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| In [[mathematics]], '''Floer homology''' is a mathematical tool used in the study of [[symplectic geometry]] and low-dimensional [[topology]]. Informally, it maps cycles on the [[manifold (mathematics)|manifold]] under study to a [[homology group]] that gives insight into the topological properties of the manifold. First introduced by [[Andreas Floer]] in his proof of the [[Arnold conjecture]] in symplectic geometry, Floer homology is a novel [[homology theory]] arising as an infinite dimensional analog of finite dimensional [[Morse homology]]. A similar construction, also introduced by Floer, provides a homology theory associated to three-dimensional [[manifold (mathematics)|manifold]]s. This theory, along with a number of its generalizations, plays a fundamental role in current investigations into the topology of three- and four-dimensional manifolds. Using techniques from [[gauge theory]], these investigations have provided new insights into the structure of three- and four-dimensional [[differentiable manifold]]s.
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| Floer homology is typically defined by associating an infinite dimensional manifold to the object of interest. In the symplectic version, this is the free [[loop space]] of a [[symplectic manifold]], while in the original three-dimensional manifold ([[instanton]]) version, it is the space of SU(2)-[[connection (mathematics)|connections]] on a three-dimensional manifold. Loosely speaking, Floer homology is the Morse homology computed from a natural function on this infinite dimensional manifold. This function is the [[symplectic action]] on the free loop space or the [[Chern–Simons]] function on the space of [[connection (mathematics)|connection]]s. A homology theory is formed from the [[vector space]] spanned by the [[critical point (mathematics)|critical points]] of this function. A linear [[endomorphism]] of this vector space is defined by counting the function's [[gradient]] [[flow lines]] connecting two critical points. Floer homology is then the [[quotient space|quotient vector space]] formed by identifying the [[image (mathematics)|image]] of this endomorphism inside its [[kernel (algebra)|kernel]].
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| Instanton Floer homology is viewed as a generalization of the [[Casson invariant]] because the [[Euler characteristic]] of Floer homology is identified with Casson invariant.
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| ==Symplectic Floer homology==
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| Symplectic Floer Homology (SFH) is a homology theory associated to a [[symplectic manifold]] and a nondegenerate [[symplectomorphism]] of it. If the symplectomorphism is [[Hamiltonian symplectomorphism|Hamiltonian]], the homology arises from studying the [[symplectic action]] functional on the ([[universal cover]] of the) [[free loop space]] of a symplectic manifold. SFH is invariant under [[Hamiltonian isotopy]] of the symplectomorphism.
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| Here, nondegeneracy means that 1 is not an eigenvalue of the derivative of the symplectomorphism at any of its fixed points. This condition implies that the fixed points will be isolated. SFH is the homology of the [[chain complex]] generated by the [[Fixed point (mathematics)|fixed points]] of such a symplectomorphism, where the differential counts certain [[pseudoholomorphic curve]]s in the product of the real line and the [[mapping torus]] of the symplectomorphism. This itself is a symplectic manifold of dimension two greater than the original manifold. For an appropriate choice of [[almost complex structure]], punctured [[holomorphic curve]]s (of finite energy) in it have cylindrical ends asymptotic to the loops in the [[mapping torus]] corresponding to fixed points of the symplectomorphism. A relative index may be defined between pairs of fixed points, and the differential counts the number of holomorphic cylinders with relative index 1.
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| The symplectic Floer homology of a Hamiltonian symplectomorphism of a compact manifold is isomorphic to the singular homology of the underlying manifold. Thus, the sum of the [[Betti number]]s of that manifold yields the lower bound predicted by one version of the [[Arnold conjecture]] for the number of fixed points for a nondegenerate symplectomorphism. The SFH of a Hamiltonian symplectomorphism also has a [[pair of pants (mathematics)|pair of pants]] product which is a deformed [[cup product]] equivalent to [[quantum cohomology]]. A version of the product also exists for non-exact symplectomorphisms.
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| For the [[cotangent bundle]] of a manifold M, the Floer homology depends on the choice of Hamiltonian due to its noncompactness. For Hamiltonians that are quadratic at infinity, the Floer homology is the [[singular homology]] of the free loop space of M (proofs of various versions of this statement are due to Viterbo, Salamon–Weber, Abbondandolo–Schwarz, and Cohen). There are more complicated operations on the Floer homology of a cotangent bundle that correspond to the [[string topology]] operations on the homology of the loop space of the underlying manifold.
