|
|
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| '''Paul Gerber''' (born in 1854; died in 1909) was a German [[physicist]]. He studied in [[Berlin]] from 1872-1875. In 1877 he became a teacher at the Realgymnasium (high school) in [[Stargard Szczeciński|Stargard]] in [[Pommern]]. Gerber is known for his controversial work on the [[speed of gravity]] and the [[Tests of general relativity#Perihelion precession of Mercury|Perihelion shift of Mercury's orbit]].
| | Brant Kao is common history people use to call him up and he totally digs that list. Booking holidays is the his primary income is taken from and he'll be promoted soon. To keep bees is something yet never quit. He's always loved living in Alaska. His wife guy maintain a blog. You might want to check it out: http://www.vimeo.com/91564707<br><br>Here is my site; [http://www.vimeo.com/91564707 kim kardashian Sextapes] |
| | |
| ==Gravitation==
| |
| | |
| ===Basic concept===
| |
| Based on the electrodynamic laws of [[Wilhelm Eduard Weber]], [[Carl Friedrich Gauß]], [[Bernhard Riemann]], between 1870-1900 many scientists tried to combine gravitation with a finite propagation speed and tried to derive the correct value for the Perihelion shift of Mercury's orbit.<ref group=B>Zenneck 1901, 46ff</ref><ref group=B>Oppenheim 1920, 153ff</ref> In 1890 [[Maurice Lévy]] succeeded in doing so by combining the laws of Weber and Riemann, whereby the [[speed of gravity]] is equal to the [[speed of light]] in his theory.<ref group=A>Levy 1890</ref> However, because the basic laws of Weber and others were wrong (for example, Weber's law was superseded by Maxwell's equations), those hypothesis were rejected.
| |
| | |
| A variation of those superseded theories (albeit not directly based on Weber's theory) was the one of Gerber, which was developed by him in 1898 and 1902.<ref group=A>Gerber 1898, 1902</ref> By assuming a finite speed of gravity, he developed the following expression for the gravitational potential:
| |
| :<math>V=\frac {\mu} {r \left(1- \frac {1} {c} \frac {dr} {dt} \right)^2}</math>
| |
| Using the Binomial theorem to second order it follows:
| |
| :<math>V=\frac {\mu} {r} \left[1+\frac {2} {c} \frac {dr} {dt} + \frac {3} {c^2} \left(\frac {dr} {dt} \right)^2 \right]</math>
| |
| According to Gerber, the relation of the speed of gravity (c) and the Perihelion shift (Ψ) is:
| |
| :<math>c^2=\frac {6\pi\mu} {a(1-\epsilon^2)\Psi}</math>
| |
| where
| |
| :<math>\mu=\frac {4\pi^2a^3} {\tau^2}</math>, ε = [[Eccentricity (mathematics)|Eccentricity]], ''a'' = [[Semi-major axis]], τ = [[Orbital period]].
| |
| So Gerber was able to calculate a speed of gravity of ca. 305 000 km/s, nearly the speed of light.<ref group=B>Zenneck 1901, 49ff</ref><ref group=B>Oppenheim 1920, 156f</ref>
| |
| | |
| ===Controversy===
| |
| Gerber's formula gives for the Perihelion shift:
| |
| :<math>\Psi=24\pi^3\frac {a^2} {\tau^2 c^2(1-\epsilon^2)}</math>
| |
| It was noted by the Einstein- and relativity critic [[Ernst Gehrcke]] in 1916,<ref group=A>Gehrcke (1916)</ref> that this formula is mathematically identical to [[Albert Einstein]]'s formula (1915) for general relativity.<ref group=A>Einstein (1915 and (1916), 822</ref>
| |
| :<math>\epsilon=24\pi^3\frac {a^2} {T^2c^2(1-e^2)}</math>, where ''e'' = Eccentricity, ''a'' = Semi-major axis, ''T'' = Orbital period.
