Conway–Maxwell–Poisson distribution: Difference between revisions

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A '''Pickering emulsion''' is an [[emulsion]] that is stabilized by solid particles (for example [[colloidal]] [[silica]]) which adsorb onto the [[interface (chemistry)|interface]] between the two [[phase (matter)|phase]]s. This type of [[emulsion]] was named after [[Percival Spencer Umfreville Pickering|S.U. Pickering]], who described the phenomenon in 1907, although the effect was first recognized by Walter Ramsden in 1903.<ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.1039/CT9079102001| title=Emulsions}} S.U. Pickering, J. Chem. Soc. 91 (1907) 2001</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.1098/rspl.1903.0034 | title=Separation of Solids in the Surface-layers of Solutions and 'Suspensions'}} W. Ramsden, Proc. R. Soc. London 72 (1903) 156</ref>  
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If oil and water are mixed and small oil droplets are formed and dispersed throughout the water, eventually the droplets will coalesce to decrease the amount of energy in the system.  However, if solid particles are added to the mixture, they will bind to the surface of the interface and prevent the droplets from coalescing, thus causing the emulsion to be more stable.
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Properties such as [[hydrophobicity]], shape, and size of the particle can have an effect on the stability of the emulsion. The particle’s [[contact angle]] to the surface of the droplet is a characteristic of the hydrophobicity. If the contact angle of the particle to the interface is low, the particle will be mostly [[wetted]] by the droplet and therefore will not be likely to prevent coalescence of the droplets. Particles that are partially hydrophobic (i.e. contact angle of approximately 90°) are better stabilizers because they are partially wettable by both liquids and therefore bind better to the surface of the droplets. The stabilization energy is given by
:<math>\Delta E\ = \pi r^2\gamma_{OW}(1-|cos{\theta_{OW}}|)^2</math>
where r is the particle radius, <math>\gamma_{OW}</math> is the interfacial tension, and <math>\theta_{OW}</math> is the contact angle. When the contact angle is approximately 90°, the energy required to stabilize the system is at its minimum.<ref>Velikov,K.P., Velev, O.D. "Stabilization of thin films, foams, emulsions and bifluid gels with surface-active solid particles"  In ''Colloid Stability and '', T. F. Tadros, Ed., Wiley-VCH Publ. Weinheim, 2007, pp. 277-306</ref>
 
Generally, the phase that preferentially wets the particle will be the continuous phase in the emulsion system.  
 
Additionally, it has been demonstrated that the stability of the Pickering emulsions can be improved by the use of amphiphilic  "[[Janus particles]]", due to the higher adsorption energy of the particles at the liquid-liquid interface.<ref>Binks B. P. and Fletcher P. D. I., Particles Adsorbed at the Oil-Water Interface: A Theoretical Comparison between Spheres of Uniform Wettability and “Janus” Particles, Langmuir, 17, 4708-4710, 2001.</ref> This is evident when observing [[Emulsion Stabilization Using Polyelectrolytes|emulsion stabilization using polyelectrolytes]].
 
Homogenised milk is an example of a Pickering-stabilized emulsion. Casein (protein) units are adsorbed at the surface of milk fat globules and act as a surfactant. The casein replaces the milkfat globule membrane, which is damaged during homogenisation. 
 
Recently, using latex particles for Pickering stabilization and then fusing these particles to form a permeable shell, a new form of capsule, called a colloidosome, has been developed. According to the definition of Dinsmore, a colloidosome is a selectively permeable capsule that is composed of colloidal particles.<ref>Dinsmore AD, Hsu MF, Nikolaides MG, Marquez M, Bausch AR, Weitz DA, Colloidosomes: Selectively permeable capsules composed of colloidal particles SCIENCE  '''298''':1006-1009, 2002</ref> Moreover, Pickering emulsion droplets are suitable templates for [[micro-encapsulation]] and the formation of closed/non-permeable capsules as well.<ref> http://library.tue.nl/catalog/FullBB.csp?WebAction=ShowFullBB&RequestId=15676365_2&Profile=Default&OpacLanguage=dut&NumberToRetrieve=50&StartValue=1&WebPageNr=1&SearchTerm1=2011.6.712621&SearchT1=&Index1=Index1&SearchMethod=Find_1&ItemNr=1 </ref> <ref> http://www.slideshare.net/jorissalari/joris-salari-phd </ref>
 
Recently, it was shown that also dispersions consisting of phase-separated aqueous polymer solutions can be stabilised using Pickering stabilisation.<ref>Poortinga AT, Microcapsules from Self-Assembled Colloidal Particles Using
Aqueous Phase-Separated Polymer Solutions LANGMUIR '''24''':1644-1647, 2008,</ref>
 
==See also==
*[[Janus particles]]
*[[Emulsion]]
*[[Micro-encapsulation]]
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
 
[[Category:Chemical mixtures]]
[[Category:Condensed matter physics]]
[[Category:Soft matter]]
[[Category:Drug delivery devices]]
[[Category:Dosage forms]]

Latest revision as of 23:59, 24 December 2014

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