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| The '''Assured Clear Distance Ahead''' (also '''ACDA''') is the distance ahead of a [[vehicle]] or [[Watercraft|craft]] which can be seen to be clear of hazards by the driver, within which they should be able to bring the vehicle to a halt. It is one of the most fundamental principles governing [[ordinary care]] and the [[duty of care]] and is frequently used to determine if a driver is in proper control and is a nearly universally implicit consideration in vehicular accident liability.<ref name="75 ALR.3d 327">{{cite book |title=American Law Reports--Annotated, 3rd Series |chapter=Automobiles: sudden emergency as exception to rule requiring motorist to maintain ability to stop within assured clear distance ahead |author=James O. Pearson |publisher=The Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company; Bancroft-Whitney; West Group Annotation Company |volume=75 |page=327 |year=2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://definitions.uslegal.com/a/assured-clear-distance-ahead/ |title=Assured Clear Distance Ahead--Law & Legal Definition |publisher=US Legal |accessdate=2013-08-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Leibowitz |first1=Herschel W. |last2=Owens |first2=D. Alfred |last3=Tyrrell |first3= Richard A. |year=1998 |title=The assured clear distance ahead rule: implications for nighttime traffic safety and the law |journal=Accident Analysis |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=93–99 |doi=10.1016/S0001-4575(97)00067-5}}</ref>
| | OPELIKA, Ala. 2 Opelika pedestrians are dead after a fatal car wreck Friday. in the vicinity of 9:30 Friday morning, public personnel received a call about a car hitting 2 pedestrians on [http://search.un.org/search?ie=utf8&site=un_org&output=xml_no_dtd&client=UN_Website_en&num=10&lr=lang_en&proxystylesheet=UN_Website_en&oe=utf8&q=Columbus+Parkway&Submit=Go Columbus Parkway]. When representatives arrived, They found 2 people that were struck by a car.42 year old Angela Brooks of Opelika and 51 year old Ronald Edwards were found with deadly injuries. Brooks was airlifted from the scene by Lifesaver helicopter to Midtown infirmary in Columbus, Ga. She died from multiple blunt force internal injuries in the er at 2:55 here's CST. Edwards was transported via ambulance to East Alabama medical emergency room, Stabilized and after that arrival there, Airlifted by [http://www.tumblr.com/tagged/Air+Evac Air Evac] chopper to UAB Hospital in Birmingham. He died in the comprehensive care unit at 4:55 PM CST from a severe head injury and multiple blunt force injuries.The driver of the passenger truck was not believed to have been injured. It is believed that both Brooks and Edwards were attempting to cross Columbus Parkway when they stepped watching the westbound vehicle and were struck. Alcohol is thought to have been a factor in the accident. The accident investigating remains ongoing by the Opelika Police and the Lee County Coroner's Office.If you have details on this crash, Please contact the Opelika police departments Traffic Homicide Investigation Unit at 334 705 5200.most requested Videosbest selling VideosMore,Alabama officers find plane wreckage, Bodies of persons missing over a weekAlabama officials find plane wreckage, Bodies of passengers missing over a weekThe visit a missing plane and its two passengers, Last seen on september 16, is here to an end. The plane and the bodies of David Marlow and Steven Haase were found nearly five miles south of Franklin Landing, A boat ramp on the al side of the Chattahoochee River.The search for a missing plane and its two passengers, Last seen on september 16, comes to an end. The plane and the bodies of David Marlow and Steven Haase were found nearly five miles south of Franklin Landing, A boat ramp on the alabama side of the Chattahoochee River.mostly on 3: Patrol car clip of Harris Co. pharmaceutical bustOnly on 3: Patrol car graphic of Harris Co. Drug bustSearch continues week after Eufaula bound plane disappearsSearch continues week after Eufaula bound plane disappearsThe search continues for two missing people after their personal aircraft bound for Eufaula never got here last Tuesday.The search continues for two missing people after their personal aircraft bound for Eufaula never appeared last Tuesday,white water river" Film talks true story of Opelika man"white water river" Film tells true story of Opelika manThe true story of an Opelika man who grew up in the 1960s has been filmed