|
|
| (One intermediate revision by one other user not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| In [[Euclidean geometry|Euclidean plane geometry]], a '''tangent line to a circle''' is roughly a line through a pair of [[infinitesimal|infinitely close]] points on the circle. Tangent lines to circles form the subject of several [[theorem]]s, and play an important role in many geometrical [[Compass and straightedge constructions|construction]]s and [[Mathematical proof|proofs]]. Since the [[tangent|tangent line]] to a [[circle]] at a [[Point (geometry)|point]] '''P''' is [[perpendicular]] to the [[radius]] to that point, theorems involving tangent lines often involve [[radial line]]s and [[orthogonality|orthogonal]] circles.
| | If you are looking for a specific plugin, then you can just search for the name of the plugin. Good luck on continue learning how to make a wordpress website. Step-4 Testing: It is the foremost important of your Plugin development process. If you need a special plugin for your website , there are thousands of plugins that can be used to meet those needs. In the most current edition you can customize your retailer layout and display hues and fonts similar to your site or blog. <br><br>Word - Press is known as the most popular blogging platform all over the web and is used by millions of blog enthusiasts worldwide. You will have to invest some money into tuning up your own blog but, if done wisely, your investment will pay off in the long run. Some plugins ask users to match pictures or add numbers, and although effective, they appear unprofessional and unnecessary. Being able to help with your customers can make a change in how a great deal work, repeat online business, and referrals you'll be given. As soon as you start developing your Word - Press MLM website you'll see how straightforward and simple it is to create an online presence for you and the products and services you offer. <br><br>Here are a few reasons as to why people prefer Word - Press over other software's. The following piece of content is meant to make your choice easier and reassure you that the decision to go ahead with this conversion is requited with rich benefits:. Whether or not it's an viewers on your web page, your social media pages, or your web page, those who have a present and effective viewers of "fans" are best best for provide provides, reductions, and deals to help re-invigorate their viewers and add to their main point here. Nonetheless, with stylish Facebook themes obtainable on the Globe Broad Internet, half of your enterprise is done previously. Have you heard about niche marketing and advertising. <br><br>You can add keywords but it is best to leave this alone. Russell HR Consulting provides expert knowledge in the practical application of employment law as well as providing employment law training and HR support services. One of the great features of Wordpress is its ability to integrate SEO into your site. It supports backup scheduling and allows you to either download the backup file or email it to you. Make sure you have the latest versions of all your plugins are updated. <br><br>More it extends numerous opportunities where your firm is at comfort and rest assured of no risks & errors. Automated deal feed integration option to populate your blog with relevant deals. If you liked this write-up and you would certainly like to obtain more information pertaining to [http://aorta.in/BackupPlugin474931 wordpress dropbox backup] kindly browse through our internet site. It's not a secret that a lion share of activity on the internet is takes place on the Facebook. Thus, Word - Press is a good alternative if you are looking for free blogging software. For your information, it is an open source web content management system. |
| | |
| ==Tangent lines to one circle==
| |
| | |
| A tangent line ''t'' to a circle ''C'' [[Line-line intersection|intersect]]s the circle at a single point '''T'''. For comparison, [[secant line]]s intersect a circle at two points, whereas another line may not intersect a circle at all. This property of tangent lines is preserved under many geometrical [[Transformation (geometry)|transformation]]s, such as [[scaling (geometry)|scalings]], [[rotation]], [[translation (geometry)|translations]], [[Inversive geometry#Circle inversion|inversions]], and [[map projections]]. In technical language, these transformations do not change the [[incidence structure]] of the tangent line and circle, even though the line and circle may be deformed.
| |
| | |
| The radius of a circle is perpendicular to the tangent line through its endpoint on the circle's circumference. Conversely, the perpendicular to a radius through the same endpoint is a tangent line. The resulting geometrical figure of circle and tangent line has a [[reflection symmetry]] about the axis of the radius.
| |
| | |
| [[Image:Power point simple.svg|thumb|By the [[power of a point|power-of-a-point theorem]], the product of lengths PM·PN for any ray PMN equals to the square of PT, the length of the tangent line segment (red).]]
