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| In [[mathematics]], an '''orbital integral''' is an [[integral transform]] that generalizes the [[spherical mean]] operator to [[homogeneous space]]s. Instead of [[integral|integrating]] over [[sphere]]s, one integrates over generalized spheres: for a homogeneous space ''X'' = ''G''/''H'', a '''generalized sphere''' centered at a point ''x''<sub>0</sub> is an [[group orbit|orbit]] of the [[isotropy group]] of ''x''<sub>0</sub>.
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| == Definition ==
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| The model case for orbital integrals is a [[Riemannian symmetric space]] ''G''/''K'', where ''G'' is a [[Lie group]] and ''K'' is a symmetric [[compact group|compact]] [[subgroup]]. Generalized spheres are then actual [[geodesic]] spheres and the spherical averaging operator is defined as
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| :<math>M^rf(x) = \int_K f(gk\cdot y)\,dk,</math> | |
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| where
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| * the dot denotes the action of the group ''G'' on the homogeneous space ''X''
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| * ''g'' ∈ ''G'' is a group element such that ''x'' = ''g''·''o''
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| * ''y'' ∈ ''X'' is an arbitrary element of the geodesic sphere of radius ''r'' centered at ''x'': ''d''(''x'',''y'') = ''r''
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| * the integration is taken with respect to the [[Haar measure]] on ''K'' (since ''K'' is compact, it is [[unimodular group|unimodular]] and the left and right Haar measures coincide and can be normalized so that the mass of ''K'' is 1).
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| Orbital integrals of suitable functions can also be defined on homogeneous spaces ''G''/''K'' where the subgroup ''K'' is no longer assumed to be compact, but instead is assumed to be only unimodular. Lorentzian symmetric spaces are of this kind. The orbital integrals in this case are also obtained by integrating over a ''K''-orbit in ''G''/''K'' with respect to the Haar measure of ''K''. Thus
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| :<math>\int_K f(gk\cdot y)\,dk</math> | |
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| is the orbital integral centered at ''x'' over the orbit through ''y''. As above, ''g'' is a group element that represents the coset ''x''.
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| == Integral geometry ==
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| A central problem of [[integral geometry]] is to reconstruct a function from knowledge of its orbital integrals. The [[Funk transform]] and [[Radon transform]] are two special cases. When ''G''/''K'' is a Riemannian symmetric space, the problem is trivial, since ''M''<sup>''r''</sup>ƒ(''x'') is the average value of ƒ over the generalized sphere of radius ''r'', and
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| :<math>f(x) = \lim_{r\to 0^+} M^rf(x). \, </math>
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| When ''K'' is compact (but not necessarily symmetric), a similar trick works. The problem is more interesting when ''K'' is non-compact. The Radon transform, for example, is the orbital integral that results by taking ''G'' to be the Euclidean isometry group and ''K'' the isotropy group of a hyperplane.
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| Orbital integrals are an important technical tool in the theory of [[automorphic forms]], where they enter into the formulation of various [[trace formula (disambiguation)|trace formula]]s.
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| ==References==
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| *{{citation|first=Sigurdur|last=Helgason|authorlink=Sigurdur Helgason (mathematician)|title=Groups and Geometric Analysis: Integral Geometry, Invariant Differential Operators, and Spherical Functions|year=1984|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=0-12-338301-3}}
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| [[Category:Harmonic analysis]]
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| {{mathanalysis-stub}}
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My name: Modesta Shay
Age: 32 years old
Country: United States
City: Hyattsville
ZIP: 20781
Street: 1446 Del Dew Drive
Feel free to surf to my blog; superman beats