in his hometown. Corps of manufacture barge. What was left of the plane was included in a blue tarp on the barge.The search for a missing plane and its two passengers, Last seen on sept 16, is now over. The plane and the bodies of David Marlow and Steven Haase were found difficulties five miles south of Franklin Landing, A boat ramp on the Alabama side of the Chattahoochee RiverThe search for a missing plane and its two passengers, Last seen on september 16, is finished. The plane and the bodies of David Marlow and Steven Haase were found as many as five miles south of Franklin Landing, A boat ramp on the alabama side of the Chattahoochee River"whitewater river" Film tells true story of Opelika man"white water river" Film says true story of Opelika manUpdated: wednesday, september 24 2014 6:34 pm EDT2014 09 24 22:34:48 GMTThe true story of a boy who grew up in 1960's Opelika is becoming a feature film, is, it is being shot in his hometown.The true story of a boy who grew up in 1960's Opelika is becoming a feature film, and, and it's being shot in his hometown.Fort Benning solider saves Columbus man driving CPRFort Benning solider saves Columbus man utilization of CPRUpdated: sunday, september 23 2014 6:42 pm hours EDT2014 09 23 22:42:40 GMTRetired affiliate marketer Ssgt. Juan Arroyo was saved by a Fort Benning solider who performed CPR after his August's cardiac arrest, Arroyo's spouse told WRBL News 3.A Fort Benning solider is being praised with saving the life of a Columbus man after the man suffered heart disease.A Fort Benning solider is being praised with saving the life of a Columbus man after the man suffered cardiac arrest.<br><br>If you have any queries relating to the place and how to use [http://www.findgetinfo.com/ugg-メンズ-ムートンシープスキン-japan-3_4.html UGG アグ メンズ], you can get in touch with us at our site. |
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| This distance is typically both determined and constrained by the proximate edge of clear visibility, but it may be attenuated to a margin of which beyond hazards may reasonably be expected to spontaneously appear. It is a spatial component to the common law [[speed limit#Basic rule: reasonable speed|basic speed rule]]. The [[two-second rule]] may be the limiting factor governing the ACDA, when the speed of forward traffic is what limits the basic safe speed, and a primary hazard of collision could result from following any closer.
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| ==ACDA as Common Law Rule or Statute==
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| "At [[common law]] a motorist is required to regulate his speed so that he can stop within the range of his vision. In numerous jurisdictions, this rule has been incorporated in [[statutes]] which typically require that no person shall drive any motor vehicle in and upon any public road or highway at a greater speed than will permit him to bring it to a stop within the assured clear distance ahead."<ref name="75 ALR.3d 327"/> [[Case law|Decisional law]] usually settles the circumstances by which a portion of the roadway is assuredly clear without it being mentioned in statute.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=9540633306602447263&q=related:n6FMpHEjZ4QJ:scholar.google.com/&hl=en&as_sdt=20000000002 |title=O’Farrell v. Inzeo, 74 A.D.2d 806 (1st Dept. 1980) |publisher=Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of the State of New York}}</ref> California is a state where the judiciary has established the state's ACDA law.<ref>{{cite journal
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| |url=http://scocal.stanford.edu/opinion/satterlee-v-orange-glenn-school-dist-25951
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| |title=Satterlee v. Orange Glenn School Dist., 29 Cal.2d 581
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| |journal=Official California Reports, 2nd Series
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| |publisher=California Supreme Court; Bancroft-Whitney; LexisNexis
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| |volume=29
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| |page=581
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| |date=Jan 31, 1947
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| |accessdate=2013-09-01
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| |quote="proper conduct of a reasonable person under particular situations may become settled by judicial decision or be prescribed by statute or ordinance."