| |
| | |
| No tangent line can be drawn through a point in the interior of a circle, since any such line must be a secant line. However, ''two'' tangent lines can be drawn to a circle from a point '''P''' outside of the circle. The geometrical figure of a circle and both tangent lines likewise has a reflection symmetry about the radial axis joining '''P''' to the center point '''O''' of the circle. Thus the lengths of the segments from '''P''' to the two tangent points are equal. By the [[secant-tangent theorem]], the square of this tangent length equals the [[power of a point|power of the point P]] in the circle ''C''. This power equals the product of distances from '''P''' to any two intersection points of the circle with a secant line passing through '''P'''.
| |
| | |
| [[Image:Inscribed angle theorem4.svg|thumb|left|The angle PTO between a tangent line and a radial line segment is a right angle. By the [[inscribed angle theorem]], the angle PTS between the tangent line and another point on the circumference equals half of the central angle TOS subtended by the two points '''T''' and '''S'''.]]
| |
| | |
| The tangent line ''t'' and the tangent point '''T''' have a conjugate relationship to one another, which has been generalized into the idea of [[pole and polar|pole points and polar lines]]. The same reciprocal relation exists between a point '''P''' outside the circle and the secant line joining its two points of tangency.
| |
| | |
| If a point P is exterior to a circle with center O, and if the tangent lines from P touch the circle at points T and S, then ∠TPS and ∠TOS are [[supplementary angle|supplementary]] (sum to 180°). | |
| | |
| If a [[chord (geometry)|chord]] TM is drawn from the tangency point T of exterior point P and ∠PTM ≤ 90° then ∠PTM = (1/2)∠MOT.
| |
| | |
| ===Geometrical constructions===
| |
| | |
| It is relatively straightforward to construct a line ''t'' tangent to a circle at a point '''T''' on the circumference of the circle. A line ''a'' is drawn from '''O''', the center of the circle, through the radial point '''T'''; the line ''t'' is the [[perpendicular]] line to ''a''. One method for constructing this perpendicular is as follows. Placing the compass point on '''T''' with the circle's radius ''r'', a second point '''G''' is identified on the radial line ''a''; thus, '''T''' is the midpoint of the line segment OG. Two intersecting circles of the same radius ''R''>''r'' are drawn, centered on '''O''' and '''G''', respectively. The line drawn through their two points of intersection is the tangent line.
| |
| | |
| [[Image:Orthogonal circle.svg|thumb|[[Thales' theorem]] allows the construction of a tangent line PT to a given circle (solid black). A semicircle with diameter OP intersects the given circle at the desired point '''T'''. The other tangent point is the second intersection of the dashed and given circles.]]
| |
| | |
| [[Thales' theorem]] may be used to construct the tangent lines to a point '''P''' external to the circle ''C''. A circle is drawn centered on '''Q''', the midpoint of the line segment OP, where '''O''' is again the center of the circle ''C''. The intersection points '''T'''<sub>1</sub> and '''T'''<sub>2</sub> are the tangent points for lines passing through '''P''', by the following argument. The line segments OT<sub>1</sub> and OT<sub>2</sub> are radii of the circle ''C''; since both are inscribed in a semicircle, they are perpendicular to the line segments PT<sub>1</sub> and PT<sub>2</sub>, respectively. But only a tangent line is perpendicular to the radial line. Hence, the two lines from '''P''' and passing through '''T'''<sub>1</sub> and '''T'''<sub>2</sub> are tangent to the circle ''C''.
| |
| | |
| ===Tangent quadrilateral theorem and inscribed circles===
| |
| A [[tangential quadrilateral]] ABCD is a closed figure of four straight sides that are tangent to a given circle ''C''. Equivalently, the circle ''C'' is [[inscribed circle|inscribed]] in the quadrilateral ABCD. By the [[Pitot theorem]], the sums of opposite sides of any such quadrilateral are equal, i.e.,
| |
| | |
| :<math>
| |
| \overline{AB} + \overline{CD} = \overline{BC} + \overline{DA}.
| |
| </math>
| |
| | |
| [[Image:Tangential quadrilateral.svg|thumb|left|Tangential quadrilateral.]]
| |
| | |
| This conclusion follows from the equality of the tangent segments from the four vertices of the quadrilateral. Let the tangent points be denoted as '''P''' (on segment AB), '''Q''' (on segment BC), '''R''' (on segment CD) and '''S''' (on segment DA). The symmetric tangent segments about each point of ABCD are equal, e.g., BP=BQ=''b'', CQ=CR=''c'', DR=DS=''d'', and AS=AP=''a''.