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| The symplectic version of Floer homology figures in a crucial way in the formulation of the [[homological mirror symmetry]] conjecture.
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| ===PSS isomorphism===
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| In 1996 S. Piunikhin, D. Salamon and M. Schwarz summarized the results about the relation between Floer homology and [[quantum cohomology ring|quantum cohomology]] and formulated as the following.{{harvtxt|Piunikhin|Salamon|Schwarz|1996}}
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| :*The Floer cohomology groups of the loop space of a ''semi-positive'' symplectic manifold (''M'',ω) are naturally isomorphic to the ordinary cohomology of ''M'', tensored by a suitable [[Novikov ring]] associated the group of covering tranformations. | |
| :*This isomorphism intertwines the [[quantum cup product]] structure on the cohomology of M with the pair-of-pants product on Floer homology.
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| The above condition of semi-positive and the compactness of symplectic manifold ''M'' is required for us to obtain [[quantum cohomology#Novikov ring|Novikov ring]] and for the definition of both Floer homology and quantum cohomology. The semi-positive condition means
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| :*<[ω],A>=λ<c<sub>1</sub>,''A''> for every ''A'' in π<sub>2</sub>(''M'') where λ≥0 (''M'' is ''monotone'').
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| :*<c<sub>1</sub>,''A''>=0 for every ''A'' in π<sub>2</sub>(''M''). | |
| :*The ''minimal Chern Number'' ''N''≥0 defined by <c<sub>1</sub>,π<sub>2</sub>(''M'')>=''N'''''Z''' is greater than or equal to ''n-2''.
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| The quantum cohomology group of symplectic manifold ''M'' can be defined as the tensor products of the ordinary cohomology with Novikov ring Λ, i.e.
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| ::<math>QH_*(M)=H_*(M)\otimes\Lambda</math>.
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| This construction of Floer homology explains the independence on the choice of the [[almost complex structure]] on ''M'' and the isomorphism to Floer homology provided from the ideas of [[Morse theory]] and [[pseudoholomorphic curves]], where we must recognize the [[Poincaré duality]] between homology and cohomology as the background.
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| ==Floer homology of three-manifolds==
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| There are several conjecturally equivalent Floer homologies associated to [[Closed manifold|closed]] [[three-manifolds]]. Each yields three types of homology groups, which fit into an [[exact triangle]]. A knot in a three-manifold induces a filtration on the chain complex of each theory, whose chain homotopy type is a knot invariant. (Their homologies satisfy similar formal properties to the combinatorially-defined [[Khovanov homology]].)
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| These homologies are closely related to the Donaldson and Seiberg invariants of 4-manifolds, as well as to Taubes's Gromov invariant of symplectic 4-manifolds; the differentials of the corresponding three-manifold homologies to these theories are studied by considering solutions to the relevant differential equations ([[Yang–Mills theory|Yang–Mills]], [[Seiberg–Witten gauge theory|Seiberg–Witten]], and [[Cauchy–Riemann equations|Cauchy–Riemann]], respectively) on the 3-manifold cross '''R'''. The 3-manifold Floer homologies should also be the targets of relative invariants for four-manifolds with boundary, related by gluing constructions to the invariants of a closed 4-manifold obtained by gluing together bounded 3-manifolds along their boundaries. (This is closely related to the notion of a [[topological quantum field theory]].) For Heegaard Floer homology, the 3-manifold homology was defined first, and an invariant for closed 4-manifolds was later defined in terms of it.
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| There are also extensions of the 3-manifold homologies to 3-manifolds with boundary: sutured Floer homology {{harv|Juhász|2008}} and bordered Floer homology {{harv|Lipshitz|Ozsváth|Thurston|2008}}. These are related to the invariants for closed 3-manifolds by gluing formulas for the Floer homology of a 3-manifold described as the union along the boundary of two 3-manifolds with boundary.
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| The [[three-manifold]] Floer homologies also come equipped with a distinguished element of the homology if the [[three-manifold]] is equipped with a [[contact structure]] beginning with Kronheimer and Mrowka in the Seiberg–Witten case. (A choice of contact structure is required to define embedded contact homology but not the others. For embedded contact homology see {{harvtxt|Hutchings|2009}})
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| These theories all come equipped with a priori relative gradings; these have been lifted to absolute gradings (by homotopy classes of oriented 2-plane fields) by Kronheimer and Mrowka (for SWF), Gripp and Huang (for HF), and Hutchings (for ECH). Cristofaro-Gardiner has shown that Taubes' isomorphism between ECH and Seiberg-Witten Floer cohomology preserves these absolute gradings.