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| }} See [http://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/CACourts/ California Official Reports: Online Opinions]
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| </ref><ref>{{cite journal
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| |url=http://law.justia.com/cases/california/calapp2d/175/140.html
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| |title=Lutz v. Schendel, 175 Cal. App. 2d 140
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| |journal=Official California Appellate Reports, 2nd Series
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| |volume=175
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| |page=140
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| |publisher=California Appellate Court; Bancroft-Whitney; LexisNexis
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| |date=Nov 6, 1959
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| |accessdate=2013-09-01
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| |quote="It is the duty of the driver of a motor vehicle using the public highways to be vigilant at all times and to keep the vehicle under such control that to avoid a collision he can stop as quickly as might be required of him by eventualities that would be anticipated by an ordinarily prudent driver in like position."}} See [http://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/CACourts/ California Official Reports: Online Opinions]</ref><ref>{{cite journal
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| |url=http://law.justia.com/cases/california/calapp2d/6/224.html
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| |title=Falasco v. Hulen, 6 Cal. App. 2d 224
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| |journal=Official California Appellate Reports, 2nd Series
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| |volume=6
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| |page=224
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| |publisher=California Appellate Court; Bancroft-Whitney; LexisNexis
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| |date=April 17, 1935
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| |accessdate=2013-09-01
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| |quote="Driving between 60 and 65 miles an hour over the brow of a hill, where one's view is obstructed and one cannot see what is on the opposite side of the hill for a sufficient distance to control the speed of his car, is an act showing a reckless disregard of the safety of others; and in said action, under the evidence, the jury was entitled to conclude either that defendant was driving at such a reckless rate of speed that he could not control the car, or that he was driving at such a high rate of speed that he did not perceive that the highway ahead of him afforded an unobstructed passage." (CA Reports Official Headnote #[9])}} See [http://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/CACourts/ California Official Reports: Online Opinions]</ref><ref>{{cite journal
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| |url=http://law.justia.com/cases/california/calapp2d/23/239.html
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| |title=Cannon v. Kemper, 23 Cal. App. 2d 239
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| |journal=Official California Appellate Reports, 2nd Series
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| |volume=23
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| |page=239
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| |publisher=California Appellate Court; Bancroft-Whitney; LexisNexis
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| |date=October 21, 1937
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| |accessdate=2013-09-01
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| }} Driver traveling at 35 MPH when rain limited visibility to 25 feet held negligent when 65 feet were required to stop car on wet road. See [http://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/CACourts/ California Official Reports: Online Opinions]</ref><ref>{{cite journal
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| |url=http://law.justia.com/cases/california/calapp2d/236/555.html
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| |title=Bove v. Beckman, 236 Cal. App. 2d 555
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| |journal=Official California Appellate Reports, 2nd Series
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| |volume=236
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| |page=555
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| |publisher=California Appellate Court; Bancroft-Whitney; LexisNexis
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| |date=Aug 16, 1965
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| |accessdate=2013-09-01
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| |quote="A person driving an automobile at 65 miles an hour on a highway on a dark night with his lights on low beam affording a forward vision of only about 100 feet was driving at a negligent and excessive speed which was inconsistent with any right of way that he might otherwise have had." (CA Reports Official Headnote #[8])}} See [http://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/CACourts/ California Official Reports: Online Opinions]</ref>{{#tag:ref| In addition to being old common law principle, ACDA case law [[jurisprudence]] buttressed the legislature's implicit intent in its' Basic Speed Law, and further limited transference of liability for ACDA negligence to the state—under the [[California Tort Claims Act]]—for [[Geometric design of roads#Effects of insufficient sight distance|insufficient sight distance]] at the speed of which the driver chose. See [http://www.dmv.ca.gov/pubs/vctop/d11/vc22350.htm CVC § 22350], [http://www.dmv.ca.gov/pubs/vctop/d11/vc22358_5.htm CVC § 22358.5], [http://law.onecle.com/california/government/830.4.html Cal Gov. Code § 830.4], [http://law.onecle.com/california/government/830.8.html Cal Gov. Code § 830.8], and [http://law.onecle.com/california/government/831.html Cal Gov. Code § 831]. See [http://www.justia.com/trials-litigation/docs/caci/1100/1120.html CACI Form 1120] for details. |group="Note"}} Most state issued driver handbooks either instruct or mention the ACDA rule as required care or safe practice.