[phase space]] for the galaxy and found the redshifts and blueshifts of galactic objects to accord well with the statistical distribution of a spiral galaxy, eliminating the [[intrinsic redshift]] component as an effect.<ref>Binney & Merrifield: GALACTIC ASTRONOMY, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-02565-0</ref>
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| Following after Zwicky in 1935, [[Edwin Hubble]] and [[Richard Tolman]] compared recessional redshift with a non-recessional one, writing that they:
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| {{quote|... both incline to the opinion, however, that if the red-shift is not due to recessional motion, its explanation will probably involve some quite new physical principles [... and] use of a static Einstein model of the universe, combined with the assumption that the photons emitted by a nebula lose energy on their journey to the observer by some unknown effect, which is linear with distance, and which leads to a decrease in frequency, without appreciable transverse deflection.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hubble |first1=Edwin |last2=Tolman |first2=Richard C. |authorlink1=Edwin Hubble |authorlink2=Richard C. Tolman |title=Two Methods of Investigating the Nature of the Nebular Redshift |date=November 1935 |journal=Astrophysical Journal |volume=82 |page=302 |doi=10.1086/143682 |bibcode=1935ApJ....82..302H}}</ref>}} These conditions became almost impossible to meet and the overall success of general relativistic explanations for the redshift-distance relation is one of the core reasons that the Big Bang model of the universe remains the cosmology preferred by researchers.
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| In the early 1950s, [[Erwin Finlay-Freundlich]] proposed a redshift as "the result of loss of energy by observed photons traversing a radiation field."<ref name="finlay">{{cite journal | last1 = Finlay-Freundlich | first1 = E. | year = 1954 | title = Red-Shifts in the Spectra of Celestial Bodies | url = http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/0370-1298/67/2/114 | journal = Proc. Phys. Soc. A | volume = 67 | issue = 2| pages = 192–193 | doi = 10.1088/0370-1298/67/2/114 |bibcode = 1954PPSA...67..192F }}</ref> which was cited and argued for as an explanation for the redshift-distance relation in a 1962 astrophysics theory ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' paper by [[University of Manchester]] physics professor P. F. Browne.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Brown | first1 = P.F. | year = 1962 | title = The Case for an Exponential Red Shift Law | url = http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v193/n4820/abs/1931019a0.html | journal = Nature | volume = 193 | issue = 4820| pages = 1019–1021 | doi=10.1038/1931019a0|bibcode = 1962Natur.193.1019B }}</ref> The pre-eminent cosmologist [[Ralph Asher Alpher]] wrote a letter to ''Nature'' three months later in response to this suggestion heavily criticizing the approach, "No generally accepted physical mechanism has been proposed for this loss,"<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Alpher | first1 = R.A. | year = 1962 | title = Laboratory Test of the Finlay-Freundlich Red Shift Hypothesis | url = http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v196/n4852/abs/196367b0.html | journal = Nature | volume = 196 | issue = 4852| pages = 367–368 | doi=10.1038/196367b0|bibcode = 1962Natur.196..367A }}</ref> Still, until the so-called "Age of Precision Cosmology" was ushered in with results from the [[WMAP]] space probe and modern [[redshift survey]]s,<ref>[[George Smoot|Smoot, George S.]] PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2002 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON COSMOLOGY AND PARTICLE ASTROPHYSICS (CosPA 02) Taipei, Taiwan, 31 May - 2 June 2002 (pp 314-325) ''OUR AGE OF PRECISION COSMOLOGY''.</ref> tired light models could occasionally get published in the mainstream journals, including one that was published in the February 1979 edition of ''Nature'' proposing "photon decay" in a curved spacetime<ref>D.F. Crawford, ''Photon Decay in Curved Space-time'', [[Nature (journal)|Nature]], 277(5698), 633-635 (1979).</ref> that was five months later criticized in the same journal as being wholly inconsistent with observations of the [[gravitational redshift]] observed in the [[limb darkening|solar limb]].<ref>{{cite journal|
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| author = Beckers, J. M. and Cram, L. E.|
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| title = "Use of the solar limb effect to test photon decay and cosmological redshift theories",|
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| journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|date=July 1979|
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| volume = 280|
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| pages = 255–256|
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| doi = 10.1038/280255a0|
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| url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979Natur.280..255B|bibcode = 1979Natur.280..255B|
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| issue = 5719 }}</ref> In 1986 a paper claiming tired light theories explained redshift better than cosmic expansion was published in the ''Astrophysical Journal'',<ref>{{cite journal| author=LaViolette P. A. |title=Is the universe really expanding? |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?1986ApJ...301..544L |journal=Astrophysical Journal |date=April 1986 |volume=301 |pages=544–553|bibcode = 1986ApJ...301..544L |doi = 10.1086/163922 }}</ref> but ten months later, in the same journal, such tired light models were shown to be inconsistent with extant observations.<ref>{{cite journal|author=[[Ned Wright|Wright E. L.]]|title=Source counts in the chronometric cosmology|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987ApJ...313..551W|journal=Astrophysics Journal|date=February 1987|volume=313|pages=551–555|bibcode = 1987ApJ...313..551W|doi =10.1086/164996 }}</ref> As cosmological measurements became more precise and the statistics in cosmological data sets improved, tired light proposals ended up being falsified,<ref name=nedwright /><ref name=treu /><ref name=Peebles /> to the extent that the theory was described in 2001 by science writer [[Charles Seife]] as being "firmly on the [[fringe physics|fringe of physics]] 30 years ago",<ref name=Seife /> however tired light theories still appear occasionally in speculative journals.