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| ===Instanton Floer homology===
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| This is a three-manifold invariant connected to [[Donaldson theory]] introduced by Floer himself. It is obtained using the [[Chern–Simons theory|Chern–Simons]] functional on the space of [[Connection (mathematics)|connections]] on a [[principal bundle|principal]] [[SU(2)]]-bundle over the three-manifold. Its critical points are [[flat connection]]s and its flow lines are [[instanton]]s, i.e. anti-self-dual connections on the three-manifold crossed with the real line.
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| Soon after Floer's introduction of Floer homology, Donaldson realized that cobordisms induce maps. This was the first instance
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| of the structure that came to be known as a Topological Quantum Field Theory.
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| ===Seiberg–Witten Floer homology===
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| '''Seiberg–Witten Floer homology''' is a homology theory of smooth [[3-manifold]]s (equipped with a [[spin-c structure|spin<sup>''c''</sup> structure]]) that is generated by translation-invariant solutions to Seiberg–Witten equations (known as monopoles) on the product of a 3-manifold and the real line, and whose differential counts solutions to the Seiberg–Witten equations on the product of a 3-manifold and the real line which are asymptotic to invariant solutions at infinity and negative infinity. | |
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| SWF was constructed rigorously in the book of [[Peter Kronheimer]] and [[Tomasz Mrowka]], where it is known as monopole Floer homology. Alternate constructions of SWF for rational homology 3-spheres have been given by {{harvtxt|Manolescu|2003}} and {{harvtxt|Frøyshov|2010}}; they are presumed but not known to agree with monopole Floer homology.
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| Cliff Taubes has proved that SWF and ECH are isomorphic.
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| ===Heegaard Floer homology===<!-- This section is linked from [[Knot invariant]] -->
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| '''Heegaard Floer homology''' {{IPAc-en|audio=En-heegaard.ogg|}} is an invariant due to [[Peter Ozsváth]] and [[Zoltán Szabó (mathematician)|Zoltán Szabó]] of a closed 3-manifold equipped with a spin<sup>''c''</sup> structure. It is computed using a [[Heegaard splitting|Heegaard diagram]] of the space via a construction analogous to Lagrangian Floer homology. {{harvtxt|Kutluhan|Lee|Taubes|2010}} announced a proof that Heegaard Floer homology is isomorphic to Seiberg-Witten Floer homology, and {{harvtxt|Colin|Ghiggini|Honda|2011}} announced a proof that the plus-version of Heegaard Floer homology (with reverse orientation) is isomorphic to embedded contact homology. | |
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| A knot in a three-manifold induces a filtration on the Heegaard Floer homology groups, and the filtered homotopy type is a powerful [[knot invariant]], called knot Floer homology. It [[categorification|categorifies]] the [[Alexander polynomial]]. Knot Floer homology was defined by {{Harvtxt|Ozsváth|Szabó|2003}} and independently by {{harvtxt|Rasmussen|2003}}. It is known to detect knot genus. Using [[grid diagrams]] for the Heegaard splittings, knot Floer homology was given a combinatorial construction by {{harvtxt|Manolescu|Ozsváth|Sarkar|2009}}.
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| The Heegaard Floer homology of the [[Double cover (topology)|double cover]] of S^3 branched over a knot is related by a spectral sequence to [[Khovanov homology]] {{harv|Ozsváth|Szabó|2005}}.
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| The "hat" version of Heegaard Floer homology was described combinatorially by {{harvtxt|Sarkar|Wang|2010}}. The "plus" and "minus" versions of Heegaard Floer homology, and the related Ozsváth-Szabó four-manifold invariants, can be described combinatorially as well {{harv|Manolescu|Ozsváth|Thurston|2009}}.