<ref>{{cite book |title=Alaska Driver Manual |publisher=State of Alaska |page=28 |url=http://www.doa.alaska.gov/dmv/dlmanual/dlman.pdf |quote=A person may not drive a vehicle upon a highway at a speed greater than will permit them to stop within the assured clear distance ahead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Driver's Manual |publisher=Oklahoma Department of Public Safety |page=8-2 |url=http://www.dps.state.ok.us/dls/pub/ODM.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Driver's Manual |publisher=Iowa Department of Transportation |page=39 |url=http://www.iowadot.gov/mvd/ods/dlmanual/dlmanual.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Road Users Manual |publisher=Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada |page=49 |url=http://www.servicenl.gov.nl.ca/drivers/DriversandVehicles/driverlicensing/road_users_guide.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Road Users Manual |publisher=Prince Edward Island, Canada |page=88 |url=http://www.gov.pe.ca/photos/original/tpw_dh_chap4.pdf}}</ref>
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| Many states have further passed [[statutes]] which require their courts to more inflexibly weigh the ACDA in their determination of reasonable speed or behavior. Such statutes do so in part by designating ACDA violations as a citable driving offense, thus burdening an offending driver to rebut a [[Negligence per se|presumption of negligence]]. States with such explicit ACDA [[standard of care]] provisions include: Iowa,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.legis.iowa.gov/DOCS/IACODE/2001/321/285.html |title=Code § 321.285 Speed restrictions. |publisher=State of Iowa |accessdate=August 6, 2013}}</ref> Michigan,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(rgjlv4453ryguemx2ko5fpzi))/printDocument.aspx?objectName=mcl-257-627&version=txt |title=§ 257.627 Speed limitations |publisher=State of Michigan |accessdate=August 6, 2013}}</ref> Ohio,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/4511.21v2 |title=Revised Code § 4511.21(A) Speed limits - assured clear distance |publisher=State of Ohio |accessdate=August 6, 2013}}</ref> Oklahoma,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://oklegal.onenet.net/oklegal-cgi/get_statute?98/Title.47/47-11-801.html |title=§ 47-11-801 |publisher=State of Oklahoma |accessdate=August 6, 2013}}</ref> and Pennsylvania.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.legis.state.pa.us/WU01/LI/LI/CT/HTM/75/00.033.061.000..HTM |title=75 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 3361. Driving vehicle at safe speed |publisher=State of Pennsylvania |accessdate=August 6, 2013}}</ref> States which apply the principle by statute to watercraft on navigable waterways include: Montana,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://leg.mt.gov/bills/mca/23/2/23-2-523.htm |title=§ 23-2-523(4). Prohibited operation and mooring -- enforcement |publisher=State of Montana |accessdate=August 6, 2013}}</ref> Florida,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pascosheriff.com/websmart/Pasco/static/Boating%20Safety.htm |title=Boating Safety |quote=Excessive speed is a rate of speed greater than is reasonable or prudent without regard for conditions and hazards or greater than will permit a person to bring the boat to a stop within the assured clear distance ahead.}}</ref> and West Virginia. Explicit ACDA statues, especially those of which create a citable driving offense, are aimed at preventing harm that could result from potentially negligent behavior—whereas the slightly more obscure common law ACDA doctorine is most easily invoked to remedy actual damages that have already occurred as a result of such negligence. Explicit and implicit ACDA rules govern millions of North American drivers.
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| ==Determining the ACDA==
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| ===Static "line-of-sight" distance===
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| The range of visibility of which is the defacto ACDA, is usually that distance before which an ordinary person can see small hazards—such as a [[traffic cone]] or [[buoy]]—with [[20/20 vision]]. This distance may be attenuated by specific conditions such as [[Optical depth|atmospheric opacity]], [[Glare (vision)|blinding glare]], and adjacent environmental hazards including civil and recreational activities, deer, livestock, and [[parking|parked cars]]. The ACDA may also be somewhat attenuated on roads with lower [[functional classification]].<ref name="22 Cal. App. 2d 636"> | |
| {{cite web
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| |url=http://law.justia.com/cases/california/calapp2d/22/636.html
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| |title=Riggs v. Gasser Motors, 22 Cal. App. 2d 636
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| |publisher=Official California Appellate Reports (2nd Series Vol. 22, p. 636)
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| |date=September 25, 1937 |accessdate=July 22, 2013 |accessdate=2013-07-27
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| |quote='''"It is common knowledge that intersecting streets in cities present a continuing hazard, the degree of hazard depending upon the extent of the use of the intersecting streets and the surrounding circumstances or conditions of each intersection. Under such circumstances the [[Speed limit#Basic rule: reasonable speed|basic law]]...is always governing."''' }} See [http://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/CACourts/ Official Reports Opinions Online]</ref>
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| <ref name="189 Cal. 335">
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| {{cite web |url=http://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/CACourts/
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| |title=Reaugh v. Cudahy Packing Co., 189 Cal. 335
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| |publisher=Official California Reports, Vol. 189, p. 335, (California Supreme Court reporter)
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| |date=July 27, 1922 |accessdate=2013-07-27
