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'''Magnetic mineralogy''' is the study of the [[Magnetism|magnetic]] properties of [[mineral]]s. The contribution of a mineral to the total magnetism of a rock depends strongly on the type of magnetic order or disorder. Magnetically disordered minerals ([[diamagnet]]s and [[paramagnet]]s) contribute a weak magnetism and have no [[remanence]]. The more important minerals for [[rock magnetism]] are the minerals that can be magnetically ordered, at least at some temperatures. These are the [[ferromagnets]], [[ferrimagnets]] and certain kinds of [[antiferromagnets]]. These minerals have a much stronger response to the field and can have a remanence.
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== Weakly magnetic minerals ==
=== Non-iron-bearing minerals ===
 
Most minerals with no iron content are diamagnetic.<ref name=Dunlop>{{Harvnb|Dunlop|Özdemir|1991}}</ref> Some such minerals may have a significant positive [[magnetic susceptibility]], for example [[Serpentine group|serpentine]],<ref name=Hunt>{{Harvnb|Hunt et al.|1995}}</ref> but this is because the minerals have inclusions containing strongly magnetic minerals such as [[magnetite]]. The susceptibility of such minerals is negative and small (Table 1).
 
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|+ Table 1. Susceptibilities of non-iron-bearing minerals <ref name=Hunt/>
|-
! Mineral !! Volume susceptibility at room temperature <math>\times 10^{-6}</math> (SI)
|-
| [[graphite]] || -80 to -200
|-
| [[calcite]] || -7.5 to -39
|-
| [[anhydrite]] || -14 to -60
|-
| [[gypsum]] || -13 to -29
|-
| [[ice]] || -9
|-
| [[orthoclase]] || -13 to -17
|-
| [[magnesite]] || -15
|-
| [[forsterite]] || -12
|-
| [[halite]] || -10 to -16
|-
| [[galena]] || -33
|-
| [[quartz]] || -13 to -17
|-
| [[celestine]] || -16 to -18
|-
| [[sphalerite]] || -31 to -750
|}
 
=== Iron-bearing paramagnetic minerals ===
 
Most iron-bearing [[Carbonate minerals|carbonates]] and [[Silicate minerals|silicates]] are paramagnetic at all temperatures.<ref name=Dunlop/> Some [[Sulfide minerals|sulfides]] are paramagnetic, but some are strongly magnetic (see below). In addition, many of the strongly magnetic minerals discussed below are paramagnetic above a critical temperature (the [[Curie temperature]] or [[Néel temperature]]). In Table 2 are given susceptibilities for some iron-bearing minerals. The susceptibilities are positive and an order of magnitude or more larger than diamagnetic susceptibilities.
 
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|+ Table 2. Susceptibilities of some paramagnetic minerals <ref name=Hunt/>
|-
! Mineral !! Volume susceptibility <math>\times 10^{-6}</math> (SI)
|-
| [[garnet]] || 2,700
|-
| [[illite]] || 410
|-
| [[montmorillonite]] ||  330-350
|-
| [[biotite]] || 1,500-2,900
|-
| [[siderite]] || 1,300-11,000
|-
| [[chromite]] || 3,000-120,000
|-
| [[orthopyroxene]] || 1,500-1,800
|-
| [[fayalite]] || 5,500
|-
| [[olivine]] || 1,600
|-
| [[jacobsite]] || 25,000
|-
| [[franklinite]] || 450,000
|}
 
== Strongly magnetic minerals ==
 
=== Iron-titanium oxides ===
 
Many of the most important magnetic minerals on Earth are oxides of [[iron]] and [[titanium]]. Their compositions are conveniently represented on a [[ternary plot]] with axes corresponding to the proportions of {{Titanium}}<sup>4+</sup>, {{Iron}}<sup>2+</sup>, and {{Iron}}<sup>3+</sup>. Important regions on the diagram include the ''titanomagnetites'', which form a line of compositions {{Chemical formula|Fe|3-x|Ti|x|O|4}} for {{math|''x''}} between 0 and 1. At the {{math|''x''=0}} end is [[magnetite]], while the {{math|''x''=1}} composition is [[ulvöspinel]]. The titanomagnetites have an [[Spinel#The spinel structure|inverse spinel]] crystal structure and at high temperatures are a [[solid solution]] series. Crystals formed from titanomagnetites by cation-deficient oxidation are called ''titanomaghemites'', an important example of which is [[maghemite]]. Another series, the ''titanohematites'', have [[hematite]] and [[ilmenite]] as their end members, and so are also called ''hemoilmenites''.<ref name=Dunlop/> The crystal structure of hematite is [[Trigonal crystal system|trigonal]]-[[Hexagonal crystal system|hexagonal]]. It has the same composition as [[maghemite]]; to distinguish between them, their chemical formulae are generally given as γ{{Chemical formula|Fe|2|O|3}} for hematite  and α{{Chemical formula|Fe|2|O|3}} for maghemite.
 