| |
| But each side of the quadrilateral is composed of two such tangent segments
| |
| | |
| :<math>
| |
| \overline{AB} + \overline{CD} = (a+b) + (c+d) = \overline{BC} + \overline{DA} = (b+c) + (d+a)
| |
| </math>
| |
| | |
| proving the theorem.
| |
| | |
| The converse is also true: a circle can be inscribed into every quadrilateral in which the lengths of opposite sides sum to the same value.<ref>[http://www.cut-the-knot.org/proofs/InscriptibleQuadrilateral.shtml#anotherProof Alexander Bogomolny, "When A Quadrilateral Is Inscriptible?" at Cut-the-knot]</ref>
| |
| | |
| This theorem and its converse have various uses. For example, they show immediately that no rectangle can have an inscribed circle unless it is a [[square (geometry)|square]], and that every rhombus has an inscribed circle, whereas a general [[parallelogram]] does not.
| |
| | |
| ==Tangent lines to two circles==
| |
| | |
| [[Image:Point circle.gif|thumb|The external (above) and internal (below) [[homothetic center]]s of the two circles (red) are shown as black points.]]
| |
| | |
| For two circles, there are generally four distinct lines that are tangent to both ([[bitangent]]) – if the two circles are outside each other – but in [[#Degenerate cases|degenerate cases]] there may be any number between zero and four bitangent lines; these are addressed below. For two of these, the external tangent lines, the circles fall on the same side of the line; for the two others, the internal tangent lines, the circles fall on opposite sides of the line. The external tangent lines intersect in the external [[homothetic center]], whereas the internal tangent lines intersect at the internal homothetic center. Both the external and internal homothetic centers lie on the line of centers (the line connecting the centers of the two circles), closer to the center of the smaller circle: the internal center is in the segment between the two circles, while the external center is not between the points, but rather outside, on the side of the center of the smaller circle. If the two circles have equal radius, there are still four bitangents, but the external tangent lines are parallel and there is no external center in the [[Euclidean plane|affine plane]]; in the [[projective plane]], the external homothetic center lies at the [[point at infinity]] corresponding to the slope of these lines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whistleralley.com/tangents/tangents.htm|accessdate=2008-09-29|title=Tangent circles|publisher=Whistleralley.com|author=Paul Kunkel}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| === Outer tangent ===
| |
| [[Image:Outer tangent 1.PNG|thumb|Finding outer tangent. Two circles' outer tangents.]]
| |
| The red line joining the points (''x''<sub>3</sub>,''y''<sub>3</sub>) and (''x''<sub>4</sub>,''y''<sub>4</sub>) is the outer tangent between the two circles. Given points (''x''<sub>1</sub>,''y''<sub>1</sub>), (''x''<sub>2</sub>,''y''<sub>2</sub>) the points (''x''<sub>3</sub>,''y''<sub>3</sub>), (''x''<sub>4</sub>,''y''<sub>4</sub>) can easily
| |
| be calculated by equating the angle theta and adding the ''x'',''y''-coordinates of the triangle(theta) to the original coordinates (''x''<sub>1</sub>,''y''<sub>1</sub>) as shown in the figure.<ref>{{citation|first=Shlomo|last=Libeskind|year=2007|title=Euclidean and Transformational Geometry: A Deductive Inquiry|pages= 110–112}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| === Inner tangent ===
| |
| [[Image:Inner tangent1.PNG|thumb|Inner tangent. The internal tangent lines pass through the internal homothetic center.]]
| |
| An inner tangent is a tangent that intersects the segment joining two circles' centers. Note that the inner tangent will not be defined for cases when the two circles overlap.
| |
| | |
| ===Construction===
| |
| The bitangent lines can be constructed either by constructing the homothetic centers, as described at that article, and then constructing the tangent lines through the homothetic center that is tangent to one circle, by one of the methods described above. The resulting line will then be tangent to the other circle as well. Alternatively, the tangent lines and tangent points can be constructed more directly, as detailed below. Note that in [[#Degenerate cases|degenerate cases]] these constructions break down; to simplify exposition this is not discussed in this section, but a form of the construction can work in limit cases (e.g., two circles tangent at one point).