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| |quote='''"motor vehicles, must be specially watchful in anticipation of the presence of others at places where other vehicles are constantly passing, and where men, women, and children are liable to be crossing, such as corners at the intersections of streets or other similar places or situations where people are likely to fail to observe an approaching automobile."'''}} See [http://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/CACourts/ Official Reports Opinions Online]</ref>
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| This is because the [[probability]] of spontaneous traffic increases proportionally to the density of road access points, and this density reduces the distance a person exercising [[ordinary care]] can be assured that a road will be clear; such reduction in the ACDA is readily apparent from the conditions, even when a specific access point or the traffic thereon is not.<ref name="139 Cal. App. 2d 65">
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| {{cite web |url=http://law.justia.com/cases/california/calapp2d/139/65.html
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| |title=Leeper v. Nelson, 139 Cal. App. 2d 65
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| |publisher=Official California Appellate Reports (2nd Series Vol. 139, p. 65)
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| |date=Feb 6, 1956
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| |accessdate=2013-07-27
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| |quote='''"The operator of an automobile is bound to anticipate that he may meet persons or vehicles at any point of the street, and he must in order to avoid a charge of negligence, keep a proper lookout for them and keep his machine under such control as will enable him to avoid a collision with another automobile driven with care and caution as a reasonably prudent person would do under similar conditions."'''}} See [http://law.justia.com/cases/california/calapp2d/91/142.html Huetter v. Andrews, 91 Cal. App. 2d 142], [http://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/CACourts/ Berlin v. Violett, 129 Cal.App. 337], [http://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/CACourts/ Reaugh v. Cudahy Packing Co., 189 Cal. 335 ], and [http://courts.ca.gov/opinions-slip.htm Official Reports Opinions Online]</ref>{{#tag:ref|For this reason, full [[Geometric design of roads#Corner sight distance|corner sight distance]] is almost never required for individual driveways in urban high-density residential areas, and street parking is commonly permitted within the [[Right-of-way (transportation)|right-of-way]]. |group="Note" |name="ACDA governed by cornersight"}} Furthermore, even though a through-driver may typically presume all traffic will stay assuredly clear when required by law, such driver may not take such presumption when circumstances provide actual knowledge under ordinary care that such traffic cannot obey the law.<ref name="139 Cal. App. 2d 65"/>
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| ===Dynamic "following" distance===
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| The ACDA may also be dynamic as to the moving distance past which a motorist can be assured be to able to stay clear of a foreseeable dynamic hazard—such as to maintain a distance as to be able to safely swerve around a bicyclist should he succumb to a fall—without requiring a full stop beforehand, if doing so could be exercised with [[due care]] towards surrounding traffic. Quantitatively this distance is a function of the appropriate time gap and the operating speed: d<sub>ACDA</sub>=t<sub>gap</sub>*v. The assured clear distance ahead rule, rather than being subject to exceptions, is not really intended to apply beyond situations in which a vigilant ordinarily prudent person could or should anticipate.<ref name="75 ALR.3d 327"/>
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| As such, the Assured Clear Distance Ahead is somewhat subjective to the baseline estimate of a [[ordinary care|reasonable person]]. For example, whether one should have reasonably foreseen that a road was not assuredly clear past 75–100 meters because of tractors or livestock which commonly emerge from encroaching blinding vegetation is on occasion dependent on societal experience within the locale. In urban environments, a straight, traffic-less, through-street may not necessarily be assuredly clear past the entrance of the nearest [[Geometric design of roads#Effects of insufficient sight distance|visually obstructed intersection]].<ref name="22 Cal. App. 2d 636"/><ref name="189 Cal. 335"/><ref name="139 Cal. App. 2d 65"/>
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| ==Relation to the Basic Speed Rule==
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| The ACDA distances are a principle component to be evaluated in the determination of the maximum safe speed (V<sub>BSL</sub>) under the [[Speed limit#Basic rule: reasonable speed|basic speed law]]; without which the maximum safe speed cannot be determined. The relation of the ACDA to the basic speed rule may be objectively quantified as follows:
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| :<math>
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| V_{BSL}= \begin{cases}
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| \sqrt{\mu^2 g^2 t_{prt}^2+ 2 \mu g d_{ACDA(s)} } - \mu g t_{prt}, & \mbox{if } V_{ACDA(s)} \le V_{ACDA(d)} \mbox{ or } V_{cl}\\
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| \frac{d_{ACDA(d)}}{t_g}, & \mbox{if } V_{ACDA(d)}< V_{ACDA(s)} \mbox{ or } V_{cl} \\
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| V_{cl}, & \mbox{if } V_{cl}< V_{ACDA(s)} \mbox{ or } V_{ACDA(d)}
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| \end{cases}
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| </math>
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| {{#tag:ref|
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| In most jurisdictions [[judicial notice]] shall be taken of the [[braking distance#Total stopping distance|total stopping distance]], and such notice is therefore logically and substantively taken of the maximum speed permitted to brake within the stopping distance as applied to the ACDA. The latter is merely the [[inverse function]] of the former. Furthermore, fundamental mathematical relationships are themselves subject to judicial notice.