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| ===Embedded contact homology===
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| '''Embedded contact homology''', due to [[Michael Hutchings (mathematician)|Michael Hutchings]], is an invariant of 3-manifolds (with a distinguished second homology class, corresponding to the choice of a spin<sup>''c''</sup> structure in Seiberg–Witten Floer homology) isomorphic (by work of [[Clifford Taubes]]) to Seiberg–Witten Floer cohomology and consequently (by work announced by {{harvnb|Kutluhan|Lee|Taubes|2010}} and {{harvnb|Colin|Ghiggini|Honda|2011}}) to the plus-version of Heegaard Floer homology (with reverse orientation). It may be seen as an extension of [[Taubes's Gromov invariant]], known to be equivalent to the [[Seiberg–Witten invariant]], from closed symplectic [[4-manifold]]s to certain non-compact symplectic 4-manifolds (namely, a contact three-manifold cross R). Its construction is analogous to symplectic field theory, in that it is generated by certain collections of closed [[Reeb orbits]] and its differential counts certain holomorphic curves with ends at certain collections of Reeb orbits; it differs from SFT in technical conditions on the collections of Reeb orbits that generate it and in not counting all holomorphic curves with [[Fredholm index]] 1 with given ends, but only those which also satisfy a topological condition given by the "ECH index", which in particular implies that the curves considered are (mainly) embedded.
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| The [[Weinstein conjecture]] that a contact 3-manifold has a closed Reeb orbit for any contact form holds on any manifold whose ECH is nontrivial, and was proved by Taubes using techniques closely related to ECH; extensions of this work yielded the isomorphism between ECH and SWF. Many constructions in ECH (including its well-definedness) rely upon this isomorphism {{harv|Taubes|2007}}.
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| The contact element of ECH has a particularly nice form: it is the cycle associated to the empty collection of Reeb orbits.
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| An analog of embedded contact homology may be defined for mapping tori of symplectomorphisms of a surface (possibly with boundary) and is known as periodic Floer homology, generalizing the symplectic Floer homology of surface symplectomorphisms. More generally, it may be defined with respect to any [[stable Hamiltonian structure]] on the 3-manifold; like contact structures, stable Hamiltonian structures define a nonvanishing vector field (the Reeb vector field), and Hutchings and Taubes have proven an analogue of the Weinstein conjecture for them, namely that they always have closed orbits (unless they are mapping tori of a 2-torus).
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| ==Lagrangian intersection Floer homology==
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| The Lagrangian Floer homology of two [[Lagrangian submanifold]]s of a symplectic manifold is the homology of a chain complex which is generated by the intersection points of the two submanifolds and whose differential counts [[pseudoholomorphic]] [[Whitney discs]]. The symplectic Floer homology of a symplectomorphism of M can be thought of as the special case of Lagrangian Floer homology in which the ambient manifold is M cross M and the Lagrangian submanifolds are the diagonal and the graph of the symplectomorphism. The construction of Heegaard Floer homology (see above) is based on a variant of Lagrangian Floer homology. The theory also appears in work of Seidel–Smith and Manolescu exhibiting what is conjectured to be part of the combinatorially-defined Khovanov homology as a Lagrangian intersection Floer homology.
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| Given three Lagrangian submanifolds ''L''<sub>0</sub>, ''L''<sub>1</sub>, and ''L''<sub>2</sub> of a symplectic manifold, there is a product structure on the Lagrangian Floer homology:
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| :<math>HF(L_0, L_1) \otimes HF(L_1,L_2) \rightarrow HF(L_0,L_2), </math>
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| which is defined by counting holomorphic triangles (that is, holomorphic maps of a triangle whose vertices and edges map to the appropriate intersection points and Lagrangian submanifolds).
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| Papers on this subject are due to Fukaya, Oh, Ono, and Ohta; the recent work on "[[cluster homology]]" of Lalonde and Cornea offer a different approach to it. The Floer homology of a pair of Lagrangian submanifolds may not always exist; when it does, it provides an obstruction to isotoping one Lagrangian away from the other using a [[Hamiltonian isotopy]].
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| ===Atiyah–Floer conjecture===
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| The '''Atiyah–Floer conjecture''' connects the instanton Floer homology with the Lagrangian intersection Floer homology: Consider a 3-manifold Y with a [[Heegaard splitting]] along a [[surface]] <math>\Sigma</math>. Then the space of [[flat connection]]s on <math>\Sigma</math> modulo [[gauge equivalence]] is a symplectic manifold of dimension 6''g'' − 6, where ''g'' is the [[genus (mathematics)|genus]] of the surface <math>\Sigma</math>. In the Heegaard splitting, <math>\Sigma</math> bounds two different 3-manifolds; the space of flat connections modulo gauge equivalence on each 3-manifold with boundary (equivalently, the space of connections on <math>\Sigma</math> that extend over each three manifold) is a Lagrangian submanifold of the space of connections on <math>\Sigma</math>. We may thus consider their Lagrangian intersection Floer homology. Alternately, we can consider the Instanton Floer homology of the 3-manifold Y. The Atiyah–Floer conjecture asserts that these two invariants are isomorphic. {{harvtxt|Salamon|Wehrheim|2008}} are working on a program to prove this conjecture.