| |
| | |
| ====Synthetic geometry====
| |
| Let '''O'''<sub>1</sub> and '''O'''<sub>2</sub> be the centers of the two circles, ''C''<sub>1</sub> and ''C''<sub>2</sub> and let ''r''<sub>1</sub> and ''r''<sub>2</sub> be their [[radius|radii]], with ''r''<sub>1</sub> > ''r''<sub>2</sub>; in other words, circle ''C''<sub>1</sub> is defined as the larger of the two circles. Two different methods may be used to construct the external and internal tangent lines.
| |
| | |
| ;External tangents
| |
| | |
| A new circle ''C''<sub>3</sub> of radius ''r''<sub>1</sub> − ''r''<sub>2</sub> is drawn centered on '''O'''<sub>1</sub>. Using the method above, two lines are drawn from '''O'''<sub>2</sub> that are tangent to this new circle. These lines are parallel to the desired tangent lines, because the situation corresponds to shrinking both circles ''C''<sub>1</sub> and ''C''<sub>2</sub> by a constant amount, ''r''<sub>2</sub>, which shrinks ''C''<sub>2</sub> to a point. Two radial lines may be drawn from the center '''O'''<sub>1</sub> through the tangent points on ''C''<sub>3</sub>; these intersect ''C''<sub>1</sub> at the desired tangent points. The desired external tangent lines are the lines perpendicular to these radial lines at those tangent points, which may be constructed as described above.
| |
| | |
| ;Internal tangents
| |
| | |
| A new circle ''C''<sub>3</sub> of radius ''r''<sub>1</sub> + ''r''<sub>2</sub> is drawn centered on '''O'''<sub>1</sub>. Using the method above, two lines are drawn from '''O'''<sub>2</sub> that are tangent to this new circle. These lines are parallel to the desired tangent lines, because the situation corresponds to shrinking ''C''<sub>2</sub> to a point while expanding ''C''<sub>1</sub> by a constant amount, ''r''<sub>2</sub>. Two radial lines may be drawn from the center '''O'''<sub>1</sub> through the tangent points on ''C''<sub>3</sub>; these intersect ''C''<sub>1</sub> at the desired tangent points. The desired internal tangent lines are the lines perpendicular to these radial lines at those tangent points, which may be constructed as described above.
| |
| | |
| ====Analytic geometry====
| |
| Let the circles have centres ''c''<sub>1</sub> = (''x''<sub>1</sub>,''y''<sub>1</sub>) and ''c''<sub>2</sub> = (''x''<sub>2</sub>,''y''<sub>2</sub>) with radius ''r''<sub>1</sub> and ''r''<sub>2</sub> respectively. Expressing a line by the equation <math>ax + by + c = 0,</math> with the normalization ''a''<sup>2</sup> + ''b''<sup>2</sup> = 1, then a bitangent line satisfies:
| |
| :''ax''<sub>1</sub> + ''by''<sub>1</sub> + ''c'' = ''r''<sub>1</sub> and
| |
| :''ax''<sub>2</sub> + ''by''<sub>2</sub> + ''c'' = ''r''<sub>2</sub>.
| |
| Solving for <math>(a, b, c)</math> by subtracting the first from the second yields
| |
| :''a''Δ''x'' + ''b''Δ''y'' = Δ''r''
| |
| where Δ''x'' = ''x''<sub>2</sub> − ''x''<sub>1</sub>, Δ''y'' = ''y''<sub>2</sub> − ''y''<sub>1</sub> and Δ''r'' = ''r''<sub>2</sub> − ''r''<sub>1</sub>.
| |
| | |
| If <math>d = \sqrt{(\Delta x)^2 + (\Delta y)^2}</math> is the distance from ''c''<sub>1</sub> to ''c''<sub>2</sub> we can normalize by ''X'' = Δ''x''/''d'', ''Y'' = Δ''y''/''d'' and ''R'' = Δ''r''/''d'' to simplify equations, yielding the equations ''aX'' + ''bY'' = ''R'' and ''a''<sup>2</sup> + ''b''<sup>2</sup> = 1, solve these to get two solutions (''k'' = ±1):
| |
| :''a'' = ''RX'' − ''kY''√(1 − ''R''<sup>2</sup>)
| |
| :''b'' = ''RY'' + ''kX''√(1 − ''R''<sup>2</sup>)
| |
| :''c'' = ''r''<sub>1</sub> − (''ax''<sub>1</sub> + ''by''<sub>1</sub>)
| |
| Geometrically this corresponds to computing the angle formed by the tangent lines and the line of centers, and then using that to rotate the equation for the line of centers to yield an equation for the tangent line. The angle is computed by computing the trigonometric functions of a right triangle whose vertices are the (external) homothetic center, a center of a circle, and a tangent point; the hypotenuse lies on the tangent line, the radius is opposite the angle, and the adjacent side lies on the line of centers.