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| ==References==
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| <div style="font-size: 95%">
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| <!--See [[Wikipedia:Footnotes]] for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref(erences/)> tags-->
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| <references/>
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| </div>
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| === Bibliography ===
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| * {{Cite journal|doi=10.4006/1.3397803|title=An explanation for the cosmological redshift|year=2010|last1=Mamas|first1=Dean L.|journal=Physics Essays|volume=23|issue=2|pages=326}}
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| * {{Cite journal|doi=10.4006/1.3033412|title=A New Non‐Doppler Redshift|year=1988|last1=Marmet|first1=Paul|journal=Physics Essays|volume=1|pages=24}}
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| * {{cite journal|doi=10.1109/27.24634|title=Cosmic matter and the nonexpanding universe|year=1989|last1=Marmet|first1=P.|last2=Reber|first2=G.|journal=IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science|volume=17|issue=2|pages=264}}
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| * {{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/0375-9601(95)00868-3|title=A third hypothesis on the origin of the redshift: Application to the Pioneer 6 data|year=1995|last1=Accardi|first1=L.|last2=Laio|first2=A.|last3=Lu|first3=Y.G.|last4=Rizzi|first4=G.|journal=Physics Letters A|volume=209|issue=5–6|pages=277}}
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| * {{Cite journal|doi=10.1086/322134|title=The Tolman Surface Brightness Test for the Reality of the Expansion. IV. A Measurement of the Tolman Signal and the Luminosity Evolution of Early-Type Galaxies|year=2001|last1=Lubin|first1=Lori M.|last2=Sandage|first2=Allan|journal=The Astronomical Journal|volume=122|issue=3|pages=1084}}
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| * {{cite journal|doi=10.1086/322460|title=Timescale Stretch Parameterization of Type Ia SupernovaB‐Band Light Curves|year=2001|last1=Goldhaber|first1=G.|last2=Groom|first2=D. E.|last3=Kim|first3=A.|last4=Aldering|first4=G.|last5=Astier|first5=P.|last6=Conley|first6=A.|last7=Deustua|first7=S. E.|last8=Ellis|first8=R.|last9=Fabbro|first9=S.|last10=Fruchter|first10=A. S.|last11=Goobar|first11=A.|last12=Hook|first12=I.|last13=Irwin|first13=M.|last14=Kim|first14=M.|last15=Knop|first15=R. A.|last16=Lidman|first16=C.|last17=McMahon|first17=R.|last18=Nugent|first18=P. E.|last19=Pain|first19=R.|last20=Panagia|first20=N.|last21=Pennypacker|first21=C. R.|last22=Perlmutter|first22=S.|last23=Ruiz‐Lapuente|first23=P.|last24=Schaefer|first24=B.|last25=Walton|first25=N. A.|last26=York|first26=T.|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=558|pages=359}}
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| * [[C. Johan Masreliez]]; [http://www.amazon.com/Progression-Time-expansion-powers-universe/dp/1456574345/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1355530586&sr=1-1&keywords=C.+Johan+Masreliez ''The Progression of Time'' - How expanding space and time forms and powers the universe], Amazon. ISBN 1456574345.
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| * ''Alemanov S. B.'' [http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays/View/5048 Hubble's quantum law], General Science Journal (2013).
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Tired Light}}
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| [[Category:Physical cosmology]]
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| [[Category:Fringe physics]]
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| [[Category:Light]]
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| [[Category:Obsolete scientific theories]]
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