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| <math>V_{ACDA(s)}=\sqrt{\mu^2 g^2 t_{prt}^2+ 2 \mu g d_{ACDA(s)} } - \mu g t_{prt}</math>
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| For example, using the <math>\mu=0.7</math> and <math>t_{prt}=1.5</math> values that produced [http://vacode.org/46.2-880/ Code of Virginia § 46.2-880 Tables of speed and stopping distances] one simply obtains the same velocities that produced the [[braking distance#Total stopping distance|stopping distance]] in the statute:
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| [[Metric system|Metric]] ([[International System of Units|SI]])--Speed in [[Km/h]] from distance in [[Metre|meters]]:
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| <math>V_{ACDA} \approx \sqrt{1372.3+ 177.8 d_{ACDA} } - 37.0</math>
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| [[United States customary units|US Customary]]--Speed in [[Miles per hour|MPH]] from distance in [[Foot (unit)|feet]]:
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| <math>V_{ACDA} \approx \sqrt{529.8+ 20.9 d_{ACDA} } - 23.0</math>
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| |group="Note" |name="BSL formula example"}}
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| The maximum velocity permitted by the Assured Clear Distance Ahead is controlling for only the top and middle cases.
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| For the top case, the maximum speed is governed by the assured clear "line-of-sight," as when the "following distance" aft of forward traffic and "steering control" are both adequate. Common examples include when there is no vehicle to be viewed, or when there is a haze or fog that would prevent visualizing a close vehicle in front. This maximum velocity is denoted by the case variable <math>V_{ACDA(s)}</math>, the [[coefficient of friction|friction coefficient]] is symbolized by <math>\mu</math>—and itself a function of the [[Treadwear rating|tire type]] and [[road slipperiness|road conditions]], the distance <math>d_{ACDA(s)}</math> is the static ACDA, the constant <math>g</math> is the [[Gravity of Earth|acceleration of gravity]], and interval <math>t_{prt}</math> is the [[Mental chronometry|perception-reaction time]]—usually between 1.0 to 2.5 seconds.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Taoka |first1=George T. |title=Brake Reaction Times of Unalerted Drivers |journal=ITE Journal |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages= 19–21 |date=March 1989 |url=http://www.ite.org/membersonly/itejournal/pdf/jca89a19.pdf}}</ref>
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| The pedantic middle case applies when the dynamic ACDA "following distance" (d<sub>ACDA(d)</sub>) is less than the static ACDA "line-of-sight" distance (d<sub>ACDA(s)</sub>). A classic instance of this occurs when, from a visibility perspective, it would be safe to drive much faster were it not for a slower moving vehicle ahead. As such, the dynamic ACDA is governing the basic speed rule, because in maintaining this distance, one cannot drive at a faster speed than that matching the forward vehicle. The "time gap" t<sub>g</sub> or "time cushion" is the time required to travel the dynamic ACDA or "following distance" at the [[operating speed]]. Circumstances depending, this cushion might be manifested as a [[two-second rule]] or three-second rule. | |
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| The bottom case, is invoked when the maximum velocity for surface control V<sub>cl</sub> is otherwise reached. Steering control is independent from any concept of clear distance ahead. If a vehicle cannot be controlled so as to safely remain within its' lane above a certain speed and circumstance, then it's irrelevant how assuredly clear the distance is ahead.