| |
| So Gehrcke initiated a reprint of Gerber's 1902-paper in the [[Annalen der Physik]] in 1917, where he questioned the priority of Einstein and tried to prove a possible [[Plagiarism]] by him.<ref group=A>Gerber 1917</ref> However, according to [[Albrecht Fölsing]],<ref group=B>Fölsing 1993, Chap. 5</ref> [[Klaus Hentschel]]<ref group=B>Hentschel 1990, pp.150ff.</ref> and Roseveare,<ref group=B name=rose>Roseveare 1982, Chap. 6</ref> those claims were rejected, because soon after Gerber's paper was reprinted, scientists like [[Hugo von Seeliger]],<ref group=A>Seeliger (1917)</ref> [[Max von Laue]]<ref group=A>Laue (1917, 1920)</ref> published some papers, where it was claimed that Gerber's theory is inconsistent and his formula is not the consequence of his premises. And Einstein wrote in 1920:<ref group=A>Einstein 1920</ref>
| |
| | |
| {{Cquote|Mr. Gehrcke wants to make us believe that the Perihelion shift of mercury can be explained without the theory of relativity. So there are two possibilities. Either you invent special interplanetary masses. [...] Or you rely on a work by Gerber, who already gave the right formula for the Perihelion shift of mercury before me. The experts are not only in agreement that Gerber’s derivation is wrong through and through, but the formula cannot be obtained as a consequence of the main assumption made by Gerber. Mr. Gerber’s work is therefore completely useless, an unsuccessful and erroneous theoretical attempt. I maintain that the theory of general relativity has provided the first real explanation of the perihelion motion of Mercury. I have not mentioned the work by Gerber originally, because I did not know it when I wrote my work on the perihelion motion of Mercury; even if I had been aware of it, I would not have had any reason to mention it.<ref group=C>German: Herr Gehrcke will glauben machen, daß die Perihelbewegung des Merkur auch ohne Relativitätstheorie zu erklären sei. Es gibt da zwei Möglichkeiten. Entweder man erfindet besondere interplanetare Massen. [...] Oder aber man beruft sich auf eine Arbeit von Gerber, der die richtige Formel für die Perihelbewegung des Merkur bereits vor mir angegeben hat. Aber die Fachleute sind nicht nur darüber einig, daß Gerbers Ableitung durch und durch unrichtig ist, sondern die Formel ist als Konsequenz der von Gerber an die Spitze gestellten Annahmen überhaupt nicht zu gewinnen. Herrn Gerbers Arbeit ist daher völlig wertlos, ein mißglückter und irreparabler theoretischer Versuch. Ich konstatiere, daß die allgemeine Relativitätstheorie die erste wirkliche Erklärung für die Perihelbewegung des Merkur geliefert hat. Ich habe die Gerbersche Arbeit ursprünglich schon deshalb nicht erwähnt, weil ich sie nicht kannte, als ich meine Arbeit über die Perihelbewegung des Merkur schrieb; ich hätte aber auch keinen Anlaß gehabt, sie zu erwähnen, wenn ich von ihr Kenntnis gehabt hätte.</ref>}}
| |
| | |
| In the recent past, Roseveare argued that Gerber's derivation is unclear, however, he claimed to have found the way by which Gerber possibly found his result<ref group=B name=rose /> (although Roseveare's derivation was criticized as well<ref group=web>MathPages: [http://www.mathpages.com/home/kmath527/kmath527.htm Gerber's Gravity], [http://www.mathpages.com/home/kmath656/kmath656.htm Gerber’s Light Deflection]</ref>). More importantly, Roseveare showed that Gerber's theory is in conflict with experience: the value for the deflection of light in the gravitational field of the sun is too high in Gerber's theory, and if the relativistic mass is considered, also Gerber's prediction for the perihelion advance is wrong.
| |
| | |
| ==References==
| |
| {{Reflist}}<!--added above External links/Sources by script-assisted edit-->
| |
| {{refbegin|2}}
| |
| ;Primary sources | |
| *{{Cite journal
| |
| |last=Einstein, A.