| |
| | |
| (''X'', ''Y'') is the unit vector pointing from ''c''<sub>1</sub> to ''c''<sub>2</sub>, while ''R'' is <math>\cos \theta</math> where <math>\theta</math> is the angle between the line of centers and a tangent line. <math>\sin \theta</math> is then <math>\pm \sqrt{1-R^2}</math> (depending on the sign of <math>\theta</math>, equivalently the direction of rotation), and the above equations are rotation of (''X'', ''Y'') by <math>\pm \theta,</math> using the rotation matrix:
| |
| :<math>\begin{pmatrix}R & \mp\sqrt{1-R^2}\\
| |
| \pm \sqrt{1-R^2} & R\end{pmatrix}</math>
| |
| :''k'' = 1 is the tangent line to the right of the circles looking from ''c''<sub>1</sub> to ''c''<sub>2</sub>.
| |
| :''k'' = −1 is the tangent line to the right of the circles looking from ''c''<sub>2</sub> to ''c''<sub>1</sub>.<br />
| |
| The above assumes each circle has positive radius. If ''r''<sub>1</sub> is positive and ''r''<sub>2</sub> negative then ''c''<sub>1</sub> will lie to the left of each line and ''c''<sub>2</sub> to the right, and the two tangent lines will cross. In this way all four solutions are obtained. Switching signs of both radii switches ''k'' = 1 and ''k'' = −1.
| |
| | |
| ====Vectors====
| |
| [[Image:tangent 0.PNG|thumb|Finding outer tangent. Circle tangents.]]
| |
| In general the points of tangency ''t''<sub>1</sub> and ''t''<sub>2</sub> for the four lines tangent to two circles with centers ''v''<sub>1</sub> and ''v''<sub>2</sub> and radii ''r''<sub>1</sub> and ''r''<sub>2</sub> are given by solving the simultaneous equations:
| |
| | |
| :<math>
| |
| \begin{align}
| |
| (t_2 - v_2)\cdot(t_2 - t_1) & = 0 \\
| |
| (t_1 - v_1)\cdot(t_2 - t_1) & = 0 \\
| |
| (t_1 - v_1)\cdot(t_1 - v_1) & = r_1^2 \\
| |
| (t_2 - v_2)\cdot(t_2 - v_2) & = r_2^2
| |
| \end{align}
| |
| </math>
| |
| These equations express that the tangent line, which is parallel to <math>t_2 - t_1,</math> is perpendicular to the radii, and that the tangent points lie on their respective circles.
| |
| | |
| These are four quadratic equations in two two-dimensional vector variables, and in general position will have four pairs of solutions.
| |
| | |
| === Degenerate cases ===
| |
| Two distinct circles may between zero and four bitangent lines, depending on configuration; these can be classified in terms of the distance between the centers and the radii. If counted with multiplicity (counting a common tangent twice) there are zero, two, or four bitangent lines. Bitangent lines can also be generalized to circles with negative or zero radius. The [[degenerate case]]s and the [[Multiplicity (mathematics)|multiplicities]] can also be understood in terms of limits of other configurations – e.g., a limit of two circles that almost touch, and moving one so that they touch, or a circle with small radius shrinking to a circle of zero radius.
| |
| * If the circles are outside each other (<math>d > r_1 + r_2</math>), which is [[general position]], there are four bitangents.
| |
| * If they touch externally at one point (<math>d = r_1 + r_2</math>) – have one point of external tangency – then they have two external bitangents and one internal bitangent, namely the common tangent line. This common tangent line has multiplicity two, as it separates the circles (one on the left, one on the right) for either orientation (direction).
| |
| * If the circles intersect in two points (<math>|r_1 - r_2| < d < r_1 + r_2</math>), then they have no internal bitangents and two external bitangents (they cannot be separated, because they intersect, hence no internal bitangents).