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| ===Relations to mirror symmetry===
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| The [[homological mirror symmetry]] conjecture of [[Maxim Kontsevich]] predicts an equality between the Lagrangian Floer homology of Lagrangians in a [[Calabi–Yau manifold]] <math>X</math> and the [[Ext group]]s of [[coherent sheaves]] on the mirror Calabi–Yau manifold. In this situation, one should not focus on the Floer homology groups but on the Floer chain groups. Similar to the pair-of-pants product, one can construct multi-compositions using pseudo-holomorphic ''n''-gons. These compositions satisfy the <math>A_\infty</math>-relations making the category of all (unobstructed) Lagrangian submanifolds in a symplectic manifold into an <math>A_\infty</math>-category, called the [[Fukaya category]].
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| To be more precise, one must add additional data to the Lagrangian – a grading and a [[spin structure]]. A Lagrangian with a choice of these structures is often called a [[Membrane (M-theory)|brane]] in homage to the underlying physics. The Homological Mirror Symmetry conjecture states there is a type of derived [[Morita equivalence]] between the Fukaya category of the Calabi–Yau <math>X</math> and a [[dg category]] underlying the bounded [[derived category]] of coherent sheaves of the mirror, and vice-versa.
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| ==Symplectic field theory (SFT)==
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| This is an invariant of [[contact manifold]]s and symplectic [[cobordism]]s between them, originally due to [[Yakov Eliashberg]], [[Alexander Givental]] and [[Helmut Hofer]]. The symplectic field theory as well as its subcomplexes, rational symplectic field theory and contact homology, are defined as homologies of differential algebras, which are generated by closed orbits of the [[Reeb vector field]] of a chosen contact form. The differential counts certain holomorphic curves in the cylinder over the contact manifold, where the trivial examples are the branched coverings of (trivial) cylinders over closed Reeb orbits. It further includes a linear homology theory, called cylindrical or linearized contact homology (sometimes, by abuse of notation, just contact homology), whose chain groups are vector spaces generated by closed orbits and whose differentials count only holomorphic cylinders. However, cylindrical contact homology is not always defined due to the presence of holomorphic discs and a lack of regularity and transversality results. In situations where cylindrical contact homology makes sense, it may be seen as the (slightly modified) "Morse homology" of the action functional on the free loop space which sends a loop to the integral of the contact form alpha over the loop. Reeb orbits are the critical points of this functional.
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| SFT also associates a relative invariant of a [[Legendrian submanifold]] of a contact manifold known as [[relative contact homology]]. Its generators are Reeb chords, which are trajectories of the Reeb vector field beginning and ending on a Lagrangian, and its differential counts certain holomorphic strips in the [[symplectization]] of the contact manifold whose ends are asymptotic to given Reeb chords.
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| In SFT the contact manifolds can be replaced by [[mapping torus|mapping tori]] of symplectic manifolds with symplectomorphisms. While the cylindrical contact homology is well-defined and given by the symplectic Floer homologies of powers of the symplectomorphism, (rational) symplectic field theory and contact homology can be considered as generalized symplectic Floer homologies. In the important case when the symplectomorphism is the time-one map of a time-dependent Hamiltonian, it was however shown that these higher invariants do not contain any further information.
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| ==Floer homotopy==
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| One conceivable way to construct a Floer homology theory of some object would be to construct a related [[Spectrum (homotopy theory)|spectrum]] whose ordinary homology is the desired Floer homology. Applying other [[homology theories]] to such a spectrum could yield other interesting invariants. This strategy was proposed by Ralph Cohen, John Jones, and [[Graeme Segal]], and carried out in certain cases for Seiberg–Witten–Floer homology by {{harvtxt|Manolescu|2003}} and for the symplectic Floer homology of cotangent bundles by Cohen.
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| ==Analytic foundations==
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| Many of these Floer homologies have not been completely and rigorously constructed, and many conjectural equivalences have not been proved. Technical difficulties come up in the analysis involved, especially in constructing [[Compactification (mathematics)|compactified]] [[moduli space]]s of pseudoholomorphic curves. Hofer, in collaboration with Kris Wysocki and Eduard Zehnder, has developed new analytic foundations via their theory of [[polyfold]]s and a "general Fredholm theory". While the polyfold project is not yet fully completed, in some important cases transversality was shown using simpler methods.