| |
| |year=1915
| |
| |title=Erklärung der Perihelbewegung des Merkur aus der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie
| |
| |journal=Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
| |
| |issue=2
| |
| |pages =831–839}}
| |
| | |
| *{{Cite journal
| |
| |last=Einstein, A.
| |
| |year=1916
| |
| |title=Die Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie
| |
| |journal=Annalen der Physik
| |
| |volume =49
| |
| |pages =769–822
| |
| |url=http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/annalen/history/papers/1916_49_769-822.pdf
| |
| |format=PDF|doi=10.1002/andp.19163540702
| |
| |first1=A.
| |
| |issue=7|bibcode = 1916AnP...354..769E }}
| |
| | |
| *{{Cite journal
| |
| |author=Einstein, A.
| |
| |year=1920
| |
| |title=Meine Antwort - Über die anti-relativitätstheoretische G.m b.H
| |
| |journal=Berliner Tageblatt
| |
| |volume=402
| |
| |url=http://www.olaf-eitner.de/EIGENES/POTSDAM/EINSTEIN/artikel1.htm}}
| |
| | |
| *{{Cite journal
| |
| |author=Gehrcke, E.
| |
| |year=1916
| |
| |title=Zur Kritik und Geschichte der neueren Gravitationstheorien
| |
| |journal=Annalen der Physik
| |
| |volume=51
| |
| |pages =119–124
| |
| |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15353s/f125.chemindefer
| |
| |doi=10.1002/andp.19163561704
| |
| |issue=17|bibcode = 1916AnP...356..119G }}
| |
| | |
| *{{Cite journal
| |
| |author=Gerber, P.
| |
| |year=1898
| |
| |title=[[s:de:Die räumliche und zeitliche Ausbreitung der Gravitation|Die räumliche und zeitliche Ausbreitung der Gravitation]]
| |
| |journal=Zeitschrift für Mathematik und Physik
| |
| |volume=43
| |
| |pages =93–104}}
| |
| | |
| *{{Cite journal
| |
| |author=Gerber, P.
| |
| |year=1898
| |
| |title=The Spatial and Temporal Propagation of Gravity
| |
| |journal=Journal of Mathematics and Physics (English translation)
| |
| |volume=43
| |
| |pages =93–104
| |
| |url=http://www.alternativephysics.org/gerber/Perihelion.htm}}
| |
| | |
| *{{Cite journal
| |
| |author=Gerber, P.
| |
| |year=1902/1917
| |
| |title=Die Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeit der Gravitation
| |
| |journal=Annalen der Physik
| |
| |volume=52
| |
| |pages =415–444
| |
| |doi=10.1002/andp.19173570404
| |
| |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k153544.image.f425
| |
| |issue=4|bibcode = 1917AnP...357..415G }} (Originally published in Programmabhandlung des städtischen Realgymnasiums zu Stargard i. Pomm., 1902)
| |
| | |
| *{{Cite journal
| |
| |author=Laue, M.
| |
| |year=1917
| |
| |title=Die Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeit der Gravitation. Bemerkungen zur gleichnamigen Abhandlung von P. Gerber
| |
| |journal=Annalen der Physik
| |
| |volume=53
| |
| |pages =214–216
| |
| |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15355g/f219.chemindefer
| |
| |doi=10.1002/andp.19173581103
| |
| |issue=11|bibcode = 1917AnP...358..214V }}
| |
| | |
| *{{Cite journal
| |
| |author=Laue, M.
| |
| |year=1920
| |
| |title= Historisch-Kritisches über die Perihelbewegung des Merkur
| |
| |journal=Naturwissenschaften
| |
| |volume=8
| |
| |issue=37
| |
| |pages =735–736
| |
| |doi=10.1007/BF02449026|bibcode = 1920NW......8..735V }}
| |
| | |
| *{{Cite journal
| |
| |author=Lévy
| |
| |year=1890
| |
| |title=Sur l'application des lois électrodynamiques au mouvement des planètes
| |
| |journal=Comptes Rendus
| |
| |volume=110
| |
| |pages =545–551
| |
| |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30663/f587.table}}
| |
| | |
| *{{Cite journal
| |
| |author=Oppenheim, S.