| |
| * If the circles touch internally at one point (<math>d = |r_1 - r_2|</math>) – have one point of internal tangency – then they have no internal bitangents and one external bitangent, namely the common tangent line, which has multiplicity two, as above.
| |
| * If one circle is completely inside the other (<math>d = |r_1 - r_2|</math>) then they have no bitangents, as a tangent line to the outer circle does not intersect the inner circle, or conversely a tangent line to the inner circle is a secant line to the outer circle.
| |
| | |
| Finally, if the two circles are identical, any tangent to the circle is a common tangent and hence (external) bitangent, so there is a circle's worth of bitangents.
| |
| | |
| Further, the notion of bitangent lines can be extended to circles with negative radius (the same locus of points, <math>x^2 + y^2 = (-r)^2,</math> but considered "inside out"), in which case if the radii have opposite sign (one circle has negative radius and the other has positive radius) the external and internal homothetic centers and external and internal bitangents are switched, while if the radii have the same sign (both positive radii or both negative radii) "external" and "internal" have the same usual sense (switching one sign switches them, so switching both switches them back).
| |
| | |
| Bitangent lines can also be defined when one or both of the circles has radius zero. In this case the circle with radius zero is a double point, and thus any line passing through it intersects the point with multiplicity two, hence is "tangent". If one circle has radius zero, a bitangent line is simply a line tangent to the circle and passing through the point, and is counted with multiplicity two. If both circles have radius zero, then the bitangent line is the line they define, and is counted with multiplicity four.
| |
| | |
| Note that in these degenerate cases the external and internal homothetic center do generally still exist (the external center is at infinity if the radii are equal), except if the circles coincide, in which case the external center is not defined, or if both circles have radius zero, in which case the internal center is not defined.
| |
| | |
| ===Applications===
| |
| ====Belt problem====
| |
| {{Main|Belt problem}}
| |
| | |
| The internal and external tangent lines are useful in solving the ''[[belt problem]]'', which is to calculate the length of a belt or rope needed to fit snugly over two pulleys. If the belt is considered to be a mathematical line of negligible thickness, and if both pulleys are assumed to lie in exactly the same plane, the problem devolves to summing the lengths of the relevant tangent line segments with the lengths of circular arcs subtended by the belt. If the belt is wrapped about the wheels so as to cross, the interior tangent line segments are relevant. Conversely, if the belt is wrapped exteriorly around the pulleys, the exterior tangent line segments are relevant; this case is sometimes called the ''pulley problem''.
| |
| | |
| ==Tangent lines to three circles: Monge's theorem==
| |
| | |
| {{Main|Monge's theorem}}
| |
| | |
| For three circles denoted by ''C''<sub>1</sub>, ''C''<sub>2</sub>, and ''C''<sub>3</sub>, there are three pairs of circles (''C''<sub>1</sub>''C''<sub>2</sub>, ''C''<sub>2</sub>''C''<sub>3</sub>, and ''C''<sub>1</sub>''C''<sub>3</sub>). Since each pair of circles has two homothetic centers, there are six [[homothetic center]]s altogether. [[Gaspard Monge]] showed in the early 19th century that these six points lie on four lines, each line having three collinear points.
| |
| | |
| ==Tangent lines and billiards==
| |
| Picture a tangent line sliding down nearly a quarter of a circle of the ghost ball. Measuring this the intersect and adding that to the count provides a method to make a pool shot.
| |
| | |
| The cue ball tangent line aiming system uses the angle of the cue stick as a tangent line to create two tangent lines on the cue ball to look down at the object ball with. These three points where a circle touches the box offer three points to stare down at the object ball. The two tangent lines and the middle of the cue ball create three dots in a scope that intersect the line through the object ball to the pocket or the 90 degree L shape drawn from the middle of the object ball.
| |
| | |
| The cue ball down the middle and its placement on the object ball '''does not use a tangent line''' to calculate. One ball length equals 45 degrees, two balls 22.5 degrees. Starting location: 0,0 corridates is the center of the ghost ball. '''Tangent line closed to the ball.''' The dot travels down the line from the pocket to the object ball. The count is half a ball. One ball is 1/4 and is the place of impact, two ball is 1/8 and is the middle of the object ball. Added to the count is the tangent line x intersect. The count for the '''tangent line not closed to ball''' where the dot travels down the 90 degree shape is a ball and half plus the tangent, so 3 balls from the middle of the object ball is 1/4, 6 balls is 1/8 plus the tangent. Added to the count is the tangent line y intersect. A [[snooker]] player knowing somewhat how to calculate this will be a fine shoot.