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| ==Computation==
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| Floer homologies are generally difficult to compute explicitly. For instance, the symplectic Floer homology for all surface symplectomorphisms was completed only in 2007. The Heegaard Floer homology has been huge success story in this regard: researchers have exploited its algebraic structure to compute it for various classes of 3-manifolds and indeed found combinatorial algorithms for computation
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| of much of the theory. It is also connected it to existing invariants and structures and many insights into 3-manifold topology have resulted.
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| == References ==
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| ===Books and surveys===
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| * {{cite journal
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| |author=[[Michael Atiyah]]
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| |year=1988
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| |title=New invariants of 3- and 4-dimensional manifolds
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| |url=https://web.math.princeton.edu/~lewallen/AtiyahFloer.pdf
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| |journal=[[Proceedings of Symposia in Pure Mathematics]]
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| |volume=48 |pages=285–299
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| |ref=harv
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| |doi=10.1090/pspum/048/974342
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| |series=Proceedings of Symposia in Pure Mathematics
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| |isbn=9780821814826
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| }}
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| * {{cite book
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| |author1=[[Augustin Banyaga]]
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| |author2=David Hurtubise
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| |year=2004
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| |title=Lectures on Morse Homology
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| |publisher=[[Kluwer Academic Publishers]]
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| |isbn=1-4020-2695-1
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| }}
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| * {{cite book
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| |author1=[[Simon Donaldson]]
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| |author2=M. Furuta
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| |author3=D. Kotschick
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| |year=2002
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| |title=Floer homology groups in Yang-Mills theory
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| |series=Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics
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| |volume=147
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| |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]
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| |isbn=0-521-80803-0
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| }}
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| * {{cite book
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| |author=David A. Ellwood, [[Peter Ozsváth|Peter S. Ozsváth]], András I. Stipsicz, [[Zoltán Szabó (mathematician)|Zoltán Szabó]], eds
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| |year=2006
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| |title=Floer Homology, Gauge Theory, And Low-dimensional Topology
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| |series=Clay Mathematics Proceedings
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| |volume=5
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| |publisher=[[Clay Mathematics Institute]]
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| |isbn=0-8218-3845-8
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| }}
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| *{{Cite book
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| |author1=Peter Kronheimer
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| |author2=Tomasz Mrowka
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| |year= 2007
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| |title=Monopoles and Three-Manifolds
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| |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]
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| |isbn= 978-0-521-88022-0
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| |authorlink1=Peter Kronheimer
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| |authorlink2=Tomasz Mrowka
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| |ref=harv
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| |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}
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| }}
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| * {{cite book
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| |author1=[[Dusa McDuff]]
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| |author2=Dietmar Salamon
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| |year=1998
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| |title=Introduction to Symplectic Topology
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| |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | |
