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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-[[Image:Example of gradient copolymer.png|500px|thumb|''Figure 1: Example of a (a) diblock copolymer, (b) gradient copolymer and (c) random copolymer'']]
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-[[Copolymer]]s are [[polymer]]s that are synthesized with more than one kind of repeat unit (or [[monomer]]).  It exhibits a gradual change in monomer composition from predominantly one species to predominantly the other,<ref name="C">{{cite journal|last=Kryszewski|first=M|year=1998|title=Gradient Polymers and Copolymers|journal=Polymers for Advanced Technologies|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.|volume=9|pages=224–259| issn=1042-7147}}</ref> unlike with [[block copolymers]], which have an abrupt change in composition,<ref name="A">{{cite journal|last=Beginn|first=Uwe|year=2008|title=Gradient Copolymer|journal=Colloid Polym Sci|publisher=Springer|volume=286|pages=1465–1474| doi=10.1007/s00396-008-1922-y}}</ref> and random copolymers, which have no continuous change in composition (see Figure 1).<ref name="B">{{cite journal|last=Matyjaszewski|first=Krzyszytof|coauthors=Michael J. Ziegler, Stephen V. Arehart, Dorota Greszta and Tadeusz Pakula|year=2000|title=Gradient Copolymers by Atom Transfer Radical Copolymerization|journal=J. Phys. Org. Chem.|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.|volume=13|pages=775–786| doi=10.1002/1099-1395}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Cowie|first=J.M.G.|coauthors=Valeria Arrighi|title=Polymers: Chemistry and Physics of Modern Materials|publisher=CRC Press|year=2008|edition=Third|pages=147–148| isbn=9780849398131}}</ref>
-In the gradient copolymer, as a result of the gradual compositional change along the length of the polymer chain less intrachain and interchain repulsion are observed.<ref name="E">{{cite journal|last=Mok|first=Michelle|coauthors=Jungki Kim, John M. Torkelson|year=2008|title=Gradient Copolymers with Broad Glass Transition Temperature Regions: Design of Purely Interphase Compositions for Damping Applications|journal=Journal of Polymer Science|publisher=Wiley Periodicals, Inc.|volume=46|pages=48–58| doi=10.1002/polb}}</ref>
-The development of [[controlled radical polymerization]] as a synthetic methodology in the 1990s allowed for increased study of the concepts and properties of gradient copolymers because the synthesis of this group of novel polymers was now straightforward.
-Due to the similar properties of gradient copolymers to that of block copolymers, they have been considered as a cost effective alternative in applications for other preexisting copolymers.<ref name="E"/>
-==Polymer Composition==
-[[Image:Gradient Polym Composition2.png|thumb|right|300px|Figure 2: Graphical depiction of the composition of a gradient copolymer]]
-In the gradient copolymer, there is a continuous change in monomer composition along the polymer chain (see Figure 2). This change in composition can be depicted in a mathematical expression. The local composition gradient fraction <math>g(X)</math> is described by molar fraction of monomer 1 in the copolymer <math>(F_1)</math> and degree of polymerization <math>(X)</math> and its relationship is as follows:<ref name="E">{{cite journal}}</ref>
-<math>g(X)=\frac{dF_1(X)}{dX}</math>
-The above equation supposes all of the local monomer composition is continuous. To make up for this assumption, another equation of [[ensemble average]] is used:<ref name="E">{{cite journal}}</ref>
-<math>F^{(loc)}_1(X)=\frac{1}{N}\sum_{i=1}^NF_{1,i}(X)</math>
-The <math>F^{(loc)}_1(X)</math> refers [[ensemble average]] of the local chain composition, <math>X</math> refers degree of polymerization, <math>N</math> refers number of polymer chains in the sample and <math>F_{1,i}(X)</math> refers composition of polymer chain i at position <math>X</math>.
-This second equation identifies the average composition over all present polymer chains at a given position, <math>X</math>.<ref name="E">{{cite journal}}</ref>
-==Synthesis==
-Prior to the development of [[controlled radical polymerization]] (CRP), gradient copolymers (as distinguished from statistical copolymers) were not synthetically possible. While a "gradient" can be achieved through compositional drift due to a difference in reactivity of the two monomers, this drift will not encompass the entire possible compositional range. All of the common CRP methods<ref name="R">{{cite journal|last=Davis|first=Kelly|coauthors=Krzysztof Matyjaszewski|year=2002|title=Statistical, Gradient, Block, and Graft Copolymers by Controlled/Living Radical Polymerizations|journal=Advanced in Polymer Science|publisher=Springer|volume=159|pages=1–13| doi= 10.1007/3-540-45806-9_1}}</ref> including [[atom transfer radical polymerization]] and [[Reversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer polymerization]] as well as other [[living polymerization]] techniques including [[anionic addition polymerization]] and [[ring-opening polymerization]] have been used to synthesize gradient copolymers.<ref name="E">{{cite journal}}</ref>
-The gradient can be formed through either a spontaneous or a forced gradient. Spontaneous gradient polymerization is due to a difference in reactivity of the monomers. The resulting change in composition throughout the polymerization creates an inconsistent gradient along the polymer. Forced gradient polymerization involves varying the comonomer composition of the feed being throughout the reaction time. Because the rate of addition of the second monomer influences the polymerization and therefore properties of the formed polymer, continuous information about the polymer composition is vital. The online compositional information is often gathered through [[automatic continuous online monitoring of polymerization reactions]], a process which provides ''in situ'' information allowing for constant composition adjustment to achieve the desired gradient composition.