| |
| |year=1917
| |
| |title=Zur Frage nach der Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeit der Gravitation
| |
| |journal=Annalen der Physik
| |
| |volume=53
| |
| |pages =163–168
| |
| |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15355g/f168.chemindefer
| |
| |doi=10.1002/andp.19173581005
| |
| |issue=10|bibcode = 1917AnP...358..163O }}
| |
| | |
| *{{Cite journal
| |
| |author=Seeliger, H.
| |
| |year=1917
| |
| |title=Bermerkungen zu P. Gerbers Aufsatz: "Die Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeit der Gravitation"
| |
| |journal=Annalen der Physik
| |
| |volume=53
| |
| |pages =31–32
| |
| |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15355g/f37.chemindefer
| |
| |doi=10.1002/andp.19173580904
| |
| |issue=9|bibcode = 1917AnP...358...31S }}
| |
| | |
| ;Secondary sources
| |
| *{{Cite book
| |
| |author=Fölsing, A.
| |
| |year=1993/1998
| |
| |title=Albert Einstein: a biography
| |
| |location=New York
| |
| |publisher=Penguin
| |
| |isbn=0-14-023719-4}}
| |
| | |
| * Hentschel, Klaus: „Interpretationen und Fehlinterpretationen der speziellen und der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie durch Zeitgenossen Albert Einsteins“, Basel: Birkhäuser, 1990 (= Science Networks, 6), pp. 150–162.
| |
| | |
| *{{Cite journal
| |
| |author=Oppenheim, S.
| |
| |year=1920
| |
| |title=Kritik des newtonschen Gravitationsgesetzes
| |
| |journal=Encyklopädie der mathematischen Wissenschaften mit Einschluss ihrer Anwendungen
| |
| |volume=6.2.2
| |
| |pages =80–158
| |
| |url=http://www.archive.org/details/encyklomath2206encyrich}}
| |
| | |
| *{{Cite book
| |
| |author=Roseveare, N. T
| |
| |year=1982
| |
| |title=Mercury's perihelion, from Leverrier to Einstein
| |
| |location=Oxford
| |
| |publisher=University Press
| |
| |isbn=0-19-858174-2}}
| |
| | |
| *{{Cite journal
| |
| |author=Zenneck, J.
| |
| |year=1901
| |
| |title=Gravitation
| |
| |journal=[[Klein's encyclopedia|Encyklopädie der mathematischen Wissenschaften mit Einschluss ihrer Anwendungen]]
| |
| |volume=5.1
| |
| |pages =25–67
| |
| |url=http://dz-srv1.sub.uni-goettingen.de/sub/digbib/loader?did=D189514}}
| |
| {{refend}}
| |
| | |
| {|
| |
| |-
| |
| ! width="50%" | Endnotes for primary sources !! width="50%" | Endnotes for secondary sources
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | <references group=A /> || <references group=B />
| |
| |}
| |
| ;Notes
| |
| <references group=C />
| |
| | |
| ==External links==
| |
| <references group=web />
| |
| | |
| {{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
| |
| | NAME = Gerber, Paul
| |
| | ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| |
| | SHORT DESCRIPTION = German physicist
| |
| | DATE OF BIRTH = 1854
| |
| | PLACE OF BIRTH =
| |
| | DATE OF DEATH = 1909
| |
| | PLACE OF DEATH =
| |
| }}
| |
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Gerber, Paul}}
| |
| [[Category:German physicists]]
| |
| [[Category:1854 births]]
| |
| [[Category:1909 deaths]]
| |
| [[Category:Obsolete scientific theories]]
| |