| |isbn=0-19-850451-9
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| }}
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| * {{cite journal
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| |author1=Dusa McDuff
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| |year=2005
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| |title=Floer theory and low dimensional topology
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| |url=http://www.ams.org/bull/2006-43-01/S0273-0979-05-01080-3/home.html
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| |journal=[[Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society]]
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| |volume=43 |pages=25–42 | |
| |doi=10.1090/S0273-0979-05-01080-3
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| |mr=2188174
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| |authorlink1=Dusa McDuff
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| |ref=harv
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| }}
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| * {{cite book
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| |author1=[[Matthias Schwarz]]
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| |year=1993
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| |title=Morse Homology
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| |publisher=[[Birkhäuser]]
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| |isbn=
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| }}
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| ===Research articles===
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| *{{cite journal |last=Colin |first=Vincent |last2=Ghiggini |first2=Paolo |last3=Honda |first3=Ko |title=Equivalence of Heegaard Floer homology and embedded contact homology via open book decompositions |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|PNAS]] |volume=108 |year=2011 |issue=20 |pages=8100–8105 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1018734108 |ref=harv }}
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| *{{cite journal |authorlink=Andreas Floer |first=Andreas |last=Floer |title=The unregularized gradient flow of the symplectic action |journal=[[Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics|Comm. Pure Appl. Math.]] |volume=41 |issue= 6|year=1988 |pages=775–813 |doi=10.1002/cpa.3160410603 |ref=harv }}
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| *{{cite journal |authormask=3 |last=Floer |first=Andreas |title=An instanton-invariant for 3-manifolds |journal=[[Communications in Mathematical Physics|Comm. Math. Phys.]] |volume=118 |year=1988 |issue=2 |pages=215–240 |bibcode = 1988CMaPh.118..215F |doi = 10.1007/BF01218578 |ref=harv }} [http://projecteuclid.org/Dienst/UI/1.0/Summarize/euclid.cmp/1104161987 Project Euclid]
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| *{{cite journal |authormask=3 |last=Floer |first=Andreas |title=Morse theory for Lagrangian intersections |journal=[[Journal of Differential Geometry|J. Differential Geom.]] |volume=28 |year=1988 |issue=3 |pages=513–547 |mr=965228 |ref=harv }}
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| *{{cite journal |authormask=3 |last=Floer |first=Andreas |title=Cuplength estimates on Lagrangian intersections |journal=Comm. Pure Appl. Math. |volume=42 |year=1989 |issue=4 |pages=335–356 |doi=10.1002/cpa.3160420402 |ref=harv }}
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| *{{cite journal |authormask=3 |last=Floer |first=Andreas |title=Symplectic fixed points and holomorphic spheres |journal=Comm. Math. Phys. |volume=120 |issue=4 |year=1989 |pages=575–611 |bibcode=1988CMaPh.120..575F |doi=10.1007/BF01260388 |ref=harv }}
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| *{{cite journal |authormask=3 |last=Floer |first=Andreas |title=Witten's complex and infinite dimensional Morse Theory |journal=J. Diff. Geom. |volume=30 |year=1989 |issue= |pages=202–221 |doi= |ref=harv }}
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| *{{cite journal |last=Frøyshov |first=Kim A. |year=2010 |title=Monopole Floer homology for rational homology 3-spheres |journal=[[Duke Mathematical Journal|Duke Math. J.]] |volume=155 |issue=3 |pages=519–576 |doi=10.1215/00127094-2010-060 |arxiv=0809.4842 |ref=harv }}
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| *{{cite journal |authorlink=Mikhail Gromov (mathematician) |first=Mikhail |last=Gromov |title=Pseudo holomorphic curves in symplectic manifolds |journal=[[Inventiones Mathematicae]] |year=1985 |volume=82 |issue=2 |pages=307–347 |doi= 10.1007/BF01388806|bibcode = 1985InMat..82..307G |ref=harv }}
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| *{{cite journal |first=Helmut |last=Hofer |first2=Kris |last2=Wysocki |first3=Eduard |last3=Zehnder |title=A General Fredholm Theory I: A Splicing-Based Differential Geometry |journal=[[Journal of the European Mathematical Society|J. Eur. Math. Soc.]] |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=841–876 |year=2007 |arxiv=math.FA/0612604 |bibcode=2006math.....12604H |doi=10.4171/JEMS/99 |ref=harv}}
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| *{{cite journal |last=Juhász |first=András |year=2008 |title=Floer homology and surface decompositions |journal=[[Geometry & Topology]] |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=299–350 |doi=10.2140/gt.2008.12.299 |ref=harv }}
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| *{{Cite arxiv |last=Kutluhan |first=Cagatay |first2=Yi-Jen |last2=Lee |first3=Clifford Henry |last3=Taubes |title=HF=HM I: Heegaard Floer homology and Seiberg–Witten Floer homology |class= math.GT|eprint=1007.1979 |year=2010 |ref=harv}}