| |
| | |
| ==Problem of Apollonius==
| |
| | |
| {{Main|Special cases of Apollonius' problem}}
| |
| | |
| Many special cases of [[problem of Apollonius|Apollonius' problem]] involve finding a circle that is tangent to one or more lines. The simplest of these is to construct circles that are tangent to three given lines (the '''LLL''' problem). To solve this problem, the center of any such circle must lie on an angle bisector of any pair of the lines; there are two angle-bisecting lines for every intersection of two lines. The intersections of these angle bisectors give the centers of solution circles. There are four such circles in general, the inscribed circle of the triangle formed by the intersection of the three lines, and the three exscribed circles.
| |
| | |
| [[Image:Apollonius problem animation smaller.gif|thumb|left|Animation showing the inversive transformation of an Apollonius problem. The blue and red circles swell to tangency, and are inverted in the grey circle, producing two straight lines. The yellow solutions are found by sliding a circle between them until it touches the transformed green circle from within or without.]]
| |
| | |
| A general Apollonius problem can be transformed into the simpler problem of circle tangent to one circle and two parallel lines (itself a special case of the '''LLC''' special case). To accomplish this, it suffices to [[scaling (geometry)|scale]] two of the three given circles until they just touch, i.e., are tangent. An [[inversive geometry#Circle inversion|inversion]] in their tangent point with respect to a circle of appropriate radius transforms the two touching given circles into two parallel lines, and the third given circle into another circle. Thus, the solutions may be found by sliding a circle of constant radius between two parallel lines until it contacts the transformed third circle. Re-inversion produces the corresponding solutions to the original problem.
| |
| | |
| ==Generalizations==
| |
| | |
| [[Image:Pole and polar.svg|thumb|right|upright|The concept of a tangent line and tangent point can be generalized to a pole point '''Q''' and its corresponding polar line ''q''. The points '''P''' and '''Q''' are [[inversive geometry#Circle inversion|inverses]] of each other with respect to the circle.]]
| |
| | |
| {{Main|Pole and polar|Inversive geometry}}
| |
| | |
| The concept of a tangent line to one or more circles can be generalized in several ways. First, the conjugate relationship between tangent points and tangent lines can be generalized to [[pole and polar|pole points and polar lines]], in which the pole points may be anywhere, not only on the circumference of the circle. Second, the union of two circles is a special ([[irreducible variety|reducible]]) case of a [[quartic plane curve]], and the external and internal tangent lines are the [[bitangent]]s to this quartic curve. A generic quartic curve has 28 bitangents.
| |
| | |
| A third generalization considers tangent circles, rather than tangent lines; a tangent line can be considered as a tangent circle of infinite radius. In particular, the external tangent lines to two circles are limiting cases of a family of circles which are internally or externally tangent to both circles, while the internal tangent lines are limiting cases of a family of circles which are internally tangent to one and externally tangent to the other of the two circles.<ref>{{citation|first=Paul|last=Kunkel|year=2007|title=The tangency problem of Apollonius: three looks|journal=[[BSHM Bulletin]]: [[Journal of the British Society for the History of Mathematics]]|volume= 22|issue=1|pages= 34–46|doi=10.1080/17498430601148911|url=http://whistleralley.com/tangents/bshmkunkel.pdf}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| In [[Möbius geometry|Möbius]] or [[inversive geometry]], lines are viewed as circles through a point "at infinity" and for any line and any circle, there is a [[Möbius transformation]] which maps one to the other. In Möbius geometry, tangency between a line and a circle becomes a special case of tangency between two circles. This equivalence is extended further in [[Lie sphere geometry]].
| |
| | |
| ==References==
| |
| {{Reflist|1}}
| |
| | |
| ==External links==
| |
| * {{MathWorld|title=Tangent lines to one circle|urlname=CircleTangentLine}}
| |
| * {{MathWorld|title=Tangent lines to two circles|urlname=Circle-CircleTangents}}
| |
| | |
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Tangent Lines To Circles}}
| |
| [[Category:Circles]]
| |