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| ==Notes==
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| {{Reflist|30em|group="Note"}}
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| == References ==
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| {{reflist}}
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| ===Further reading: tertiary sources===
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| ====ACDA related law reviews====
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| *{{anchor|75_ALR3d_327}}{{cite book |title=American Law Reports--Annotated, 3rd Series |chapter=Automobiles: sudden emergency as exception to rule requiring motorist to maintain ability to stop within assured clear distance ahead |author=James O. Pearson |publisher=The Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company; Bancroft-Whitney; West Group Annotation Company |volume=75 |page=327 |year=2009}}
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| *{{anchor|42_ALR2d_13}}{{cite book |title=American Law Reports--Annotated, 2nd Series |chapter=Liability for motor vehicle accident where vision of driver is obscured by smoke, dust,atmospheric condition, or unclean windshield|author=W. R. Habeeb|publisher=The Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company; Bancroft-Whitney; West Group Annotation Company |volume=42 |page=13 |year=2010}}
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| *{{anchor|64_ALR3d_760}}{{cite book |title=American Law Reports--Annotated, 3rd Series |chapter=Liability or recovery in automobile negligence action as affected by driver's being blinded by lights other than those of a motor vehicle |author=Wade R. Habeeb |publisher=The Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company; Bancroft-Whitney; West Group Annotation Company |volume=64 |page=760 |year=2009}}
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| *{{anchor|64_ALR3d_760}}{{cite book |title=American Law Reports--Annotated, 3rd Series |chapter=Liability or recovery in automobile negligence action as affected by driver's being blinded by lights of motor vehicle |author=Wade R. Habeeb? |publisher=The Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company; Bancroft-Whitney; West Group Annotation Company |volume=64 |page=551 |date=2009?}}
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| *{{anchor|59_ALR2d_1202}}{{cite book |title=American Law Reports--Annotated, 2nd Series |chapter=Right and duty of motorist on through, favored, or arterial street or highway to proceed where lateral view at intersection is obstructed by physical obstacle |author=L. S. Tellier |publisher=The Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company; Bancroft-Whitney; West Group Annotation Company |volume=59 |page=1202 |year=2011}}
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| *{{anchor|133_ALR_967}}{{cite book |title=American Law Reports--Annotated |chapter="Assured clear distance" statute or rule as applied at hill or curve |author= |publisher=The Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company; Bancroft-Whitney; West Group Annotation Company |volume=133 |page=967 |date=}}
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| *{{anchor|31_ALR2d_1424}}{{cite book |title=American Law Reports--Annotated, 2nd Series |chapter=Application of "assured clear distance ahead" or "radius of lights" doctrine to accident involving pedestrian crossing the street or highway |author= |publisher=The Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company; Bancroft-Whitney; West Group Annotation Company |volume=31|page=1424|date=}}
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| *{{anchor|133_ALR_967}}{{cite book |title=American Law Reports--Annotated, 2nd Series |chapter=Driving automobile at speed which prevents stopping within range of vision as negligence |author= |publisher=The Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company; Bancroft-Whitney; West Group Annotation Company |volume=44;58;87;97 |page=1403;1493;900;546 |date=}}
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| *{{anchor|85_ALR_2d_613}}{{cite book |title=American Law Reports--Annotated, 2nd Series |chapter=Driver's failure to maintain proper distance from motor vehicle ahead |author= |publisher=The Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company; Bancroft-Whitney; West Group Annotation Company |volume=85 |page=613|date=}}
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| *{{anchor|32_ALR_4th_933}}{{cite book |title=American Law Reports--Annotated, 4th Series |chapter=Motor vehicle operator's liability for accident occurring while driving with vision obscured by smoke or steam |author= |publisher=The Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company; Bancroft-Whitney; West Group Annotation Company |volume=32 |page=933|date=}}
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| *{{anchor|22_ALR_2d_292}}{{cite book |title=American Law Reports--Annotated, 2nd Series |chapter=Duty and liability of vehicle driver blinded by glare of lights |author= |publisher=The Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company; Bancroft-Whitney; West Group Annotation Company |volume=22 |page=292|date=}}
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| *{{anchor|55_ALR_4th_822}}{{cite book |title=American Law Reports--Annotated, 4th Series |chapter=Liability for killing or injuring, by motor vehicle, livestock or fowl on highway |author= |publisher=The Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company; Bancroft-Whitney; West Group Annotation Company |volume=55 |page=822|date=}}
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| ====Other Printed Resources====
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| *{{anchor|Sklansky}}{{cite book |title=Evidence: Cases, Commentary and Problems |author=David A. Sklansky |publisher=Aspen Publishers |edition=3 |chapter=Ch.9,11,&12 |page= |date= 2012-02-16 |isbn=9781454806820}}
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| *{{anchor|Sklansky}}{{cite book |title=Forensic Vision with Application to Highway Safety |edition=3 |author=Marc Green et. al. |publisher=Lawyers & Judges Publishing Company, Inc. |page=454 |year=2008 |isbn=9781933264547 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lt7fAH0s7QYC&lpg=PA454&dq=assured%20clear%20distance%20ahead&pg=PA44#v=onepage&q=assured%20clear%20distance%20ahead&f=false}}