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| *{{Cite arxiv |last=Lipshitz |first=Robert |authorlink2=Peter Ozsváth |first2=Peter |last2=Ozsváth |first3=Dylan |last3=Thurston |title=Bordered Heegaard Floer homology: Invariance and pairing |work= |year=2008 |class= math.GT|eprint=0810.0687 |ref=harv}}
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| *{{Cite journal|authorlink=Ciprian Manolescu |first=Ciprian |last=Manolescu |title=Seiberg–Witten–Floer stable homotopy type of three-manifolds with ''b''<sub>''1''</sub> = 0|journal=[[Geometry & Topology|Geom. Topol.]] |volume=7 |pages=889–932 |year=2003 |arxiv=math/0104024 |ref=harv|doi=10.2140/gt.2003.7.889 }}
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| *{{Cite journal| last1 = Manolescu | first1 = Ciprian | last2 = Ozsvath | first2 = Peter S. | last3 = Sarkar | first3 = Sucharit | author3-link = Sucharit Sarkar | issue = 2 | journal = [[Annals of Mathematics|Ann. of Math.]] | pages = 633–660 | title = A combinatorial description of knot Floer homology | volume = 169 | year = 2009| arxiv=math/0607691 |ref=harv |bibcode = 2006math......7691M| doi = 10.4007/annals.2009.169.633 }}
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| *{{Cite arxiv |first1=Ciprian |last1=Manolescu | first2=Peter |last2=Ozsváth |first3=Dylan |last3=Thurston|title=Grid diagrams and Heegaard Floer invariants | year=2009 |class= math.GT|eprint=0910.0078 |ref=harv}}
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| *{{Cite journal |last=Ozsváth |first=Peter |authorlink2=Zoltán Szabó (mathematician) |last2=Szabo |first2=Zoltán |title=Holomorphic disks and topological invariants for closed three-manifolds |journal=[[Annals of Mathematics|Ann. of Math.]] |volume=159 |year=2004 |issue=3 |pages=1027–1158 |bibcode=2001math......1206O |arxiv=math/0101206 |doi=10.4007/annals.2004.159.1027 |ref=harv }}
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| *{{Cite journal |authormask=3 |author=Peter Ozsváth & Zoltán Szabó |title=Holomorphic disks and three-manifold invariants: properties and applications |journal=Ann. Of Math. |volume=159 |year=2004 |issue=3 |pages=1159–1245 |bibcode=2001math......5202O |last2=Szabo |arxiv=math/0105202 |doi=10.4007/annals.2004.159.1159 |ref=harv }}
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| *{{Cite arxiv| last1 = Ozsváth | first1 = Peter | last2 = Szabó | first2 = Zoltán | title = Holomorphic disks and knot invariants | year = 2003 |class= |arxiv=math.GT/0209056| ref=harv }}
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| *{{Cite journal| last1 = Ozsváth | first1 = Peter | last2 = Szabo | first2 = Zoltán |journal=[[Advances in Mathematics|Adv. Math.]] |volume=194 | title = On the Heegaard Floer homology of branched double-covers |issue=1 |pages=1–33 | year = 2005 |arxiv=math.GT/0209056| ref=harv| bibcode = 2003math......9170O| doi = 10.1016/j.aim.2004.05.008 }}
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| *{{Cite arxiv|last=Rasmussen |first=Jacob |title=Floer homology and knot complements |class= |arxiv=math/0306378 |year=2003 |ref=harv}}
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| *{{cite journal |last=Salamon |first=Dietmar |authorlink2=Katrin Wehrheim |last2=Wehrheim |first2=Katrin |year=2008 |title=Instanton Floer homology with Lagrangian boundary conditions |journal=Geometry & Topology |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=747–918 |doi=10.2140/gt.2008.12.747 |arxiv=math/0607318 |ref=harv }}
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| *{{cite journal |last1=Sarkar |first1=Sucharit|last2=Wang |first2=Jiajun|journal=Ann. of Math. | pages = 1213–1236 | title = An algorithm for computing some Heegaard Floer homologies| volume = 171 | year = 2010| issue=2 | arxiv=math/0607777 |ref=harv |doi=10.4007/annals.2010.171.1213 }}
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| *{{Cite journal|last= Hutchings |journal=CRM Proc. Lecture Notes |volume=49 | pages = 263–297 | title = The embedded contact homology index revisited | year = 2009 | arxiv=0805.1240 |ref=harv|bibcode= 2008arXiv0805.1240H}}
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| *{{Cite journal|last= Taubes |first=Clifford | title=The Seiberg-Witten equations and the Weistein conjecture |journal=Geom. Topol. |volume=11 | pages = 2117–2202 | year = 2007 | arxiv=math/0611007 |ref=harv|doi= 10.2140/gt.2007.11.2117}}
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| *{{Cite book | last1 = Piunikhin | first1 = Sergey | last2 = Salamon | first2 = Dietmar| last3 = Schwarz | first3 = Matthias | title=Contact and Symplectic Geometry | pages = 171–200 | chapter=Symplectic Floer–Donaldson theory and quantum cohomology | year = 1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn= 0-521-57086-7 | ref=harv }}
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| ==External links==
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| * {{springer|title=Atiyah-Floer conjecture|id=p/a130290}}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Floer Homology}}
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| [[Category:Mathematical physics]]
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| [[Category:3-manifolds]]
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| [[Category:Gauge theories]]
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| [[Category:Morse theory]]
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| [[Category:Homology theory]]
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| [[Category:Symplectic topology]]
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