-== Properties ==
-The wide range of composition possible in a gradient polymer due to the variety of monomers incorporated and the change of the composition results in a large variety of properties. In general, the [[glass transition temperature]] (Tg) is broad in comparison with the homopolymers. [[Micelles]] of the gradient copolymer can form when the gradient copolymer concentration is too high in a block copolymer solution. As the micelles form, the micelle diameter actually shrinks creating a "reel in" effect. The general structure of these copolymers in solution is not yet well established.
-The composition can be determined by [[gel permeation chromatography]](GPC) and [[nuclear magnetic resonance]] (NMR). Generally the composition has a narrow [[polydispersity index]] (PDI) and the molecular weight increases with time as the polymer forms.
-== Applications  ==
-*'''Compatibilizing Phase-Separated Polymer Blends'''
-[[Image:Wikipic3 1.png|280px|thumb|''Figure 3: a) random copolymer blend with annealing b) gradient copolymer blend with annealing'']]
-For the compatiabilization of immiscible blends, the gradient copolymer can be used by improving mechanical and optical properties of immiscible polymers and decreasing its dispersed phase to droplet size.<ref name="G">{{cite journal|last=Ramic|first=Anthony J.|coauthors=Julia C. Stehlin, Steven D. Hudson, Alexander M. Jamieson, and Ica Manas-Zloczower|year=2000|title=Influence of Block Copolymer on Droplet Brekup and Coalescence in Model Immiscible Polymer Blends|journal=Macromolecules|publisher=American Chemical Society|volume=33|pages=371–374| doi=10.1021/ma990420c|bibcode = 2000MaMol..33..371R }}</ref> The compatibilization has been tested by reduction in interfacial tension and steric hindrance against coalescence. This application is not available for block and graft copolymer because of its very low [[critical micelle concentration]] (cmc). However, the gradient copolymer, which has higher cmc and exhibits a broader interfacial coverage, can be applied to effective blend compatibilizers.<ref name="D">{{cite journal|last=Kim|first=Jungki|coauthors=Maisha K. Gray, Hongying Zhou, SonBinh T. Nguyen, and John M. Torkelson|date=Feb 22, 2005|title=Polymer Blend Compatibilization by Gradient Copolymer Addition during Melt Processing: Stabilization nof Dispersed Phase to Static Coarsening|journal=Macromolecules|publisher=American Chemical Society|volume=38|pages=1037–1040| doi=10.1021/ma047549t|bibcode = 2005MaMol..38.1037K }}</ref>
-A small amount of gradient copolymer (i.e.styrene/4-hydroxystyrene) is added to a polymer blend (i.e. polystyrene/polycaprolactone) during melt processing. The resulting interfacial copolymer helps to stabilize the dispersed phase due to the hydrogen-bonding effects of hydroxylstyrene with the polycaprolactone ester group.
-*'''Impact Modifiers and Sound or Vibration Dampers'''
-The gradient copolymer have very broad [[glass transition temperature]] (Tg) in comparison with other copolymers, at least four times bigger than that of a random copolymer. This broad glass transition is one of the important features for vibration and acoustic damping applications. The broad Tg gives wide range of mechanical properties of material. The glass transition breadth can be adjusted by selection of monomers with different degrees of reactivity in their [[controlled radical polymerization]] (CRP). The strongly segregated styrene/4-hydroxystyrene (S/HS) gradient copolymer is used to study damping properties due to its unusual broad glass transition breadth.<ref name="E">{{cite journal}}</ref>
-*'''Potential applications'''
-There are many possible applications for gradient copolymer like pressure-sensitive adhesives, wetting agent, coating, or dispersion. However, these applications are not proved about its practical performance and stability as gradient copolymers.<ref name="E">{{cite journal}}</ref>
-==Resources==
-http://torkelson.northwestern.edu/Research/GCP/gcp.html<br />http://www.cmu.edu/maty/materials/index.html
-==References==
-<references/>
-[[Category:Copolymers]]

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