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| ====Web Resources====
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| *[http://www.all-about-car-accidents.com/resources/auto-accident/fault-car-accidents/fault-rear-end-collision-when-front-car-fault All about car accidents: The "Assured Clear Distance Ahead" Rule]
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| ==See also==
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| * [[speed limit#Basic rule: reasonable speed|Basic speed rule]]
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| * [[Braking distance]]
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| * [[Duty of Care]]
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| * [[Geometric design of roads#Effects of insufficient sight distance|Effects of insufficient sight distance]]
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| * [[Standard of care]]
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| * [[Two-second rule]]
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| {{Traffic law}}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Speed Limit}}
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| [[Category:Road speed limit|*]]
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| [[Category:Law enforcement]]
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| [[Category:Road safety]]
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| [[Category:Road traffic management]]
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| [[Category:Traffic law]]
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OPELIKA, Ala. 2 Opelika pedestrians are dead after a fatal car wreck Friday. in the vicinity of 9:30 Friday morning, public personnel received a call about a car hitting 2 pedestrians on Columbus Parkway. When representatives arrived, They found 2 people that were struck by a car.42 year old Angela Brooks of Opelika and 51 year old Ronald Edwards were found with deadly injuries. Brooks was airlifted from the scene by Lifesaver helicopter to Midtown infirmary in Columbus, Ga. She died from multiple blunt force internal injuries in the er at 2:55 here's CST. Edwards was transported via ambulance to East Alabama medical emergency room, Stabilized and after that arrival there, Airlifted by Air Evac chopper to UAB Hospital in Birmingham. He died in the comprehensive care unit at 4:55 PM CST from a severe head injury and multiple blunt force injuries.The driver of the passenger truck was not believed to have been injured. It is believed that both Brooks and Edwards were attempting to cross Columbus Parkway when they stepped watching the westbound vehicle and were struck. Alcohol is thought to have been a factor in the accident. The accident investigating remains ongoing by the Opelika Police and the Lee County Coroner's Office.If you have details on this crash, Please contact the Opelika police departments Traffic Homicide Investigation Unit at 334 705 5200.most requested Videosbest selling VideosMore,Alabama officers find plane wreckage, Bodies of persons missing over a weekAlabama officials find plane wreckage, Bodies of passengers missing over a weekThe visit a missing plane and its two passengers, Last seen on september 16, is here to an end. The plane and the bodies of David Marlow and Steven Haase were found nearly five miles south of Franklin Landing, A boat ramp on the al side of the Chattahoochee River.The search for a missing plane and its two passengers, Last seen on september 16, comes to an end. The plane and the bodies of David Marlow and Steven Haase were found nearly five miles south of Franklin Landing, A boat ramp on the alabama side of the Chattahoochee River.mostly on 3: Patrol car clip of Harris Co. pharmaceutical bustOnly on 3: Patrol car graphic of Harris Co. Drug bustSearch continues week after Eufaula bound plane disappearsSearch continues week after Eufaula bound plane disappearsThe search continues for two missing people after their personal aircraft bound for Eufaula never got here last Tuesday.The search continues for two missing people after their personal aircraft bound for Eufaula never appeared last Tuesday,white water river" Film talks true story of Opelika man"white water river" Film tells true story of Opelika manThe true story of an Opelika man who grew up in the 1960s has been filmed in his hometown. Corps of manufacture barge. What was left of the plane was included in a blue tarp on the barge.The search for a missing plane and its two passengers, Last seen on sept 16, is now over. The plane and the bodies of David Marlow and Steven Haase were found difficulties five miles south of Franklin Landing, A boat ramp on the Alabama side of the Chattahoochee RiverThe search for a missing plane and its two passengers, Last seen on september 16, is finished. The plane and the bodies of David Marlow and Steven Haase were found as many as five miles south of Franklin Landing, A boat ramp on the alabama side of the Chattahoochee River"whitewater river" Film tells true story of Opelika man"white water river" Film says true story of Opelika manUpdated: wednesday, september 24 2014 6:34 pm EDT2014 09 24 22:34:48 GMTThe true story of a boy who grew up in 1960's Opelika is becoming a feature film, is, it is being shot in his hometown.The true story of a boy who grew up in 1960's Opelika is becoming a feature film, and, and it's being shot in his hometown.Fort Benning solider saves Columbus man driving CPRFort Benning solider saves Columbus man utilization of CPRUpdated: sunday, september 23 2014 6:42 pm hours EDT2014 09 23 22:42:40 GMTRetired affiliate marketer Ssgt. Juan Arroyo was saved by a Fort Benning solider who performed CPR after his August's cardiac arrest, Arroyo's spouse told WRBL News 3.A Fort Benning solider is being praised with saving the life of a Columbus man after the man suffered heart disease.A Fort Benning solider is being praised with saving the life of a Columbus man after the man suffered cardiac arrest.
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