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[[File:StressEnergyTensor contravariant.svg|thumb|250px|right|The stress–energy tensor of a perfect fluid contains only the diagonal components.]]
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In [[physics]], a '''perfect fluid''' is a [[fluid]] that can be completely characterized by its rest frame [[mass density]] &rho; and ''isotropic'' [[pressure]] ''p''.


Real fluids are "sticky" and contain (and conduct) heat. Perfect fluids are idealized models in which these possibilities are neglected.  Specifically, perfect fluids have no [[shear stress]]es, [[viscosity]], or [[heat conduction]].
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In tensor notation, the [[stress–energy tensor]] of a perfect fluid can be written in the form
:<math>T^{\mu\nu} = \left( \rho + \frac{p}{c^2} \right) \, U^\mu U^\nu + p \, \eta^{\mu\nu}\,</math>
where ''U'' is the [[velocity]] [[vector field]] of the fluid and where <math>\eta_{\mu \nu}</math> is the metric tensor of [[Minkowski spacetime]].
 
Perfect fluids admit a [[Lagrangian]] formulation, which allows the techniques used in field theory, in particular, [[quantization (physics)|quantization]], to be applied to fluids. This formulation can be generalized, but unfortunately, heat conduction and anisotropic stresses cannot be treated in these generalized formulations.{{why|date=December 2013}}
 
Perfect fluids are often used in [[general relativity]] to model idealized distributions of [[matter]], such as in the interior of a star.
 
==See also==
*[[Equation of state]]
*[[Ideal gas]]
*[[Fluid solution|Fluid solutions in general relativity]]
 
==References==
*The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time, by S.W.Hawking and G.F.R.Ellis, Cambridge University Press, 1973. ISBN 0-521-20016-4, ISBN 0-521-09906-4  (pbk.)
 
==External links==
 
*Mark D. Roberts, [A Fluid Generalization of Membranes http://www.arXiv.org/abs/hep-th/0406164 hep-th/0406164].
 
{{fluiddynamics-stub}}
 
[[Category:Fluid mechanics]]

Latest revision as of 16:34, 20 November 2014

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