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| {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2012}}
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| [[File:Image cropping 155x1.jpg|right|thumbnail|240px|The red outline frames an approximately 16:9 picture. The yellow outline, not including the black bars at top and bottom, shows the same picture cropped to 14:9, while the whole yellow box frames a 4:3 picture.]]
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| '''14:9''' is a compromise [[aspect ratio (image)|aspect ratio]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.channel2020.co.uk/talk16x9.php |title=16:9, 14:9, and 4:3 explained |accessdate=2 July 2008 |publisher=The Clerkenwell Workshops|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20090129232458/http://www.channel2020.co.uk/talk16x9.php |archivedate = 29 January 2009|deadurl=yes}} </ref> of 1.56:1. It is used to create an acceptable picture on both [[4:3]] and [[16:9]] televisions, conceived following audience tests conducted by the [[BBC]]. It is used by most UK, Irish, French, Spanish and Australian terrestrial analogue networks, and in the United States on [[Discovery Networks]]' HD [[simulcast]] channels with programming and advertising originally compiled in 4:3. Note that 14:9 is not a shooting format; 14:9 material is almost always derived from either a 16:9 or 4:3 shot.
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| == Usage ==
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| ===With native 16:9 material===
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| A common usage is for material shot in 16:9 format. During production, the important action is kept within the centre of the picture, known as the 14:9 [[safe area (television)|safe area]]. When the material is broadcast in a 4:3 format (such as for [[analog television]]), the sides of the image are cropped to 14:9 and narrow black bars are added to the top and bottom. It is considered that viewers who are not used to wide-screen will find this less distracting than the [[letterbox]] format that would result from broadcasting the full 16:9 picture in analogue, while still seeing more of the picture than would be visible if cropped into 4:3. When the same material is broadcast in 16:9 (such as for [[digital television]]) the full 16:9 frame is left intact, but auxiliary signals tell the receiver that the picture is suitable for cropping to 14:9 if necessary (for example, when the receiver is connected to a 4:3 display).
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| The major benefit in shooting 16:9 with protection for 14:9 (rather than 4:3) is improving the usable screen real-estate for titles, logos and scrolling text. The visible enhancement is significant due to the restrictive requirements of [[overscan]]. When shooting in 16:9 for potential 4:3 distribution the "[[Shoot And Protect]]" method (from the BBC's "Widescreen Book") is employed. As the name suggests footage is shot in 16:9 but important visual information is protected inside the 14:9 or 4:3 safe areas.
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| ===With native 4:3 material=== | |
| Another use is for material shot on a 4:3 format. When broadcast in 16:9, the top and bottom of the original frame are cropped to 14:9, and black bars (called [[pillarbox]]es) are added to either side. When broadcast in 4:3, the 14:9 crop is often used in preference to the original 4:3 frame. This is especially common when 4:3 footage needs to be included in an otherwise 16:9 program, such as a news broadcast, and is used by the BBC 'Kids' channels ([[CBBC]] & [[CBeebies]]) to broadcast older children's programming shot is 4:3 (e.g. aging schools programming) on a larger proportion of a 16:9 screen. In the case of BBC Kids, additional graphics are added to the [[pillarbox]] area instead of leaving it black.{{fact|date=February 2012}}
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| ===Adoption by TV channels===
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| ====UK====
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| In the UK, most channels broadcast in 16:9, but some channels such as [[Nickelodeon (UK & Ireland)|Nickelodeon]] also use 14:9. On these channels, the 14:9 cropping is used on adverts and shows which were produced in 16:9, such as [[House of Anubis]], [[iCarly]], [[Victorious]] and [[Big Time Rush]], to present a more consistent output. [[Nickelodeon (UK & Ireland)]] (and sister channels [[Nick Jr. (UK & Ireland)]] and [[Nicktoons (UK & Ireland)]]) are the only kids channel that are not shown in 16:9 but will make the switch in 2013. The HD channel, [[Nickelodeon (UK & Ireland)|Nickelodeon HD]] is shown 16:9, with 4:3 programming shown in the [[pillarbox]] effect.
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| ====Argentina====
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| It is also used on the [[ISDB-Tb]] HD service of the Argentinian public television, [[TV Pública]], in order to adjust their old programs and 4:3 SD studio cameras to 16:9 format.{{fact|date=February 2012}}
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| ====Portugal====
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| The public broadcaster [[Rádio e Televisão de Portugal|RTP]] used the 14:9 format to convert 16:9 broadcasts to the 4:3 format it still uses. However, since June 8, 2012, they begun to broadcast 16:9 material in its original aspect ratio, with the correct flag, thus ending the broadcasts featuring the 14:9 format.
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| Private broadcaster [[Televisão_Independente|TVI]] started using the 14:9 format in August 2012 to broadcast 16:9 material instead of using 4:3 Pan & Scan, as they refuse to broadcast in 16:9.
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| == Mathematics ==
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| The aspect ratio of 14:9 (1.555...) is the [[arithmetic mean]] (average) of 16:9 and 4:3 = 12:9, since the average of 16 and 12 is 14. More practically, it is approximately the [[geometric mean]]<ref>{{cite patent | title = Method of showing 16:9 pictures on 4:3 displays | country = US | number = 5956091 | gdate = 21 September 1999 }}</ref> (the precise geometric mean is <math>\sqrt{(16/9)\times (4/3)} \approx 1.5396 \approx 13.8:9 </math>), and in this sense is mathematically a compromise between these two aspect ratios: two equal area pictures (at 16:9 and 4:3) will intersect in a box with aspect ratio the geometric mean, as demonstrated in the image at top (14:9 is just slightly wider than the intersection). In this way 14:9 balances the needs of both 16:9 and 4:3, cropping or distorting both about equally; similar considerations were used in [[Aspect ratio (image)#Why 16:9 was chosen by the SMPTE|the choice of 16:9]] by the [[SMPTE]], there balancing 2.35 and 4:3.
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| ==See also==
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| * [[Shoot and protect]]
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| * [[Pillarbox]]
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
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| {{Video formats}}
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| [[Category:Television technology]]
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| [[it:Aspect ratio (immagine)#Il 14:9]]
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