=== Iron sulfides ===
 
The other important class of strongly magnetic minerals is the [[iron sulfide]]s, particularly [[greigite]] and [[pyrrhotite]].
 
== See also ==
*[[Magnetochemistry]]
== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}
 
== References ==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book
  |last1 = Dunlop
  |first1 = David J.
  |last2 = Özdemir
  |first2 = Özden
  |title = Rock magnetism: Fundamentals and Frontiers
  |publisher = [[Cambridge Univ. Press]]
  |year = 1997
  |isbn = 0-521-32514-5
}}
*{{Citation
  | last = Hunt
| first = Christopher P.
  | last2 = Moskowitz
| first2 = Bruce P.
| contribution = Magnetic properties of rocks and minerals
| year = 1995
| editor-last = Ahrens
| editor-first = T. J.
| title = Rock Physics and Phase Relations: A Handbook of Physical Constants
| publication-place = Washington, DC
| publisher = American Geophysical Union
| volume = 3
| pages = 189–204
}}
{{Refend}}
 
[[Category:Geomagnetism]]

Latest revision as of 19:23, 18 March 2014



If you carry your chef's knives from place to spot when you cook, they will get nicked and chipped and will promptly shed their sharp edge. This Ultimate Utility Knife characteristics a one of a kind low-frequency serration with a broad belly, enabling you to comfortably and gently rock the knife for complete manage and precision. Shun Classic Nakiri six 1/2" (MSRP $200)- this is the go-to knife for perfect produce cutting precision. This knife is shaped like a slender cleaver with a outstanding complete tang which offers it a fantastic weighty balance. You should opt for every knife individually for what it is and how properly it fits in your hand.

Upon buying a qualified knife set you will a get a chef knife, utility knife, paring knife, carving knife, bread knife, fillet knife and cleaver. In a skilled knife set you will see knife handles produced from Micarda which is synthetic material. When looking for a experienced knife set you will come across quite a few kinds of knives offered in the regional retailer. But when acquiring make certain you are comfy with the knife that you have purchased.

This section of the knife is employed for chopping tough things. A great knife will have steel that runs totally to the end of the deal with. Right here we will outline the 4 primary tips for discovering how to select the appropriate kitchen knife for you. The top quality of the knife you use is also crucial. The key to selecting a good quality knife is to know its created. This is apoint to keep in mind when acquiring chef knives.

Presuming The buyer interested as a way for choose up a Twin Pro"S" 8" Chef's Knife of a evening out discount rates , The purchaser can very easily test to discover upwards of summit of collections products , spec or verbal description. Take the overview just in case enable you to apprize of the Twin Pro"S" eight" Chef's Knife disadvantages or even pros. She has to take out a knife anyway to reduce the onion in half and peel the skin off. Knife to be applied by an outdoors man.

Rates differ, but as the time of publication, an 8-inch chef's knife retails about $60. There are 3 most important components to consider when deciding on a chef's knife: the steel, the handle and the weighting. Most knife handles now are made from a composite material alternatively of wood and are ergonomically developed for comfort. Look at the unique tasks you will be performing with your knife such as slicing, dicing and chopping. Look for a chef's, or French, knife.

They hold up particularly properly, and are affordable at about $40 for and eight" chef knife, and yet nevertheless forged. If you know how to deal with knives, and care for them correctly, a set of Wusthof Classics or International GF Series look the greatest option. Lastly, but absolutely worth mentioning, the similar organization that had been generating Swiss Army knives for years also makes a really decent set of affordable kitchen knives. By no means put a high quality knife in the dishwasher.

If you cherished this posting and you would like to get a lot more info pertaining to Steak Knives Set Debenhams; www.thebestkitchenknivesreviews.com, kindly go to our own web-page. Seriously, I applied to have the crappiest knives in the globe till I realized that spending a few additional bucks on some amazing knives would make the distinction among me enjoying creating the meal and me wanting to run out of the kitchen screaming not wanting to be there at all. The worldwide chef knife is a sharp forged stainless steel and the blade runs by way of the deal with so it feels nicely balanced and safe. It goes without saying that you ought to use a knife with one hundred% focus. This is an great knife.

If you never have a great deal time though, and if you want your knives to match, it's seriously in your ideal interest to buy a set. The other argument that most knife professionals make is that sets are loaded with "filler knives that you'll by no means use," or that "all you ever have to have is a chef knife." I'm going to say it when and for all. Yes, you can eek by with just a chef knife, and yes, you will use your chef knife more than any other knife that you have. Second in line is the appearance of the set.

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